TOOL 3 URBAN EXTENSION Cape Town, South Africa Flickr/Prasad Pillai RAPID URBAN PLANNING TOOLS FOR CITY EXTENSION URBAN TYPOLOGIES Tool number 3 showcases 12 basic urban typologies of residential and mixed areas. Building types, plot sizes, public space and street-scape ranging from low to high urban densities are being displayed. The selected 12 typologies have been chosen to be easily distinguishable from one another but at the same time frequently appearing in different parts of the world. Each type is illustrated by orthophotos and street views of real world examples. Demographic figures and indicators from urban planning give an assessment of the typologies and allow for comparisons. Through the combination of a quantitative assessment and qualitative descriptions and examples, the relation of residential developments to their urban environment is being described and evaluated. The tool helps to understand intertwined urban factors on an urban neighborhood scale like in relation to plot size or value of public space. Selected examples from western countries as well as from the global south ensure a diversified approach to the topic. 1
1. Informal Settlement average number of stories 1 dwelling size 20 dwellings/ha 274 55 % (gross) 65 % (net) 0.5 (gross) 0.7 (net) 55,000 (household size=2) 135,000 (household size=5) Kibera khym54 13% 3% 84% difficulty of defining private space and street space highest gross with over half of the area covered with not the highest population density (bit lower than block) Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya Dharavi, Mumbai, India Dharavi Ting Chen Building Footprint & Plots Public Space Karail Bosti, Dhaka, Bangladesh Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa 2 3
2. Rural Houses average number of stories 2 dwelling size 150 dwellings/ha 1 0% (gross) 6% (net) 0.0 (gross) 0.1 (net) 100 (household size=2) 250 (household size=5) Cagayan de Oro Thomas Stellmach 13% 3% 84% not urban but still included (hardly comparable to urban areas) by for the highest number of public space (if not agricultural land) lowest percentage of near Cagayan de Oro Philippines Near Nyagartare, Rwanda Nyagatare Joost Möhlman Building Footprint & Plots Public Space 4 5
3. Semi-Urban Area average number of stories 1 dwelling size 120 dwellings/ha 6 7% (gross) 10% (net) 0.1 (gross) 0.1 (net) 1,000 (household size=2) 3,000 (household size=5) Atlanta, USA Google Earth 9% 20% 71% mainly suburban areas and rural urban fringe largest plot sizes, relatively low percentage of street-space lowest population density and after rural area has to be seen in comparison to connectivity and accessibility low Belvedere Park, Atlanta, USA Rubavu, Rwanda Rubavu Joost Möhlman Building Footprint & Plots Public Space Haaltert, Belgium 6 7
4. Developer Community average number of stories 1.5 dwelling size 112.5 dwellings/ha 28 16% (gross) 25% (net) 0.3 (gross) 0.5 (net) 5,500 (household size=2) 14,000 (household size=5) Cape Town, South Africa Google Earth 23% 14% 63% often gated communities (especially in African and Latin American countries) lowest population density and inside the urban boundary Rondevallei, Cape Town, South Africa MHazienda Santa Fe, Guadalajara, Mexico Guadalajara, Mexico Google Earth Building Footprint & Plots Public Space Tambore 5 Villagio, Sao Paulo, Brazil Dhahran, Saudi Arabia (Expat Villages) 8 9
5. Mixed/Redeveloped average number of stories 3 dwelling size 120 dwellings/ha 75 30% (gross) 46% (net) 0.9 (gross) 1.4 (net) 15,000 (household size=2) 35,000 (household size=5) Iloilo Constantine Augustin 26% 9% 65% grown area mixed use inner-city urban centres of many African cities space for densification, dynamic Iloilo, Philippines Maputo, Mozambique Maputo F Mira Building Footprint & Plots Public Space Lome, Togo Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 10 11
6. Multifamily Complex average number of stories 5 dwelling size 60 dwellings/ha 66 13% (gross) 22% (net) 0.4 (gross) 0.7 13,000 (household size=2) 30,000 (household size=5) Rome, Italy Google Earth 18% 22% 60% high diversity in number of stories and size (as seen on the picture) relatively high percentage of public space large of one owner Quartiere XXVII Monte SACRO Alto, Rome, Italy Sid Barakat, Alexandria, Egypt Alexandria Lyn Gateley Building Footprint & Plots Public Space Kirchheim, Heidelberg, Germany Les Portes de Marrakesh, Marrakesh, Morocco 12 13
7. Row House average number of stories 2 dwelling size 90 dwellings/ha 65 29% (gross) 47% (net) 0.6 (gross) 0.9 (net) 13,000 (household size=2) 30,000 (household size=5) London, UK Google Earth 28% 9% 63% 3rd largest percentage of mostly older neighborhoods street grid MERTON PARK, London, UK VILLERAY, Montreal, Canada Montreal, Canada Google Earth Building Footprint & Plots Public Space University Quarter, Belfast, Northen Ireland Taman Megah Ria, Johor Bahru, Malaysia 14 15
8. Block average number of stories 5 dwelling size 60 dwellings/ha 330 40% (gross) 73% (net) 2.0 (gross) 3.7 (net) 65,000 (household size=2) 165,000 (household size=5) Lyon, France Google Earth 38% 8% 54% few public space inner-city highest after residential towers and CBD high population density mixed use well connected diverse plot and dwelling size Lyon, France Madrid, Spain Madrid, Spain Google Earth Building Footprint & Plots Public Space Žižkov, Prague, Check Republic Mollevangen, Malmö, Sveden 16 17
9. Densified Block average number of stories 5 dwelling size 60 dwellings/ha 360 44% (gross) 68% (net) 2.2 (gross) 3.4 (net) 70,000 (household size=2) 180,000 (household size=5) Paris, France Google Earth 34% 2% 64% city centres of many European cities population density very high (comparable to residential tower) very little public area except for street-space grown area often large street width mixed use Paris, France Munich, Germany Munich, Germany Google Earth Building Footprint & Plots Public Space Vienna, Austria Milano, Italy 18 19
10. Slab average number of stories 8 dwelling size 60 dwellings/ha 240 18% (gross) 38% (net) 1.5 (gross) 3.1 (net) 50,000 (household size=2) 120,000 (household size=5) Moscow, Russia Google Earth 34% 18% 47% high population density combined with a low former soviet union and east Asia large access roads very strong in size and building depth (appr. 12-25m) RAYON CHERTANOVO TSENTRALNOYE, Moscow, Russia Xiu Mamcun, Shanghai, China Shanghai Sarah Worthy Building Footprint & Plots Public Space Nacheng Zhuagcun, Beijing, China Petrzalka, Bratislava, Slovakia 20 21
11. Tower average number of stories 15 dwelling size 60 dwellings/ha 370 15% (gross) 28% (net) 2.2 (gross) 4.2 (net) 70,000 (household size=2) 180,000 (household size=5) Beijing, China 陈常嘉 _ 北京 34% 9% 57% high percentage of public space highest population density East Asia large not directly accessible from main road highest average number of stories Hai Hu New Village, Beijing, China Wicity Seoul, South Korea Seoul, South Korea Google Earth Building Footprint & Plots Public Space Navi, Mumbai, India Huangjiagou, Chongqing, China 22 23
12. CBD average number of stories 10 dwelling size dwellings/ha 48% (gross) 83% (net) 4.8 (gross) 8.3 (net) Chicago, USA Google Earth 34% 9% 57% mixed use, commercial use difficult to estimate residential density, varies strongly from city to city low amount of public green often rigid street grid Chicago, USA Johannesburg, South Africa Johannesburg, South Africa Google Earth Building Footprint & Plots Public Space Santiago de Chile, Chile Hongkong 24 25
Evaluation of Indicators 1. informal settlement 2. rural house 13 4 3 90 84 6 TEXT Coverage in % TEXT 3. semi-urban area 9 20 71 1. informal settlement 4. developer community 5. mixed/redeveloped 6. multifamily complex 7. row house 8. block 23 26 18 28 38 14 9 22 9 8 63 65 60 63 54 2. rural house 3. semi-urban area 4. developer community 5. mixed/redeveloped 6. multifamily complex 7. row house 9. densified block 34 2 64 8. block 10. slab 11. tower 12. CBD 34 18 47 26 22 52 34 9 57 0 50 100 % % public (no ) % 9. densified block 10. slab 11. tower 12. CBD 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 net % (/) gross % (/total area) Population Desity TEXT Floor Area Ratio () TEXT 1 informal settlement 1. informal settlement 2.rural house 2. rural house 3. semi-urban area 3. semi-urban area 4. developer community 4. developer community 5. mixed/redeveloped 5. mixed/redeveloped 6. multifamily complex 6. multifamily complex 7. row house 8. block 9. densified block 10. slab 11. tower 12. CBD 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000 householdsize=5 householdsize=2 7. row house 8. block 9. densified block 10. slab 11. tower 12. CBD 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 net () gross (all area) 26 27
Johor Bahru, Malaysia Alessandro Scotti September 2014 UN-Habitat (United Nations Human Settlements Programme) Urban Planning and Design Branch P.O.BOX30030 Nairobi 00100 Kenya Tel: +254 20 7623706 urban.planning@unhabitat.org www.unhabitat.org