Index A Aberdeen, Scotland, 180, 238 Acquaro, Joseph murder, 151, 237, 297 Activity Model, 2, 51, 201, 202, 203, 204, 215, 224, 230, 233, 239, 241, 257 Actus Reus, 23 Alien conspiracy, 105, 116, 117, 133, 142, 178 179, 236 Anti-association laws, 160, 166 167, 169, 226, 227 Antimafia, 6, 33, 64 69, 72 80, 82, 84, 85, 87 91, 93, 94, 95, 149, 218, 221, 222, 224 226, 228, 230, 232, 236, 239, 240, 244, 245 246, 249, 251, 254, 275, 281, 290 Antimafia Code, Italy, 251 Approximation of policies, 283 Attero National Task Force, 165 Attorney s General Office, 224, 225 Australian Crime Commission, 7, 143, 145, 154, 156, 161, 165, 224 Australian Federal Police, 7, 144, 149, 150, 157, 250, 279 B Banca d Italia, 6, 89, 24 Bikies, 143 144, 145 146, 164, 166, 169, 220 Black Hand, 147 Borsellino Paolo, 64 C Camorra, 62 63, 72, 83, 180, 237, 238, 254 255, 276, 278 Civil law, 3, 22, 24, 49, 86, 158, 234 The Author(s) 2017 A. Sergi, From Mafia to Organised Crime, Critical Criminological Perspectives, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-53568-5 309
310 Index Civil RICO, 115, 125, 126, 127, 130, 233, 234, 249 Cocaine, 150, 182, 183, 185 Colonisation, 73, 235 Common law, 3, 22, 24, 49, 86, 102, 120, 158, 159, 166, 196, 197 Commonwealth of Australia, 150, 152 Comparative criminal justice, 2, 8 9 Conceptual convergences, 216, 223, 235 Conceptual divergences, 226 Confiscation, 6, 88, 89 91, 94 95, 161, 162 163, 167, 199 200, 217 218, 223, 230 235, 251, 252, 272 273, 275 Confiscation, criminal, 6, 89, 90, 161, 163, 167, 200, 217, 232, 233, 235, 252 Confiscation, non-conviction based, 162, 163, 218, 251 Connivance, 40 42, 45 47, 49 Conspiracy, 23, 25, 26, 86, 101, 103 107, 109 111, 115 117, 120 122, 127, 132, 133, 142, 160, 165 167, 178, 179, 195 197, 199, 203, 205, 227, 236, 237, 269, 298, 302 Control of the territory, 38, 39, 42, 46, 75, 77, 80, 82, 246, 277 Corruption, 31, 40 41, 47, 63, 64, 66, 75, 76, 84, 85, 89, 111, 119, 124, 125, 126, 129, 133, 135, 142, 147, 185, 187, 191, 198, 200, 201, 204, 206, 227 230, 239, 242, 249, 250, 254, 255, 271, 277, 279, 281 284 Cosa Nostra, 16, 33, 43, 50, 62 67, 69, 70, 71, 83, 102 107, 109 111, 113, 117 119, 128, 132, 135, 222, 230, 237, 246, 278 Counter-terrorism, 109, 117, 158 Criminal intelligence, 7, 30, 44, 143, 148, 151, 155, 156, 158, 192 194, 222, 224, 231 Criminalisation, 21, 23 26, 29, 31, 36, 39, 50, 63, 80, 85, 88, 93, 94, 124, 131, 134, 158, 160, 170, 197, 198, 205, 206, 223, 227, 229, 233, 235, 243, 244 248 Criminal lifestyle, 170, 198 200, 205, 206, 233 Cultural awareness, 291 Cultural relativism, 11, 265, 267, 275, 280 Culturemes, 278 D Delocalisation, 68, 73, 235 Department of Justice, USA, 110, 224, 247 Disorganised crime, 28, 186 Disruption, 30, 192 194, 204, 205, 224, 230, 235, 257 Double-track system, 78, 225 Drug Networks, 161, 244 Drug offences, 161 Drug trafficking, 26, 68, 93, 112, 123, 124, 151, 158, 169, 179, 181, 182, 185, 189, 199, 218, 219, 223, 234, 237, 245 248, 251, 271, 273, 277, 279, 294
Index 311 Drug trafficking organizations, 112 Duisburg massacre, 69 Durham Constabulary, 6, 240 Follow the money, 217, 223, 231, 252 Fortugno Francesco, 68 E Economic crimes, 7, 113, 130, 131 Enterprise Model, 17, 51, 101, 128, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 215, 217, 224, 227, 228, 233, 239, 250 Enterprise Theory of Investigation, 113 Environmental crime, 253 255 Ethnicity, 106, 151, 152, 184, 280, 300 Ethnocentrism, 11, 267, 280, 281, 305 EU framework decision, 271 European Arrest Warrant, 272 European Union, 238, 271 273, 275, 276 Europol, 6, 218, 225, 270, 272, 274, 276, 278 External participation, 85 87, 94, 228, 285 F Falcone, Giovanni, 33, 34, 64 66 Famiglia Basilischi, 62, 254 Family ties, 42 Federal Bureau of Investigations, 104 Financial Action Task Force, FATF, 283 416-bis Italian Criminal Code, 67, 79, 224 Fiscal Police, Italy, 6 G Gangs, 38, 93, 113, 115, 130, 143 146, 152, 153, 155, 160, 164, 166, 168, 177 182, 186 190, 198, 202, 203, 205, 220, 226, 231, 234, 243, 253, 257 258 Gioia Tauro, 68 Globalisation, 30, 44, 62, 111, 112, 115, 179, 266, 290 Glocalisation, 220, 223 The Godfather, 101, 106, 220 Governance, 27, 29, 31, 35, 39 41, 70, 186, 239 Grey area, 171 H Harmonisation of policies, 268, 290 Harm principle, 22 Harm reduction, 192, 193, 204 205, 230, 247 Hybridisation, 44, 70, 73, 77, 109, 135, 149 I Illicit enterprise, 105, 107, 113, 115, 116, 127, 131, 133, 134 Infiltration, 36, 39 42, 47, 72, 73, 75, 88, 94, 117, 122, 125, 127, 131, 133, 171, 239, 242, 250, 269, 275, 277
312 Index Institutional perceptions, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 47, 48, 49, 136, 180, 191, 198, 202, 236, 253, 256, 266, 292 Intentions, 1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17, 18, 101, 189, 196, 221, 230, 286, 301, 304 International frameworks, 18, 265 268, 271, 273, 274, 275, 281, 283, 290 International organised crime, 107 110, 112, 114 117, 247 Interpol, 183, 276, 277 Intimidation, 42, 63, 76, 80 84, 185 187, 269, 294, 300 Italian Criminal Code, 35, 79, 224, 284 Italian mafia, 2, 3, 10, 12, 14 16, 32, 48, 49, 50, 61, 62, 67, 71, 73, 91, 92, 106 107, 111, 117, 235, 246, 266, 275 279, 290, 304 Italian organised crime, 150, 276, 278, 279 280 J Joint Money Laundering Intelligence Taskforce, 250 K Kefauver Committee, 104, 119 Kray brothers, 177, 184 L Labelling, 253, 256, 258, 274, 279 280, 303 La Cosa Nostra, 50, 102, 103 104, 105, 110, 111, 113, 117, 118, 119, 128, 132, 135, 222, 230 LCN, 103, 106, 107, 110, 112, 114, 117 118, 119, 124, 135, 222, 242 Legal asymmetries, 265, 278, 289, 290 291 Liberal progressive denialism, 237 Liverpool, 6, 180 184, 203, 257 Liverpool Mafia, 182 London, 2, 6, 7, 177, 179 180, 182, 183 186, 187 188, 191, 193, 196, 218, 220, 225, 229, 231, 257 M Madonna della Montagna, 296 297 Mafia, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 18, 21 28, 31 50, 61 95, 101 113, 114, 115, 117, 119 125, 128, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 142, 143, 146 153, 160, 165, 167, 169, 170, 171, 180, 182, 185 189, 201 203, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224 230, 232, 233, 235 242, 244 247, 249, 251, 253 255, 266, 267, 268, 274 281, 283 286, 290 296, 299 303 Mafia behaviour, 21, 34, 70, 82, 83, 95, 167, 280, 290 Mafia Capitale, 63, 73, 74 76, 82, 87 Mafia conspiracy, 101, 103, 104, 106 107, 109, 110, 115, 238, 302
Index 313 Mafia method, 76, 77, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85, 93 94, 245, 246, 302 Mafia-OC spectrum, 37, 142, 180, 201, 228, 292, 297 Mafia, Italian-American, 12, 14, 21, 32, 48 49, 50, 62, 67, 71, 73, 92, 101, 103, 106, 119, 226 Mani Pulite, 64, 66 MDMA, 150 Melbourne, 7, 144, 146, 147, 150, 151, 159, 162, 169, 218, 225, 237, 244, 297 Membership offence, 83, 85, 89, 93, 195, 196, 197, 226, 233, 266 Mens rea, 23, 81 Metropolitan Police, London, 6, 184, 188, 193, 220, 225, 229 Mob, 117, 120, 123, 220, 242 Mobility, 38, 44, 45, 92, 235 236, 238, 289 Money laundering, 6, 72, 74, 88, 89, 111, 131, 145, 156, 161, 162, 183 186, 189, 195, 198, 199, 200 201, 205 206, 217, 219, 223, 224, 229, 231 232, 235, 248, 249 251, 271, 273, 279, 281, 282, 283, 285 Multi-agency approach, 120, 224 Mutual legal assistance, 265, 271 272, 274, 305 N National Crime Agency, 2, 6, 185, 192, 193, 224, 250 National security, 30, 31, 110, 114, 115, 117, 135, 153, 155, 165 166, 168, 179, 189 190, 191, 198, 200, 202, 204, 206, 219, 226, 231, 275 Ndrangheta, 2, 16, 50, 62, 63 64, 67 70, 72 74, 79, 82 84, 143, 146 150, 159, 169 171, 220 222, 228, 236 237, 240, 254, 276, 279, 280, 294 296 Ndrangheta in Australia, 71, 147, 169, 220, 237 Ndrangheta in Calabria, 62, 67, 83, 148 Ndrangheta in Italy, 69 Ndrangheta in the USA, 71 Ndrangheta mobility, 235 Ndranghetisation, 221, 222 9/11, 102, 103, 107 111, 114, 117, 134, 135 New York City, 7, 106, 115, 133, 236, 242 Nigerian Clans in Sicily, 246 O OC-Mafia Spectrum, 38, 41, 42, 45, 46, 48, 49 50, 187, 244 Omertà, 34, 42, 43, 46, 62, 80 81, 83, 84, 294, 300, 301 Onorata Società, 147 Operation Aemilia, 73, 74 Operation Bellu Lavuru, 221 Operation Crimine, 69 70, 294, 296 Operation Fiori della Notte di San Vito, 293 Operation Infinito, 73, 83, 294 Operation Maglio 3, 83 Operation Mamma Santissima, 221 Operation Mondo di Mezzo, 73 74, 75, 82
314 Index Operation New Bridge, 236 237 Operation Old Bridge, 236 Operation Porto, 68 Organised crime, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 9, 11 18, 21 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 51, 62, 63, 67, 70, 71, 75, 78, 79, 82, 84, 85, 88 89, 91 92, 93, 94, 95, 101 136, 141 147, 149 171, 177 206, 215 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 247 251, 253, 257, 258, 265 286 Organized Crime Task Force, 115, 242 Outlaw Motor Cycle Gangs, 143, 144, 152, 155, 160, 243 Procedural convergences, 223 Procedural divergences, 251, 274 Proceeds of crime, 89, 131, 161 164, 167, 187, 191, 198, 199, 201, 206, 217, 231 233, 235, 239, 252, 253, 272, 275, 282 Professional criminals, 178 Proscribed associations, 160, 169, 227 Public order, 24, 31, 35 36, 38, 67, 89, 202 Public safety, 31, 89, 165 Purana Task Force, 225 Q Qualitative research, 4, 5 P Palermo Convention, 29, 268, 269, 270, 271, 281, 283, 285 Participation in criminal activities, 197 Pattern of racketeering activities, 122, 125 POCA Act, Australia, 233 POCA Act, UK, 232, 234 Policing models, 2, 3, 10, 11 12, 14, 17, 18, 47, 48, 49, 216, 219, 244, 253, 274, 292 Policy transfer, 18, 266, 285 Politics, 31, 37, 41, 61, 63, 64, 66, 75, 84, 85, 88, 94, 95, 102, 220, 227, 290 Prevention, 1, 36, 44, 79, 89, 95, 157, 158, 193, 194, 195, 199, 204 205, 219, 224, 229 231, 233, 241, 249, 258, 266 Prison, 190, 225, 226, 240, 291 R Racketeering, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 134, 135, 234, 242 243, 249, 277 Reputation, 42, 44, 45, 50, 75, 84, 101, 145, 182, 185 186, 190, 200, 237, 245, 250, 270, 298 299, 301 RICO Act, 103, 113, 119, 125, 131, 134, 135 Rome, 6, 7, 39, 63, 65, 73, 74 75, 80, 82, 84, 85, 87, 222, 228, 232 S Sacra Corona Unita, 62 Secrecy, 31, 35, 38, 42 47, 62, 81, 221, 224 Securitisation, 30, 31, 102 103, 108 110, 115, 134, 171 Self-laundering, 231, 232
Index 315 Semiotic squares, 10 Serious Crime Act 2015, UK, 197, 205, 226 227, 229, 257 Serious crimes, 29, 188, 189, 196, 198, 241, 271, 273, 298 299 Seriousness, 29 30, 70, 129, 145, 154, 168, 188 189, 198, 219 220, 225, 226, 226, 233, 235, 243, 245, 257, 267, 270, 271 Serious Organised Crime Agency, 6, 192 Sicily, 32 33, 62, 63, 64, 65 66, 67, 76, 79, 102, 236, 246, 251 Social construction, 9 Social tolerability, 77 Socio-behavioural approaches, 291 Sophistication, 29 30, 43, 108, 145, 146, 189, 190, 257, 275 South of Italy, 62, 71, 77, 294 Standardisation of policies, 266 Stigmatisation, 94, 225, 226, 280 Structure model, 2, 17, 51, 61, 88, 92, 93, 94, 95, 133, 215, 224, 233, 236, 239, 254 256 Structure vs. Activity, 63, 253 T Tacit visibility, 43, 46 Tangentopoli, 66 Terrorism, 31, 34, 108, 110, 114, 129, 157, 161, 197, 199, 230, 271, 282 Ties with society, 38, 39, 40 Traditional organised crime, 111, 112, 117, 123 124, 133, 204, 220, 242, 248 Trafficking of favours, 84, 86, 301 Transnational Organized Crime, 268, 285 Trust, 38, 42, 43 44, 46, 47, 62, 116, 270 U Unexplained wealth, 161 164, 166 167, 170, 198, 200, 223, 231, 233, 251 253 Unexplained wealth orders, 164, 167, 200, 251, 252 United Nations, 268, 281, 282, 285 Unlawful association, 26, 28, 35, 42, 71, 79 82, 93, 170, 198, 219, 244, 246, 255, 266 UNODC, 151, 197, 266, 268, 270, 281, 282 V Violence, 31, 33, 35, 38 39, 43, 45 47, 62, 75, 76 77, 83, 93, 105, 144 146, 152, 153, 155, 181, 185 186, 187, 198, 203, 204, 205, 227, 240, 243, 244, 246, 253, 256 258, 269, 298, 300 Violent visibility, 43 44, 47 Visibility model, 51, 168, 170 171, 224, 227, 229, 239, 244 W War on drugs, 113 War on terror, 103 Whole-of-government approach, 165, 169 Will to power, 37 Wrongfulness, 23, 24