Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat S.R. Crown Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology South State Street Chicago, IL, USA CTBUH Contact: Nathaniel Hollister nhollister@ctbuh.org P: () - A Year in Review: Trends of Skyscraper Completion Reaches New High for Fifth Year Running Chicago January, In January of each year, CTBUH publishes a review of tall building construction and statistics from the previous year. The annual story is becoming a familiar one:,,,, and now have each sequentially broke the record for the most meter or higher buildings completed in a given year. Once again, more m+ buildings were completed in than in any year previous, with a total of projects opening their doors. Shenzhen s Kingkey, at meters, tops the list. Looking to the future, it is now foreseeable indeed likely that the recent trend of an annual increase in building completions will continue for the next several years, perhaps. Marina, Dubai m/, ft. Wenzhou Trade Center, Wenzhou m/, ft. Kingkey, Shenzhen m/, ft. Khalid Al Attar Tower, Dubai m/ ft even through the end of the decade. This represents a change in recent predictions. It had been expected that skyscraper completions would drop off very sharply after, as a result of the global financial crisis and the large number of projects put on hold. Now however, due in large part to the continuing high activity of skyscraper design and construction in China, as well as the development of several relatively new markets, this global dip is no longer expected. The effect this will have on the skylines of the world will be tremendous.. Al Hamra Firdous Tower, Kuwait City m/, ft. Nantong Zhongnan International Plaza, Nantong m/ ft. Tianjin Global Financial Center, Tianjin m/, ft. Northeast Asia Trade Tower, Incheon m/, ft. Longxi International Hotel, Jiangyin m/, ft. Trump Ocean Club International Hotel & Tower, Panama City m/ ft. Doosan Haeundae We ve the Zenith Tower A, Busan m/ ft. Doosan Haeundae We ve the Zenith Tower B, Busan m/ ft. Marina Pinnacle, Dubai m/ ft Figure. The tallest buildings completed in, of which, for the first time in history, are supertalls. CTBUH CTBUH Press Release January, A Year in Review: Trends of
North America South America Australia Africa Office Mixed-use Steel Composite Unknown Central America Asia Europe Middle East Figure. Tallest Buildings by location CTBUH Hotel Residential Figure. Tallest Buildings by function CTBUH Concrete Mixed Figure. Tallest Buildings by structural material CTBUH Continuing Shifts The buildings completed in have effected a significant change in the world s tallest buildings, with new buildings added to the list. This change continues the trends of recent years (see Figures ). Perhaps most significantly, for the first time in history the number of office buildings in the tallest has diminished to the % mark, as mixed-use buildings continue to increase, jumping from to. As recently as the year, % of the world s tallest were office buildings meaning that a % change has occurred in just over a decade. In terms of. Haeundae I Park Marina Tower, Busan m/ ft. Haeundae I Park Marina Tower, Busan m/ ft. The Torch, Dubai m/, ft location, Asia, now with of the, continues to edge toward containing half of the world s tallest buildings. The Middle East region saw an increase of three, while Europe diminished to only one building in the tallest : Capital City Moscow Tower. Dominant and Emerging Markets. Etihad Towers, Abu Dhabi m/, ft. Etihad Towers, Abu Dhabi m/ ft. Lvjing Tower, Shenzhen m/ ft. Nation Towers Residential Lofts, Abu Dhabi m/ ft It is interesting to examine where the predicted continued increase in tall building activity will take place. Will the alreadyremarkable Chinese market continue to expand exponentially and further dominate the skyscraper typology? Will the oncedominant North American market see a resurgence? Or are there other, unrealized markets that are yet to discover the benefits of building tall? Given the tremendous skyscraper activity taking place in countries such as China, it can be easy to miss the smaller markets where, nonetheless, significant tall construction is happening. The eighty-eight m+ projects completed in (the tallest of which are profiled in Figure ) provide a helpful insight into where this expected increase in international building development will take place. On the one hand, statistics show that several of the major markets in recent years continue to thrive and drive a significant percentage of the tall building market. China and the UAE contain a total of of the projects over % of the world s completions in. However, several cities, not previously seen as centers of tall building construction, are quite evident in this group of projects. In fact, the three cities to complete the most m+ buildings in are all relative newcomers to the list: Panama City ( completions), Abu Dhabi ( completions), and Busan ( completions). Before, these cities had a combined total of six m+ buildings. Together, they now contain such buildings and accounted for % of completions in, surpassing traditional tall building centers such as Dubai, Shanghai, and Singapore. China When discussing skyscraper completion, it is impossible to neglect the market of China, which contributed completions in. A Year in Review: Trends of CTBUH Press Release January,
Figure. Shenzhen s Kingkey : the -meter sky garden at the top of the tower TFP Farrells However, quite surprisingly given the region s impressive market, we have seen China s global percentage of building completions begin to drop off slightly. In, China contained % of the buildings completed and % in. In, China contained only % of the global total of m+ completions. This decreasing figure demonstrates that, despite the continued increase in building construction in China and relatively tame historical markets, other new markets are immerging. Shenzhen s Kingkey, at meters (, feet), was the tallest to complete in, opening in December. The -story building is topped by a -meter (-foot) sky garden which serves as the lobby of the building s hotel and contains three levels of restaurants/ bars. Also completed in was the Longxi International Hotel, located near the Chinese village of Huaxi. The village, rumored to be the richest in China, sees the building as a mark of their economic development over the past half-century, with its height symbolically matching (within two meters) the height of the tallest building in Beijing, the capital of China. Dubai Another significant existing market is the city of Dubai, which added six m+ buildings in. It is helpful to recall that, just a decade ago, the entire UAE contained a total of only three m+ buildings. It now contains such buildings, behind only China and the USA. Within ten years, the country has established itself as a center of tall building construction, and has completed more m+ buildings than any other country except China in the past two years. In, Dubai s Marina became the world s tallest residential building, at meters (, feet). Coincidentally, the building sits near both The Torch (the previous world s tallest residential for a short time) and the under construction Princess Tower (set to become the world s tallest in ), making the Dubai Marina the tallest residential skyscraper cluster in the world. Panama Before, no m+ buildings existed in all of Panama. Then, between and, three buildings opened. In, Panama City completed ten m+ skyscrapers, more than any other city and more than double the number of completions in all of North Figure. Dubai s Marina, the world s tallest residential building Hircon International America. With these completions, there are now such buildings in Panama, perhaps signaling a new day for the tall building in this region. One of these buildings, the Trump Ocean Club International Hotel & Tower, became the tallest building in Central America when it completed in at meters ( feet) in height. Additionally, there are another eight buildings currently under construction and set for completion by the end of, an impressive figure for a country of only. million inhabitants. While these numbers are easily dwarfed by the immense number of completions in China or other major tall building markets, they point to an immerging tall building market. Panama is not the only emerging market in this region: Mexico also completed its third m+ building in and currently has three other significant tall building projects under construction. Abu Dhabi Another emerging market in was Abu Dhabi, Dubai s neighbor. This city added nine m+ buildings in, remarkable as it contained only two such buildings at the beginning of the year. Another thirteen m+ buildings are currently under construction in Abu Dhabi, showing that the city will CTBUH Press Release January, A Year in Review: Trends of
Panama City Dubai Abu Dhabi Other Seoul Busan Other Figure. m+ building completions in Panama Figure. m+ building completions in the UAE Figure. m+ building completions in Korea continue to be an important market for the next several years. Abu Dhabi s largest project to complete in was Etihad Towers, a complex comprised of five towers ranging between meters to meters. The complex provides a significant amount of residential, office, and hotel space to the city. The tallest of the towers, Etihad Towers, became the city s tallest building and first supertall. Busan The Korean tall building market has also seen significant development in recent years, containing twenty-four m+ buildings by the end of. However, only one such building existed in the country s second largest city, Busan. saw all this change with of the Korean completions taking place in Busan. This included the completion of the Doosan Haeundae We ve the Zenith Tower complex and Studio Daniel Libeskind s Haeundae I Park complex. These two projects, which sit directly next to each other, added five -meter (-foot) residential buildings to Busan. also saw the completion of Korea s tallest building, the Northeast Asia Trade Tower. The building is located in Incheon which, since it became Korea s first free economic zone in, has seen significant tall building development. United States and Europe What role do developed regions, like the United States and Europe, play in the future of the tall building? Are these markets expanding or expended? Historically speaking, the United States experienced its skyscraper heyday in the s, when forty-nine m+ buildings were completed. To put this in perspective, during the same decade China and South Korea each completed only two such buildings, while Europe and the UAE completed none. This building boom continued into the early s, until it ended in, after which the US did not complete any meter buildings for a full five years. Figure. Panama s Trump Ocean Club International Hotel & Tower, now Central America s tallest Arias Serna Saravia Figure. Abu Dhabi s Etihad Towers Warren Coyle / DBI Design Figure. Busan s Haeundae I Park complex Hyundai Development Company A Year in Review: Trends of CTBUH Press Release January,
Figure. The unique façade of New York s Eight Spruce Street Marshall Gerometta Figure. France s Tour First building Jean-Marc Besacier/KPF In, two m+ buildings were completed in the US: New York s Eight Spruce Street and Cincinnati s Great American Tower. Eight Spruce Street, recipient of the CTBUH Best Tall Building Americas Award, uses its façade to create a draping fabric-like quality, a unique addition to the city s skyline. Europe, another significantly developed tall building market, completed four m+ buildings in, matching its record set in. These buildings, spread through the UK, France, Germany, and Russia, seem to point to a possible resurgence of the tall building in continental Europe. There are currently such buildings under construction in Europe, with some ten set to complete in the next two years. France s Tour First building, completed in, took a -story building completed in the s and completely refurbished it. The project retains the integrity of the original tower while providing a modern interpretation of the concept and vastly improving the environmental performance, internal conditions, and circulation. With the addition of ten floors, the project became France s tallest building at meters ( feet). This reuse and reinvigoration of an existing building can be seen as a model for what is likely to become a common event around the world. As buildings age and become in danger of becoming obsolete, significant renovations can be more effective than complete demolition. Conclusion Having examined the history and status of a variety of tall building markets, several assumptions can be made about the next decade of tall building construction. Existing skyscraper markets, particularly China and the Middle East, are predicted to continue to play a major role in the tall building industry. China currently has over projects under construction that are over meters in height, and thus will undoubtedly play the primary role in tall building development for the rest of this decade. However, the tall building typology continues to diversify, and we can expect to see the further development of a number of new markets over the next few years. Cities like Panama City, Abu Dhabi, Busan, and many others in Central and South America, Asia, and the Middle East will continue to play an increasing role in tall building development. With over projects above the -meter mark currently under construction internationally, the tall building community is set to continue to develop at an incredible pace. As new markets continue to discover and develop the tall building, it is quite possible that this pace will continue through the end of this decade. Without a doubt, the skylines of the world will see tremendous change by the year. Figure. m+ building completions in Europe Figure. m+ building completions in the USA CTBUH Press Release January, A Year in Review: Trends of
Tall Buildings in Numbers All Buildings meters or Taller Completed in ( no.) Asia Middle East North America Central America Europe No Building Name City Stories m ft Kingkey Shenzhen Al Hamra Firdous Tower Kuwait City Marina Dubai Tianjin Global Financial Center Tianjin The Torch Dubai Longxi International Hotel Jiangyin Wenzhou Trade Center Wenzhou Etihad Towers Abu Dhabi Northeast Asia Trade Tower Incheon Doosan Haeundae We've the Zenith Tower A Busan Khalid Al Attar Tower Dubai Haeundae I Park Marina Tower Busan Trump Ocean Club International Hotel & Tower Panama City Doosan Haeundae We've the Zenith Tower B Busan Marina Pinnacle Dubai Etihad Towers Abu Dhabi Nantong Zhongnan International Plaza Nantong Lvjing Tower Shenzhen Haeundae I Park Marina Tower Busan Nation Towers Residential Lofts Abu Dhabi The Point Panama City Eight Spruce Street New York City Doosan Haeundae We've the Zenith Tower C Busan WBC The Palace Busan WBC The Palace Busan U-Bora Tower Dubai Etihad Towers Abu Dhabi Vision Tower Dubai Huamin Imperial Tower Shanghai Zhe Jiang Fortune Financial Center - Tower Hangzhou Tower Financial Center Panama City Palm Tower Doha Palm Tower Doha Ocean Financial Centre Singapore Pearl Tower Panama City United Tower Kuwait City Wanbang International Shipping Building Qingdao International Finance Center Nanchang Imperia Tower Moscow Xinhua International Building Chongqing Burj Qatar Doha Etihad Towers Abu Dhabi CCTV Headquarters Beijing St. Regis Luxury Hotel Abu Dhabi Revolution Tower Panama City Torre Waters Panama City Tour First Courbevoie Megapolis Torre Panama City Heron Tower London Asia Square Tower Singapore Kempinski Hotel Guiyang Q Tower Panama City Farglory International Plaza Qingdao Ten Tower Panama City White Tower Panama City R&F International Center Huizhou Etihad Towers Abu Dhabi Riviera TwinStar Square Shanghai Riviera TwinStar Square Shanghai BSA Twin Tower Mandaluyong BSA Twin Tower Mandaluyong LOHAS Park Le Prestige Tower B Hong Kong Asan SK Pentaport Residential Tower Chonan Riu Hotel Guadalajara One Shenton Tower Singapore Keangnam Hanoi Residential Tower Hanoi Keangnam Hanoi Residential Tower Hanoi Taikoo Hui Tower Guangzhou Eighth Avenue Place East Tower Calgary Grosvenor House The Residence Dubai Capital Plaza Residential Towers Abu Dhabi Ritz-Carlton Hotel & Residences Toronto Taiping Financial Tower Shanghai China Merchants Bank Mansion Shanghai Seomyeon Central Star A Busan Haeundae I Park Marina Tower Busan Great American Tower at Queen City Square Cincinnati Lianfa Building Nanchang One Rockwell West Tower Makati Tower Guiyang Courtyard Doha City Center Doha Renaissance Doha City Center Hotel Doha Merwebhotel City Center Doha Rotana Hotel Doha Shangri-La Hotel Doha Tower Frankfurt Capital Plaza Office Tower Abu Dhabi Al Nakheel Tower Riyadh Number Number China Panama City Busan UAE Abu Dhabi Korea Doha Panama Dubai : A Tall Building Review Tall Buildings meters or Taller Completed in : by Country Shanghai Total Number (Total = ) Sum of Heights (Total =, m) Note: One tall building m+ in height also completed during in these countries: France, Germany, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom Qatar Number (Total = ) Sum of Heights (Total =, m) Note: One tall building m+ in height also completed during in these cities: Beijing, Calgary, Chonan, Chongqing, Cincinnati, Courbevoie, Frankfurt, Guadalajara, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Hong Kong, Huizhou, Incheon, Jiangyin, London, Makati, Moscow, Nantong, New York City, Riyadh, Tianjin, Toronto, Wenzhou Singapore Singapore Shenzhen Philippines Tall Buildings meters or Taller Completed in : by City buildings over meters were completed in Panama City in ; twice as many as the rest of the Americas. Kuwait City Kuwait Qingdao China UAE South Korea Kuwait USA Nanchang Vietnam Mandaluyong Guiyang Canada Hanoi Ten supertalls were completed in, more than any other year in history. All of them are located in Asia and the Middle East. Sum of Heights (m) Sum of Heights (m) A Year in Review: Trends of CTBUH Press Release January,
Tall Buildings meters or Taller Completed in : by Region Tall Buildings meters or Taller Completed in : by Function Tall Buildings meters or Taller Completed in : by Structural Material North America - (%) Europe - (%) Hotel - (%) Mixed - (%) Steel - (%) Central America - (%) Middle East - (%) Asia - (%) Residential - (%) Office - (%) Mixed - (%) Concrete - (%) Composite - (%) Number of buildings m+ completed each year Tall buildings meters or taller completed each year from to Total number of buildings m+ in existence Number of m+ buildings Number of supertalls ( m+) Number of megatalls ( m+) Projected number of m+ buildings, minimum Projected number of supertalls ( m+), minimum Projected number of megatalls ( m+), minimum Projected m+ building completion range, maximum Projected supertall ( m+) completion range, maximum Notes:. We can predict building completions with some accuracy due to projects now in advanced construction.. Totals after take into account the destruction of the World Trade Center Towers and.. Buildings are measured according to the CTBUH Height Criteria Height to Architectural Top. For more on CTBUH height criteria, see http://criteria.ctbuh.org Although the percentage of global buildings completed annually in China has decreased this year, there are now Chinese cities that contain buildings over meters buildings over meters were completed in the Middle East in. This continues a dramatic increase from () and (). USA.% With only of the buildings over meters completed in the United States, the US accounted for.% of completion globally, down from % in. CTBUH Press Release January, A Year in Review: Trends of
About CTBUH The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, based at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, is an international not-for-profit organization supported by architecture, engineering, planning, development, and construction professionals, designed to facilitate exchanges among those involved in all aspects of the planning, design, construction, and operation of tall buildings. The CTBUH is the world s leading body in the field of tall buildings and the recognized source of information on tall buildings internationally. It is the arbiter of the criteria upon which tall building height is measured, and thus the title of The World s Tallest Building determined. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat S.R. Crown Hall Illinois Institute of Technology South State Street Chicago IL, Phone: + () Fax: + () Email: info@ctbuh.org http://www.ctbuh.org Note for Press: For image requests and additional information please contact: Nathaniel Hollister nhollister@ctbuh.org P: () - A Year in Review: Trends of CTBUH Press Release January,