Modelling Spaio -Temporal specs for adasral Sysem in hina Ning ZHNG, hina, P. R. and rbind Man TULDHR, he Neherlands Keywords: adasral Sysem, Spaio-Temporal, Daa Model, Ideniy-based hange Model SUMMRY Due o increasing populaion, indusrializaion, and urbanizaion in hina, he demand for land resources has become a major limiaion o he susainable economic and social developmen of hina. hinese governmen has realized ha an efficien managemen using modern Geo-Informaion echnology for he land resource is vial boh for he presen and fuure use of land. Thus efficien and effecive managemen of adasral Managemen Sysem is one of imporan prioriy now in hina (Zhang, 2006). adasral sysem in hina currenly operaes only wih curren daa no hisorical daa. If i has o relae o he emporal aspecs of cadasral land parcel wih hisorical daa, i hen has o provide he capabiliy o race he spaial and associaed changes in ime. I can hen be used o anicipae he rends for fuure sraegic planning abou he use of land. In his paper, we highligh hree main issues. The firs issue describes land enure how hinese people uses land and deals wih land use righs in urban as well as rural areas. The paper hen highlighs he needs of he Spaio-Temporal Daa abou he cadasral land objecs from he view poins of users and land regisraion in hina. Then i describes he Spaio- Temporal adasral Daa Model (STDM) using Unified Modelling Language (UML) for saic componen and Ideniy-ased hange Model for dynamic par. Finally i concludes ha such STDM is a grea demand for adasral Informaion Sysem in hinese land managemen (Zhang, 2006). 1/13
Modelling Spaio -Temporal specs for adasral Sysem in hina Ning ZHNG, hina and rbind Man TULDHR, he Neherlands 1. INTRODUTION adasral daa in hina is managed by he adasral Managemen Division under he adasral Managemen Deparmen of he Minisry of Land and Resources (MLR). adasral daa includes a) spaial daa on he locaion, ypes, shapes, qualiy, and size of he land, and b) associaed land enure daa such as he owner and ownership righs, user and usership righs and oher righs. These cadasral daa are of dynamic naure, as hey coninuously change in space and ime for a number of reasons. For example, he rapid urbanizaion in hina is one of he obvious reasons. Many buildings and aparmens are buil every day on land, and such aciviies have led hinese culivaed land becoming less and less. In he mean ime, he real esaes have always been he mos popular insrumen for invesmen in hina. Tha is, every day he propery invesors buy and sell he real esaes. The subdivision and he amalgamaion of he land parcels are also frequenly aking place according o he zoning plans causing boh spaial and non-spaial changes in land use or usership righs. When seing up a morgage on a land parcel, i also causes changes in he naure of land parcels wih a hisory during daily land ransacions a he local land regisraion offices. adasral daa has a grea variey of users of which he MLR is one of imporan sakeholders in hina. The MLR regards proecing culivaed land and promoing he inensive use of land as he mos imporan ask in he managemen of land and naural resources in hina. To suppor such asks, he cadasral daa is very much needed for he daily works including emporal daa ha concerns he pas or hisorical informaion. Therefore, i is seen in his paper ha he analysis of hinese adasral Informaion Sysem ehaviours is essenial elemen for he Spaio-Temporal Daa Model (STDM) for he cadasral sysem. 2. LND TENURE SYSTEM Land enure sysem in hina can be disinguished ino hree ypes of righs are ownership righ, usership righ and oher righs (Zhang, 2006). 2.1 Ownership ccording o he Land Managemen Law in hina, he People s Republic of hina pracices socialis public ownership of land, namely, eiher ownership by he people or collecive ownership by he working people (ricle 2). Thus, here are wo kinds of ownership in hinese Land Tenure Sysem: - Sae-owned land: owned by he people, (bu ownerships exercised by he Sae on he behalf of he people), and 2/13
- ollecive-owned land: owned by collecives (a group of farmers) ccordingly, almos all land in ciies and urban areas of ciies are he Sae-Owned Land (i.e. ownership lies on Sae), while he land in rural belongs o ollecive. In oher words, in ciies and urban areas of ciies, he owner name is always Sae in he books of land regisraion. u rural areas normally have a variey of owners according o he law. Table.1 below shows he Ownership and is corresponding coverage in deail Ownership Sae-owned land ollecive-owned land overage - Urban areas of ciies; - Rural land no for agriculure use; - Rural and suburban area ha is confiscaed, requisiioned, expropriaed (expec for hose porions designaed or define as owned by collecives); - Foresland, grassland, hills, waseland, mineral resources, mounains, unclaimed land, beaches, flood land and oher ypes of land, which he sae has no deermined o be owned by collecives. - Rural and suburban areas excep for hose porions, which belong o he Sae in accordance wih he law (ricle 8); - Rural land mainly for agriculure; - House sies and privae plos of cropland and ha of hilly land Table 1: Ownership and is coverage 2.2. Usership Usership means ha a legal person / organizaion have he righ o use he land. The righ o use land may be ransferred in accordance wih law. In accordance wih law he Sae applies a sysem of compensaion on use of Sae-owned land. Since he land in urban area is owned by he sae, all organizaions including governmen deparmens, companies and so on have o obain he righ o use he land. In rural areas, boh he ownership and he usership of he land owned by collecives belong o he collecives. Thus, users and owners in rural areas are he same in mos cases. Ways o obaining he Usership: ccording o he laws, he ownership in hina canno be bough and sold. u he usership can be sold and bough under some condiions. Since he Sae iself does no use he land, he usership is separaed from he ownership. Wih regard o he Sae-owned land, he organizaions can obain he usership righs hrough allocaion and graning. The land obained by he way of allocaion canno be ransferred (hrough any acs including sale, exchange, and donaion) or morgaged. u he graned land can be ransferred, leased or morgaged as long as he following condiions are me: 3/13
- The cerificae for he usership of he sae-owned land has been obained; - Legal ile cerificaes of buildings and oher aachmens on he land have been obained; and - The conrac for graning land-use righ has been signed and land-use graning fees have been paid reroacively o he people s governmens of relevan ciies or counies or paymen made wih proceeds from land ransfer, lease or morgage. The differences beween graning and allocaion are: i) only he land obained by graning can go ino he open marke; ii) graning is limied by a cerain ime period bu allocaion is limiless. Type Land in ciies and owns Land in rural areas Ownership Sae Differen collecive organizaions Usership Individual organizaion Individual collecive organizaion Way of llocaion / Graning Previous facs of using land obaining Usership Transfer Only acs on graned parcels NO Way of he - - ownership change Morgage Only acs on graned parcels NO Lease Yes, o graned parcels Sae-owned lands wihou users can be leased under cerain condiions Yes, under cerain condiions 2.3 The oher Righs Table 2: urren siuaions relaed o hinese Land Tenure Sysem The oher righs mean ha afer confirming o he ownership and usership, here are he oher righs on land. Unil now, here are wo ypes of oher righs i.e. morgage and lease righ. 3. LND REGISTRTION SYSTEM IN HIN hinese land regisraion sysem is a basic sysem for regisering land required by he law in hina. The sysem is divided ino wo componens i.e. iniial land regisraion and change land regisraion (Xinming, 1998). Iniial land regisraion, also called overall regisraion, is he universal land regisraion covering he complee area in a region. I is carried ou region by region. The physical boundaries of land parcel are based on he adminisraive boundaries. In ciies and owns, he boundary unis follow he adminisraive hierarchy from he ounry, Province, Disric, and 4/13
iy-sree o lock. In rural areas is small unis derives from he ounry, Province, Disric, ouny, Township and Village. In boh cases he smalles unis is land parcel. hange land regisraion is acually land regisraion ha keeps mainaining land regisers, and provides he services o he users, owners and persons who have righ on land s righs. ny changes on land righs or land use mus be regisered a local cadasral office in he region according o he Land Managemen Law in hina (ricle 12). hange land regisraion includes all kinds of regisraion such as: - Seing up he righs (ownership, usership, oher righs) of he parcel; - hanging he righs (ownership, usership, oher righs); - hanging he name, address, landuse and so forh; - Terminaion of land regisraion of a parcel by issuing new cerificae. The difference beween iniial land regisraion and change land regisraion lies in he following: - The former covers he complee area in region while he laer refers o several parcels when changes in region. - The iniial land regisraion is one-ime, afer iniial land regisraion he change land regisraion becomes a rouine. 4. SPTIO-TEMPORL SPETS : NLYSIS OF USER REQUIREMENTS Wih he rapid economic reform of hina, land ransacion of land usership righs has been aking place hrough selling and buying in open land marke a a surprisingly fas speed in ciies where he economic developmen is fas. In eijing many buildings, aparmens, and offices are buil every day due o is dynamic naure of economy, and here are many real esae ransacions aking place each day and hour. In such siuaion many land iles and cadasral daa are handled by he Local offices of adasral Managemen Division in eijing. Land ile and cadasral daa has a grea variey of users or sakeholders such as legal auhoriies, financial insiuions, various oher organizaions, privae secor companies, local governmen, owners/ users and many ohers. For heir decision making, hese organisaions need he Temporal Daa concerning he curren and pas siuaion (or he hisory) of real esaes. urrenly he cadasral sysem delees he old daa or sores he laes daa, and so i does no allow emporal analysis. The fieldwork made in his research reveals ha for he quick and reliable decision making process, he Spaio-emporal informaion is umos imporan and o be incorporaed in adasral Informaion Sysem (Zhang, 2006). In he radiional or curren sysem, he emporal analyses needed by all users could no be performed in rapid and reliable way. The reason is ha he radiional land ile and cadasral 5/13
sysem are manual and paper-based. Today, he considerable work can be done o carry ou emporal analyses by he means of Geographical Informaion Sysem (GIS). However, he main problem sill remains due o lack of a Spaio-Temporal Daa Model. 4.1 Spaio-Temporal specs in Land Regisraion and adasral Sysems ccording o land regisraion in hina (boh in iniial and change land regisraion), ime concep is divided ino wo siuaions: 4.1.1 Time during iniial land regisraion fer a land user obains land usership hrough he iniial land regisraion, he parcel objec is normally given birh wih he unique ID. The user acquires he land regisraion cerificaion from land regisered office. Thus, iniial sae is hen esablished beween land user and parcel objec. Thus we can say he parcel objec has been born on he compleion of iniial land regisraion process. 4.1.2 Time during change land regisraion When here are changes in land enure informaion due o various reasons, i is compulsory o regiser he changes a local office and hen he change land regisraion process would sar. Then new land enure informaion will be recorded in he books, and old land enure record will also be required o keep record in he sysem. Here we could idenify Time in wo cases: 4.1.3 Spaial change in land parcel(s) The unique parcel idenifier would be changed including parcel s opology. This ime poin means ha new parcel(s) emerge and old parcel(s). In his case, non-spaial daa concerning land enure will be sored for new parcel(s). 4.1.4 Non-spaial change in land parcel(s) In his case, parcel s geomery is no changed, only non-spaial aribue values change such as he oher righs change, land use changes, ec. Under his circumsance, parcel unique ID isn changed, bu ime poin as a change poin in parcel s life-span. From he above discussion he workflows of land regisraion have many seps wih ime samps on objecs. These ime samps have differen emporal dimensions such as real ime, ransacion ime, and procedure ime in hinese adasral Informaion Sysem. 5. SPTIO-TEMPORL DSTRL DT MODEL In order o capure he requiremens described in secion 4 for Digial adasral Informaion Sysem, he Spaio-Temporal adasral Daa Model (STDM) would require wo main componens in he hinese adasral Informaion Sysem, namely saic and dynamic 6/13
componens. Saic componen shows he objec classes ha need o be mainained wih ime samps, while he dynamic componen provides operaions ha changes daa in daabases. 5.1 Saic omponens of STDM Figure 1 illusraes a saic componen of STM in Unified Modelling Language (UML) for hinese siuaion as a sample. In his figure, here are wo main absrac classes namely Obligee and hinese Land Parcels on which all oher classes and subclasses are buil and new objec classes can easily be added. Figure 1: Spaio-Temporal adasral Daa Model (STDM) (Zhang, 2006) 7/13
Referring o he figure 1, here are wo subclasses of he absrac class obligee (i.e. naural individual and legal uni). The class Legal uni is furher specialized ino governmen organizaions. Financing agencies or banks are considered in his subclass. There is an associaion link beween Obligee class and Legal uni class. I shows ha an obligee paricipaes as a represenaive on behalf of ha organizaion. Wih Naural individual class, here is an associaion link showing ha an obligee (as Paren) may have zero or more children. In hina, his is imporan for inheriing properies, and similarly a relaionship beween husband and wife can be defined in Obligee class. noher wo associaion link beween Obligee class and hinese Land Parcel class show ha obligee can ge land usership righ on land, bu for ollecive-owned land legal uni can ge only ownership righ on land. uilding righs is regarded as aachmen righ on land. In hina, building is divided ino house and aparmen ha is modelled using associaion. Therefore, here is a sric composie relaionship. householder has ownership righ of he building, so he buildings (house and aparmen) are considered as commodiies ha can be sold, purchased, morgaged, leased and inheried. ll he legal righs of an obligee are execued hrough he change land regisraion. The deeds and iles are represened in documens. The documen can be a cerificae for ownership or usership wih easemen and resricion, or regisered deeds such as graning, morgage, or lease conrac. In oher words, righs of an obligee on a land parcel are realized by several documens associaed wih an obligee and a land parcel. 5.2 Dynamic specs of STDM based on Ideniy-based hange pproach While UML use case and ineracion diagrams provide dynamic aspecs of he sysem, i was inenionally chosen o use Ideniy-based change approach in his research work. I argues ha i is a powerful ool for represening emporal behaviours wih differen mehods of creaing new objecs, spaial relaions among objecs, or properies of objecs (Hornsby and Egenhofer, 2000). Furher more query abou he exisence of an objec or queries abou pas or fuure saes of an objec can be seen in he model such as: - Is his objec in exisence a ime? - Is his objec a ime 2 he same objec as encounered a ime 1? - Has his objec always exised? - Wha fuure changes are possible o his objec? 5.2.1 Ideniy-based approach for iniial land regisraion The parcel informaion is creaed hrough iniial land regisraion. The dae will be sored o saic daabase as hisory daa (ime is recorded ). In oher words, an objec ha is wihou hisory is birhed wih hisory. ccording o hinese land enure, four ypes of righs are represened by ideniy-based change (Figure 2). I includes Sae-owned land-use righs (Figure 2 (a)); ollecive ownership righ (Figure 2 (b)); ollecive-owned land-use righ (Figure 2 (c)); or oher righs D (Figure 2 (d)). 8/13
(a) (b) +D (c) (d) Figure 2: Ideniy operaions creaing: (a) Sae-owned land-use righs is creaed, (b) ollecive ownership righ is creaed, (c) ollecive-owned land-use righ is creaed, and (d) oher righs D is creaed on. 5.2.2 Ideniy-based change approach for change land regisraion The change land regisraion happens so frequenly ha immediaely any change in he regisraion book should be updaed. For our discussion on emporal change we choose Saeowned land usership righ as example. Five possible cases namely Spli, ggregae, ompound, Union and malgamae are spaial objec using ideniy-based change described below. 5.2.3 Spli ssume he objec is a plo of Sae-owned land. See he figure 3. fer iniial land regisraion i was defined a he ime. Due o spaial changes, he objec is spli ino four new objecs ha have differen land-use righs 1, 2, 3, and 4 a he ime 1, 2, 3 and 4. During he process objec becomes non-exising wih is hisory informaion, and new four objecs are creaed. 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 3 3 4 4 Figure 3: Objec is spli o four objecs 9/13
5.2.4 ggregae There are wo plos of parcels and hrough iniial land regisraion a he ime. See he figure 4. ccording o land use change ha objec and aggregae o one objec a he ime 1. I also means ha he objecs and firsly become non-exising objecs wih heir hisory. Then an objec is creaed. 1 5.2.5 ompound Figure 4: Objecs and objec are aggregaed ino an objec Objec G consiss of objecs and hrough iniial land regisraion a he ime. See he figure 5. Objec also is defined by iniial land regisraion a he ime. Objecs and keep exising wih non-changing, bu objec is compounded o objec G. On he oher word, he objec becomes non-exising wih is hisory informaion. However, he new objec H is creaed hrough change land regisraion ha consiss of objec, and a he ime 1. G H 1 Figure 5: Objec G and objec are compounded o objec H 10/13
5.2.6 Union Objec G consiss of objecs and a he ime hrough iniial land regisraion. Objec I consiss of objec and D a he ime hrough iniial land regisraion. Due o he land use changes ha objec G and objec I are unied ino an objec H hrough change land regisraion. u objecs,, and D sill exis wih heir hisory informaion. Thus, he new objec H is defined a he ime 1 ha consiss of objecs,, and D (Figure 6). G H I 1 D D 5.2.7 malgamae Figure 6: Objecs G and I unie ino objec H Objec G consis of objecs and hrough iniial land regisraion a he ime. Objec I consis of objecs and D hrough iniial land regisraion a he ime. Due o he land use changes, Objecs and are aggregaed o new objec E a he ime 1. Objec and is non-exising wih heir hisory informaion (objec G is non-exising). Objecs and D are aggregaed o new objec F a he ime 2. Objecs and D are non-exising wih heir hisory informaion. fer ha, he land use again changes, new objec H consis of objecs E and F a he ime 3. The objecs E and F are amalgamaed and i means ha objecs E and F are non-exising wih heir hisory informaion (Figure 7). 11/13
G 1 E E H E I 3 D D 2 F F F Figure 7: Objec G and I amalgamae o objec H 6. ONLUSION hinese adasral Managemen deals wih wo ypes of land namely Sae-owned land and ollecive-owned land. They can be eiher allocaed or graned hrough he usership righs o he land users. Due o he rapid economic growh, change land regisraion is geing imporan o record he changes in land uses hrough land ransfer process. In his paper, Spaio-Temporal adasral Daa Model (STDM) is presened for cadasral informaion sysem in hina. Is saic par is developed using UML lass diagram, while dynamic par is developed using Ideniy-based hange Model for processes such as spli, aggregae, compound, union and amalgamae ha generae emporal daa. This exercise shows us ha such STDM is essenial for adasral Informaion Sysem. REFERENES. Hornsby, K. and Egenhofer, M. J., 2000. Ideniy-based change: a foundaion for spaioemporal knowledge represenaion. In. Journal of GI Science,14(3): 207-224. Langran G.,1989. Review of Temporal Daabase Research and I Use in GIS pplicaions. Inernaional Journal of Geographic Informaion Sysem, Vol. 3, No. 3, 215-232. Langran G., 1992. Time in Geographic Informaion Sysems, Taylor & Francis, reprin. Ooserom, P. Van, 2000. Time in adasral Maps in Time in GIS: issues in Spaio-Temporal Modeling, Delf, Nederland ommissie voor Geodesie. P 36-45, 12/13
Pengde, Li, 1992. Objec-Oriened pproach and Exper Sysem for adasral pplicaions, Enshcede, he Neherlands Xinming T., 1998. Modeling of Spaioemporal Daa and Idenificaion of Relaionships and hange Processes for a adasral Informaion Sysem in hina, Enschede, he Neherlands. Zhang, N., 2006. Spaio-emporal cadasral daa model: geo-informaion managemen perspecive in hina. M.Sc. Thesis, IT, Enschede, he Neherlands. IOGRPHIL NOTES Ms Ning Zhang has Maser of Science degree in Geo-Informaion Science and Earh Science specialising in Geo-Informaion Managemen a he Inernaional Insiue for Geoinformaion Science and Earh Observaion (IT) in Enschede (NL). She is currenly working as projec leader in hinese Land Surveying and Planning Insiue, Minisry of Land and Resource, eijing, hina. Dr. rbind Man Tuladhar is assisan professor of Land dminisraion and Geo- Informaion Science a Inernaional Insiue for Geo-Informaion Science and Earh Observaion (IT), he Neherlands. His curren research ineress focus on land enure, land managemen/ adminisraion, cadasral sysems, sysem modelling and developmen including 3D modelling, and Spaial Daa Infrasrucure. ONTTS Ms Ning Zhang hinese Land Surveying and Planning Insiue (LSPI) 37 guanyingyuan Rd., Xichenqu, eijing, hina Tel: +86-10-66562973 Fax: +86-10-62156274 E-mail: Zhangning @clspi.gov.cn and supina20042000@yahoo.com Dr. rbind Man Tuladhar Inernaional Insiue for Geoinformaion Science and Earh Observaion (IT) PO ox 6, 7500 Enschede, he Neherlands el. +31-53-4874312 fax +31-53-4874575 E-mail: uladhar@ic.nl websie: www.ic.nl 13/13