Rule E - Separate Accounts - Records - Accountings - Investigations E-1. Trust accounts; requirements and purposes

Rule E - Separate Accounts - Records - Accountings - Investigations E-1. Trust accounts; requirements and purposes All "money belonging to others" accepted by a resident or non-resident broker doing business in this state shall be deposited in one or more accounts separate from other money belonging to the broker or brokerage entity. The broker shall identify the fiduciary nature of each separate account in the deposit agreement with the recognized bank or institution by the use of the word "trust" or "escrow" and a label identifying the purpose/type of such account, i.e., "sales escrow", "rental escrow", "security deposit escrow", "owners association escrow", or other abbreviated form defined in the deposit agreement. Unless otherwise permitted by other subsections of this rule, all money belonging to others shall be deposited according to the purpose of the transaction in separate types of escrow accounts. The broker shall retain a copy of each account deposit agreement executed for inspection by an authorized representative of the Commission. (a) Accounts in name of broker and business entity Such separate trust accounts must be maintained in the name of the licensed broker or if the licensed broker is a partnership, corporation or limited liability company, such account shall be maintained in the name of the broker acting for such partnership, corporation or limited liability company and in the name of the licensed partnership, limited liability company or corporation. The licensed broker must be able to withdraw money from such separate account, but may authorize other licensed or unlicensed co-signers. However, such authorization shall not relieve the broker of any responsibility under the licensing act. (b) Credit Unions not for escrowed money Credit union escrow or trust accounts do not meet the escrow requirements of 12-61-113 (1) (g.5) C.R.S., and are therefore not suitable depositories for money belonging to others. (c) Accounts in name of employing broker only When a broker is registered in the office of the Real Estate Commission as in the employ of another broker the responsibility for the maintenance of a separate account shall be the responsibility of the employing broker. (d) Escrow funds must be available immediately without penalty Money belonging to others shall not be invested in any type of account or security or certificate of deposit which has a fixed term for maturity or imposes any fee or penalty for withdrawal prior to maturity unless the written consent of all parties to the transaction has been secured. (e) Repealed (effective 1-1 -96) (f) Commingling prohibited A broker's personal funds shall not be commingled with money belonging to others except that an arrangement may be made with a depository to deposit a sufficient amount of the broker's funds to maintain such account. One or more separate escrow or trust bank accounts may be maintained by a broker pursuant to the following duties and limitations: 2-19

(g) (1) Money held in an escrow or trust account which is due and payable to the broker shall be withdrawn promptly. (2) An escrow or trust account shall not be used as a depository for money belonging to licensees employed by a broker except pursuant to an executory sales contract, nor shall it be used for money the broker owes their licensees, or for bonuses or investment plans for the benefit of their licensees. (3) Collections for insurance premiums and/or IRS employee's withholding funds shall not be deposited in a separate trust account established pursuant to 12-61-113 (g) and (g.5) C.R.S. (4) Money advanced by a broker for the benefit of another may be placed in the trust account and identified as an advance but may be withdrawn by the broker only on behalf of such person. Any amount advanced to an escrow or trust account must be identified and recorded in the escrow journal, the beneficiary ledger and disclosed in periodic accounting to the beneficiary. (5) Funds of others received by a broker relating to real estate partnerships, joint ventures and syndications in which the broker has an ownership interest and also receives compensation for selling or leasing the property shall be maintained in a trust account separate from any other trust account maintained by such broker. (6) In the absence of a specific written agreement to the contrary, commissions, fees and other charges collected by a broker for performing any service on behalf of another are considered "earned" and available for use by the broker only after all contracted services have been performed and there is no remaining right of recall by others for such money. The broker shall identify and record all commissions, fees, or other charges withdrawn from a trust or escrow account on the account journal and individual ledgers of those against whom the fees or commissions are charged. If a single disbursement of fees or commissions includes more than one transaction, rental period or occupancy or includes withdrawals from the account of more than one trust or escrow account beneficiary, the broker, upon request, shall produce for inspection by an authorized representative of the Real Estate Commission a schedule which details (1) the individual components of all amounts included in the sum of such disbursement and (2) specifically identifies the affected beneficiary or property ledgers. Ledger entries must detail such disbursements in accordance with Rule E-l(p)(2), including the date or time period for each individual transaction, rental or occupancy. Money belonging to others defined Money belonging to others which is received by the broker includes but is not limited to money received in connection with: property management contracts; partnerships; limited liability companies; syndications; rent or lease contracts; advance fee contracts; guest deposits for short term rentals; escrow contracts; collection contracts; earnest money contracts; or, money belonging to others received by the broker for future investment or other purpose. 2-20

(h) Earnest money on new construction If a broker who is also acting as a builder receives deposit money under an executory sales contract which provides for the construction of a house, the deposit money must be placed in the trust account and not used for construction purposes unless the written consent of the purchaser is secured. (i) Separate escrow accounts required for managing 7 or more residences A broker who manages less than seven (7) single-family residential units may deposit rental receipts and security deposits and disburse money collected for such purposes in the "sales escrow" account. (j) Repealed (effective 1-1-96) (k) Installment land contract If a conveyance is made by an installment contract for a deed and if such contract contains a provision whereby the broker signs the installment contract as the receipting broker, the broker must escrow the receipted money pursuant to Rule E-l until the owner signs acceptance of the contract and a copy of the fully executed contract is delivered to the purchaser. (l) Encumbrance before delivery of deed When a sales contract or an installment contract for the sale of an interest in real estate is signed by the parties to the transaction and the purchaser also executes a promissory note and/or a mortgage or trust deed encumbering such property before the seller delivers the deed, then all payments received by the broker pursuant to such contract shall be deposited in a trustee account in a recognized depository until delivery of such deed to the purchaser unless the broker receives specific written consent from all parties concerning disposition of such funds. This rule shall apply whether or not the broker and seller are one and the same. (m) Earnest money Checks received as earnest money under an earnest money contract must be identified as a check in the contract and may be withheld from presentment for payment only if so disclosed in the contract or pursuant to the written instructions of the seller. If a note is received as earnest money under an earnest money contract, the seller must be informed by identifying the note in the contract and by informing the seller of the date such note becomes due by stating the due date in the contract or attaching a copy of the note to the contract. The broker must present the note or check for payment in a timely manner and if payment is not made, the broker shall promptly notify the seller. (n) Time limits for deposit of money belonging to others Except as provided in Rule E-l (o), all money belonging to others which is received by a broker as a property manager shall be deposited in such broker's escrow or trust account not later than five business days following receipt. All other money belonging to others which is received by a broker shall be deposited in such broker's escrow or trust account not later than the third business day following receipt. (o) Listing broker holds escrow funds; delivery to third party 2-21

(p) Except as otherwise agreed to in writing, in any real estate transaction in which one broker holds a listing contract on a property and where the selling broker receipts for earnest money under a contract, the selling broker shall deliver the contract and the earnest money to the listing broker who shall deposit the earnest money in the broker's escrow or trustee account in a recognized depository not later than the third business day following the day on which the broker receives notice of acceptance of such contract. If such selling broker receipts for a promissory note, or thing of value, such note or thing of value shall be delivered with the contract to the listing broker to be held by the listing broker. Any check or note shall be payable to, or assigned to, the listing broker. (1) The broker receipting for the earnest money deposit, if instructed in writing by the parties to the contract, shall deliver the earnest money to a third party or entity so identified in writing. If the broker is instructed in writing by the parties to the contract to deliver an earnest money deposit to such third party or entity, the broker shall retain in the office transaction file a copy of the earnest money check, note or other thing of value, including any endorsement, and obtain a dated and signed receipt from the person or entity to whom the broker has been instructed to deliver the deposit. Recordkeeping requirements A broker shall supervise and maintain, at the broker's licensed place of business, a record keeping system, subject to subsection (7) of this rule, consisting of at least the following elements for each required escrow or trust account: (1) A record called an "escrow or trust account journal" or an equivalent accounting system which records in chronological sequence all money belonging to others which is received or disbursed by the broker. For funds received, the records maintained in the system must include the date of receipt and deposit, the name of the person who is giving the money, the name of the person and property for which the money was received, the purpose of the receipt, the amount, and. a resulting cash balance for the account. For funds disbursed, the records maintained in the system must include the date of payment, the check number, the name of the payee, a reference to vendor documentation or other physical records verifying purpose for payment, the amount paid, and a resulting cash balance for the account. (2) A record collectively called a "ledger" or an equivalent component of an accounting system which records in chronological sequence all money which is received or disbursed by the broker on behalf of each particular beneficiary of a trust account. This record must show the monetary transactions affecting each individual beneficiary and must segregate such transactions from those pertaining to other beneficiaries of the trust account. The ledger record for each beneficiary must contain the same transactional information as is prescribed in subsection (1). No ledger may ever be allowed to have a negative cash balance and the sum of all ledger balances must at all times agree with the corresponding cash balance in the journal after each transaction has been posted. 2-22

(3) A written monthly record called the "bank reconciliation worksheet" which proves agreement, on the date of reconciliation, between (1) the cash balance shown in the account journal; (2) the sum of the cash balances for all ledgers; and (3) the corresponding bank account balance. This worksheet must be maintained in hard copy form for later inspection and list each beneficiary's ledger balance on the date of reconciliation. The broker is not required to reconcile any trust account when no money belonging to others has been received or no banking activity has occurred. (4) When managing property, if summary totals are reported to others, the broker must maintain supporting records which accurately detail all cash received and disbursed under the terms of the management and rental agreements. Such summary totals must be reconcilable to detailed supporting records. Any accounting report furnished to others must be prepared and delivered according to the terms of the management agreement or, in the absence of a provision in the written management agreement to the contrary, within thirty (30) days after the end of the month in which funds were either received or disbursed. (5) If a broker has on deposit personal funds sufficient to maintain the trust account pursuant to Rule E-l(f), an entry showing such money shall be made in the journal and on a "broker's ledger record" per subsections (1) and (2). Such money shall be included in the bank reconciliation worksheet. * (6) All deposits of funds into an escrow or trust account must be documented (i.e. bank deposits) including confirmation of electronic and telephonic transfers or on detailed schedules attached to the deposit slips or confirmations. The documentation must identify each person tendering funds to the broker for deposit, the amount of funds tendered, types of funds received from each person, and the property address, affected. All disbursements of funds from an escrow or trust account must be supported by source documents such as bids, invoices, contracts, etc. that identify the payees, property addresses affected and amount of funds transferred for each property. Real estate licensees shall produce for inspection by an authorized representative of the real estate commission any cancelled checks (or front and back copies) or hardcopy confirmations of electronic or telephonic transfers as may be reasonably necessary to complete audits or investigations. (7) In the absence of a written agreement to the contrary, the "cash basis" of accounting shall be used for maintaining all required escrow or trust accounts and records. If the "accrual basis" of accounting is requested by the beneficiary of funds entrusted to a broker, such request must be in writing and the broker shall maintain separate accrual basis accounts and sets of records for each person or entity affected; such accounts and records shall be separate from other accounts and records maintained on the cash basis. (8) Pursuant to C.R.S. 12-61-113(l)(c.5),(q) and 6-1-105, the broker must obtain prior written consent to assess and receive mark-ups and/or other compensation for services performed by any third party or affiliated business entity. The broker must retain accurate on-going office records which verify 2-23

disclosure and consent, and which fully account for the amounts or percentage of compensation assessed or received. (q) Diversion/Conversion prohibited Money belonging to one beneficiary of a separate trust or escrow account shall not be used for the benefit of another beneficiary of a trust, or escrow account. (r) Items in lieu of cash Any instrument or equity or thing of value taken in lieu of cash shall be held by the broker except as otherwise agreed. (s) Branch office trust accounts require branch office recordkeeping In the event a branch office maintains a trust account, separate from the trust account(s) maintained by the main office, a separate record keeping system must be maintained in the branch office. (t) Repealed (effective 1-1-96) (u) Number of separate accounts may vary from zero to unlimited A broker is not limited as to the number of separate accounts which may be maintained for money belonging to others and if the broker is not in possession of money belonging to others, there is no obligation to maintain a separate account. E-2. Payment earned after performance; Account within 30 days; non-refundable retainers When money is collected by a broker for the performance of specific services or for the expenses of performing such services, or for any other expense including but not limited to advertising expenses in regard to the sale or management of real property or a business opportunity and such money is collected before the advertising or other services have been performed, the broker shall deposit such money in an escrow or trust account pursuant to 12-61-113(l)(g.5) C.R.S. No money may be withdrawn from such person's funds, except for actual authorized expenses paid to perform the service, or on behalf of that person, until the broker has fully performed the services agreed upon. A full and itemized accounting must be furnished the person within 30 days of any withdrawal of funds from the escrow or trust account. Nothing in this section shall prohibit a licensee from taking a non-refundable retainer which need not be deposited into an escrow or trust account provided this is specifically agreed to in writing between the licensee and the person paying the retainer. E-3. Licensee must produce records; HOA records belong to HOA A real estate licensee shall produce for inspection by an authorized representative of the Real Estate Commission any document or record as may be reasonably necessary for investigation or audit in the enforcement of Title 12 Article 61 and in enforcement of the rules and regulations of the Real Estate Commission. Failure to submit such documents or records within the time set by the Commission in its notification shall be grounds for disciplinary action unless the Commission has granted an extension of time for such production. However, a broker who is also acting as a manager for an owners association shall turn all association management records and supporting documentation over to the association at the end of the broker's term of management. Such records are the property of the owners association and if the broker wishes to maintain copies for the broker's own files these must be made at the broker's expense. 2-24

E-4. Document preparation and duplicates A real estate broker shall immediately deliver a duplicate of the original of any instrument (except deeds, notes and trust deeds or mortgages, prepared by and for the benefit of third party lenders) to all parties executing the same when such instrument has been prepared by the broker or the broker's employed licensee or closing entity and relates to the employment or engagement of the broker or pertains to the consummation of the leasing, purchase, sale or exchange of real property in which the broker may participate as a broker. For purposes of this rule, duplicate shall mean legible photocopy, carbon copy, facsimile, or electronic copies which contain a digital or electronic signature as defined in 24-71-101(1) C.R.S. Such broker shall retain a copy of the duplicate instruments for future use or inspection by an authorized representative of the Real Estate Commission. If a broker or the broker's agent prepares a mortgage or trust deed for the benefit of a buyer or seller, an unsigned duplicate of such security instrument, together with a copy of the note, unsigned or prominently marked "copy," shall be furnished to the purchaser; copies shall also be retained in such broker's office for further use or inspection by an authorized representative of the Real Estate Commission. Cooperating brokers, including brokers acting as agents for buyers in a specific real estate transaction, shall have the same requirements for retention of copies as stated above, except that a cooperating broker who is not a party to the listing contract need not retain a copy of the listing contract or the seller's settlement statement. Pursuant to Rule E-3, a broker is not required to obtain and retain copies of existing public records, title commitments, loan applications, lender required disclosures or related affirmations from independent third party closing entities after the settlement date. E-5. Closing responsibility; closing statement distribution Pursuant to 12-61-113 (l)(h), at time of closing, the individual licensee who has established a brokerage relationship with the buyer or seller or who works with the buyer or seller as a customer, either personally or on behalf of an employing broker, shall be responsible for the proper closing of the transaction and shall provide, sign and be responsible for an accurate, complete and detailed closing statement as it applies to the party with whom the brokerage relationship has been established. If signed by an employed licensee, closing statements shall be delivered to the employing broker immediately following closing. Nothing in this rule shall relieve an employing broker of the responsibility for fulfilling supervisory responsibilities pursuant to 12-61-103(6)(c), 12-61-113(1)(o), 12-61-118 C.R.S, and Rules E-31 and E-32. (a) Subject to Rule E-4, an employing or independent broker with whom a brokerage relationship has been established, either personally or through an employed licensee, shall retain a copy of all closing statements approved by the respective buyers or sellers for future use or for inspection by an authorized representative of the Real Estate Commission. (b) The closing statement or statements of all real estate or business opportunity transactions in which a real estate broker participates shall show the date of closing, the total purchase price of the property, itemization of all adjustments, money, or things of value received or paid showing to whom each item is credited and/or to whom each item is debited, the dates of the adjustments shall be shown if not the same as the date of the closing, also 2-25

shown shall be the balances due from the respective parties to the transaction, and the names of the payees, makers and assignees of all notes paid or made or assumed; the statements furnished to each party to the transaction shall contain an itemization of such credits and such debits as pertain to each respective party. The credits and debits concerning the sale of a preowned home warranty service contract shall be disclosed on the closing statements. (c) Closing statements shall be delivered to the respective parties at the time of the delivery and acceptance of the title whether such delivery and acceptance be effected by bill of sale, deed or by an installment contract to give a deed at a future date. (d) If closing documents and statements are prepared by, and the closing is conducted by, an employing broker's company such broker is primarily responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the settlement statements and documents. (e) If a licensee with whom a brokerage relationship has been established is unable to attend a closing or review closing documents, another licensee may agree or be designated by an employing broker to review and sign a closing statement and will assume joint responsibility with the absent licensee for its accuracy, completeness and delivery. (f) A broker may transfer funds pertinent to a real estate transaction from a trust or escrow account to a lawyer or a closing entity acting on behalf of the broker at or before closing or final settlement. The broker will not be relieved of responsibilities in regard thereto. The broker delivering an earnest money deposit to a lawyer or a closing entity providing settlement services shall obtain a dated and signed receipt from the person or entity providing settlement services and retain a copy of the receipt in the office transaction file. The settlement statements prepared by the lawyer or closing entity shall bear the names of the licensee who signs the statement and the employing broker if applicable. (g) If the real estate transaction involves a new loan made by the purchaser from a lending institution which deducts costs before disbursing the loan proceeds prior to final settlement, the loan proceeds must be reconciled with money due to or paid by the buyer and money due the seller after final settlement. A copy of this reconciliation must be kept in the broker's files and available for audit by a representative of the Commission.