MACMILLAN DICTIONARY OF MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING

MACMILLAN DICTIONARY OF MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING

CONTRIBUTORS Stuart Hampshire, BSc(Tech), PhD, MICeram Ceramics and ceramics processing Barry Hull, BEng, MMet, PhD, CEng, MIM Polymers and polymer processing Peter Ormiston, BSc, PhD, CEng, MIM Composite materials Philip R S Speare, MA, PhD, CEng, MICE Materials and processes for the construction industry Kevin Walshe, BSc, PhD, CEng, MIProdE Manufacturing engineering and systems

MACMILLAN DICTIONARY OF MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING Editor Vernon John M

The Macmillan Press Ltd, 1990 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990 978-0-333-45558-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied, or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33-4 Alfred Place, London WC1E7DP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1990 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in Auckland, Delhi, Dublin, Gaborone, Hamburg, Harare, Hong Kong, Johannesburg, Kuala Lumpur, Lagos, Manzini, Melbourne, Mexico City, Nairobi, New York, Singapore, Tokyo. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Macmillan dictionary of materials and manufacturing 1. Materials I. Vernon, John 620. 11 ISBN 978-1-349-09917-7 ISBN 978-1-349-09915-3 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-09915-3

CONTRIBUTORS Stuart Hampshire, BScTech, PhD, M!Ceram. After graduating in Ceramics with Refractories Technology from Sheffield University, Stuart Hampshire worked at the Dyson Group Research and Development Laboratories. Subsequently, he obtained his doctorate at Newcastle University after research into the sintering of nitrogen ceramics and remained at the Crystallography Laboratory of that university as a post-doctoral Research Associate until joining the staff of the University of Limerick, Ireland, in 1981. He is currently Professor and Head of the Ceramics Research Group of the Materials Research Centre and also Assistant Dean (Research) at Limerick. His current research interests are on fabrication, microstructural development, properties and applications of engineering ceramics, in particular silicon nitride and oxide semiconductors. Barry Hull, BEng, MMet, PhD, CEng, MIM. Barry Hull graduated in Metallurgy from the University of Liverpool and subsequently obtained both his masters degree and doctorate from Sheffield University. He has had wide industrial experience, working for!nco Alloys Europe and Chloride Technical before taking up a full-time academic post in 1980. Since then he has held several teaching appointments, including positions at The Polytechnic of Central London and Sheffield City Polytechnic. He has recently joined the staff of the mechanical engineering department at Bradford University. His main research and consultancy interests are abrasive flow machining, ceramics processing, transducer design and test and inspection methods. He is co-author (with Vernon John) of Non-destructil'e Testing, also published by Macmillan. Vernon John, BSc, MSc, CEng, MIM, MIMM. After graduating in Metallurgy at University College, Cardiff, Vernon John served as an engineer officer in the Royal Air Force and worked as a foundry and development metallurgist before joining the staff of The Polytechnic, Regent Street (now The Polytechnic of Central London). He was in charge of the Materials Group within the Department of Mechanical Engineering untill987, when he left full-time teaching in order to devote more time to writing. He is a visiting lecturer at City University and Kingston Polytechnic and is actively engaged in curriculum development work with SEFI (European Society for Engineering Education). He is the author of several materials texts (all published by Macmillan) including Introduction to Engineering Materials and (jointly with Barry Hull) Non-Destructive Testing. Peter Ormiston, BSc, PhD, CEng, MIM. Peter Ormiston graduated in Metallurgy from Birmingham University and obtained his doctorare from Southampton University. He worked for BNFMRA (now The British Non-Ferrous Metals Technology Centre) and in the Metallury Department of Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. He joined the staff of The Polytechnic of Central London in 1973 and is currently Senior Lecturer in Engineering Materials in the Department of Mechanical Engineering. His particular interests include composites and materials selection. Philip Speare, MA, PhD, CEng, MICE. After graduating from Cambridge University, Philip Speare worked for W.S. Atkins and Partners, Consulting Engineers. He joined the staff of City University in 1972 and is currently Senior Lecturer in the Civil Engineering Department, where he lectures on Materials and Analysis and Design of Structures. His research interests include plates and slabs, reinforced masonry and concrete materials. v

vi Kevin Walshe, BSc, PhD, CEng. MIProdE. Kevin Walshe completed an engineering apprenticeship in automobile and aircraft accessory manufacture, worked as a process and planning engineer and was subsequently commissioned in the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers. After becoming a chartered engineer he obtained an honours degree in Monetary Economics at London University. He has held research and teaching posts at a number of colleges. including Brunei University, from where he received his doctorate in Production Technology, and is currently Principal Lecturer in Manufacturing Systems and Industrial Management at The Polytechnic of Central London. His main Consultancy and research interests are computer-aided production management systems.