How are People and Activities Distributed within Urban Areas?

Urban Patterns

How are People and Activities Distributed within Urban Areas? Social area analysis (Rubenstein) Models can be used to show where different social groups live in the cities use census tracts (< size of zip codes) Functional zonation (de Blij) Criticism of the models Models may be too simplistic Some models may be outdated

Central Business Districts (CBD) Highly accessible

Central Business District (CBD) Highly accessible CBD Retail services Retailers with a high threshold/range Department stores» 1960s/1970s stores shift to malls Infrequent patrons» also shift to malls Now attract tourist shoppers (Michigan Ave.) Retailers serving downtown workers small specialty shops business services in the CBD» Proximity to other professionals, government offices accessible to all types of workers (secretary and the CEO) expanding

CBD of Charlotte, NC

Competition for land in the CBD High land costs Ex.: most expensive real estate in the world = Tokyo Intensive land use Underground areas Subways, loading docks, utility lines, pedways Skyscrapers Chicago (Home Insurance Building) 1880s» Iron frame and elevators» Give cities distinctive character Vertical geography nature of use changes as you go up» Retailers professionals residential

Competition for land in the CBD Activities excluded from the CBD Lack of industry in the CBD Once located near water access and piers» Waterfronts now used for recreation, tourism, retail Lack of residents in the CBD 1800s = population centers (mansions, tenements) 20 th century = Bid-rent, suburbanization, invasion/succession result in less people living in urban centers Now: population returning (lofts, empty-nesters, proximity to nightlife culture, don t care about schools, etc.) CBDs outside North America Less dominated by commercial considerations. More public use and higher population restrictions to maintain character and attract tourists Older buildings renovated not demolished

Defining Urban Areas the city municipality = political entity common govt, services, laws annexation Adding areas to a political entity urban areas Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) city plus suburbs Chicago pop. = 2.7 million 3.6 million (1950) Chicagoland = 9.9 million 5.5 million (1950) LDCs differentiation unclear

Density Gradient

Culture and Urban Form Chicago School(s) of Architecture 1 st : walls hang on iron frame = skyscrapers 2 nd : glass and iron skyscraper, form follows function aka the International School

Chicago School(s) of Architecture

Culture and Urban Form Chicago School(s) of Architecture 1 st : walls hang on iron frame = skyscrapers 2 nd : glass and iron skyscraper, form follows function aka the International School City Beautiful movement Parks, monuments, orderly street plan (Daniel Burnham) Nice to look but also creates civic pride and moral virtues Postmodern architecture Wide range of styles, challenges what s accepted Diverse aesthetics, anything goes, unique forms More people-friendly = cloud gate aka the bean

Postmodern Architecture

Urban Patterns Social Issues

Intraregional migration in the United States Migration from city to suburban areas = suburbanization accelerates post-wwii = spend, spend, spend = consumerism = huge economic boom encouraged by government = mortgage deduction benefits mostly whites.minorities excluded (redlining) returning veterans = housing shortage = govt. programs» FHA = lower down payment, longer mortgages» GI Bill = low interest loans, education costs covered American falls in love with the automobile becomes a necessity, government builds highways Demographic explosion Baby Boom = space needed to raise children

Intraregional Migration in the United States

Push Factors

Inner City Challenges Social issues The underclass an unending cycle of social and economic issues homelessness culture (or cycle) of poverty ghettoized often isolated from positive influences behavior which reinforces or continues poverty gangs, out-of-wedlock children, absentee fathers, violence, drugs

Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges Most significant = deteriorating housing Filtering = subdividing mansions into small apts. Successive waves of immigrants, absentee landlords Redlining = banks refuse to loan money in certain areas now illegal but difficult to enforce Eroding tax base White flight (middle class takes their $ to the suburbs)» Cities can either reduce services or raise taxes Impact of the recession» Housing market collapse» Foreclosure (bank seizes home for non payment of mortgage)» under water (mortgage higher than home value = walk away)» Abandoned buildings Eroding tax base

Facing Housing Challenges? Urban renewal (government intervention) Govt. removes blight gives to developers/public agencies

Facing Housing Challenges? Urban renewal (government intervention) Govt. removes blight gives to developers/public agencies Public housing (1950s/1960s = Cabrini-Green, Robt. Taylor Homes)

Facing Housing Challenges? Urban renewal (government intervention) Govt. removes blight gives to developers/public agencies Public housing (1950s/1960s = Cabrini-Green, Robt. Taylor Homes)» results in concentrated poverty» segregation» fall into disrepair, become crime-ridden, disrepair» Mostly demolished since 1990s

Lathrop Homes

Facing Housing Challenges? Gentrification (market intervention) Middle-class renovate inner city housing Vintage housing, proximity/access to CBD = work/cultural activities» singles or couples w/out children = don t care about schools Crime, property values, what could possibly be the problem? Poor are displaced, ethnic patterns altered

Suburbanization (continued) Push Factors urban decay crowded poverty, crime bad schools 1960s urban riots political machines/corruption the other (racism) new immigrants Mexicans, Asians, Puerto Ricans, Appalachians African-Americans blockbusting school desegregation busing Pull factors see previous slide suburban lifestyle space (yards, parks, green) good schools low taxes low crime American dream or is it homogeneity?

Pull Factors

Urban Sprawl

Urban Sprawl (Greenbelts designed to limit in the UK)

Suburban placelessness

Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges? Dependence on the automobile Lack of public transit Advantages of public transit (makes city living attractive) Urban Sprawl Cheaper, less polluting, and more energy efficient than an automobile Reduces congestion» Suited to rapidly transport large number of people to small area Development competes for prime agricultural land Enormous carbon footprint Placelessness (uniform landscape) Growing poverty Industry brings industrial problems to suburbs Great inversion??? Read this: ttp://www.forbes.com/sites/petesaunders1/2016/04/04/15/#407c2eb351b5 Outskirts/Suburbs = industrial poor, Central city = wealthy

A Possible Solution? New Urbanism Suburban areas that reflect urban walkability Higher density housing, anti-auto, walkable More varied, connected and enjoyable communities Reduces urban sprawl and carbon footprint of suburbia Mass transit links CBD with denser suburban living

New Urbanism

Urban Models

Where Are People and Activities Distributed within Urban Areas? Models of urban structure Are used to explain where people/services are distributed within metropolitan areas In each, CBD has varying level of importance Three original models, all developed in one city Chicago Concentric zone model Sector model Multiple nuclei model

Concentric Zone Model

Burgess Concentric Zone Model (1923) CBD (low residential density but ) Zone of transition (varying density) Industry, poor quality housing, subdivided larger homes Immigrants Invasion/Succession migration Gentrification (increasing density) Zone of working class homes dense multi-dwelling (apts., two-flats, etc.) gentrification (decreasing density) Zone of middle class homes single family homes, yards, garages today s bungalow belt, inner suburbs increasing poverty Commuter zone wealthy/upper middle-class today s outer suburbs (low density)

Bid-rent Theory

Zone of Transition: Tenements

Zone of Transition: Filtering

Zone of Transition: Industry

Zone of Transition: Gentrification

Zone of Working Class Homes

Zone of Middle Class Homes (Bungalow Belt)

Decreasing Density from Middle Class to Commuter Zone

Sector Model Figure 13-5

Hoyt s Sector Model (1939) Sectors not rings develop Still focused on CBD Certain sectors are more or less attractive to certain groups and activities pattern builds on itself Therefore sectors radiating from center to edge of city are created Industry follows transportation routes Lower class housing gravitates towards industry Upper class residential gravitates towards desirable amenities

Industry follows transportation

Working class housing follows industry

Upper-class housing follows amenities

Multiple Nuclei Model

Harris/Ullman s Multiple Nuclei Model (1945) more than one center around which activities develop Certain land use activities are compatible or incompatible together. Transportation industry Industry lower income housing Airports warehouses Heavy Industry high class housing high class housing amenities similar ideas w/sector model but: decentralized, CBD influence

O Hare is a nuclei of economic activity separate from the CBD

Rosemont

University of Chicago Hyde Park

Southeast Side/Lake Calumet Heavy Industry (Steel)

Peripheral/Galactic Model Harris adds ring highway to multiple nuclei model newer idea, car dependent, urban sprawl decentralization of the CBD Industrial shift out of city development along ring highway (the periphery ) Edge cities surrounding the central city more jobs than bedrooms, clustering of services, retail that rivals/competes with CBD.

Edge Cities

Growth of suburbs Urban Realms Model Autos and ring highways New transportation corridors Suburbs now more independent of CBD Suburban downtowns develop Edge cities More jobs than bedrooms Los Angeles, Atlanta

Urban Realms of Los Angeles

Applying the models outside North America European cities In past, social segregation was vertical Poor in basements/attics Wealthy live in inner city (different than US) follow sector radiating from center (like Hoyt model) Poor clustered on outskirts (high-rise apts. = projects ) they don t scare tourists avoids urban sprawl Islamic cities walled, minarets, mosques, courtyards, lightly colored to reflect heat, recapture/recycle water

Income Distribution in the Paris Region

European Cities

wealthy push from center in an elite residential sector spine develops to service needs of wealthy Often along boulevard Zone of maturity Middle-class, well-kept Zone of in situ accretion Lower working class Moving up or down Squatter settlements Outside highway ring perifico Ciudades perdades, favelas Griffin-Ford Latin American Cities

Squatter settlements

Other non-western urban models SE Asian Model McGee (1967) Port is focus Semi-periphery serving core CBD split into sep. clusters Govt. zone Western commercial zone Alien commercial zone dominated by Chinese Larger middle-class on outskirts

Other non-western urban models Africa Fastest growing cities Difficult to model 3 CBDs Old colonial Vertical development informal/periodic Open air Transitional Curbside single story Encircled by ethnic or mixed neighborhoods Mining and manufacturing sector Squatter settlements

Links American urbanization to the dominant transportation mode of the era (epoch) Borchert s Model Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790 1830) trade dominated by ocean vessels with sails, inland trade is slow with wagon trains. Coastal cities become important (NY, Boston, Philadelphia, Charleston, Savannah) Iron Horse Epoch (1830 70), characterized by impact of steam engine technology, and development of steamboats and regional railroad networks, trade and population moves inland along rivers and canals (Cincinnati, Buffalo, Detroit, Pittsburgh, New Orleans, St. Louis) Steel Rail Epoch (1870 1920), dominated by the development of long haul railroads and a national railroad network (Chicago) Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920 70), with growth in the gasoline combustion engine, growth disconnected from waterways. Movement toward warmer climates. Flexibility of auto (and air) travel. (suburbs, Dallas, Denver, Los Angeles) Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970?), also called the High- Technology Epoch. International connections dominate (Miami, San Francisco, Houston, Washington DC, NYC, LA) Cities that emerged in earlier stages may stay relevant or fade if they don t adjust to new situation (NYC vs. Detroit.Chicago????)

Gateway cities: cities that serve as an entry point to a different civilization, new world or frontier (examples include: St. Louis, San Francisco, New York, Istanbul)

Gateway Cities