The Boundary and the Effects of Cadastral Surveying in Cyprus Aristi Louca, Margarita Fani Surveyor Engineers, Cyprus Association of Rural and Surveying Engineers
The History of Cyprus goes back 11000 years 1400 B.C.: The idea of individual ownership
5th century B.C.: Excavation of an inscription at Dali Village (near Nicosia) Royal Lands Private ownership Land Taxation Inheritance
Geographical Position of Cyprus Different Land Registry Systems
1570-1878: Our current institutional frame of land registry has its roots to the systems established during the Ottoman occupation The law back then subdivided the Property Rights into the legal ownership and the right of possession.
1878: Cyprus went under the British sovereignty First survey of the whole island Map for demarcation and classification of land First full triangulated map of Cyprus
Parts of the first Cadastral Map
1960: Independence of Cyprus The authority responsible for the operation of land registration is the Government through the director of the Department of Land and Surveys (DLS) Registration Ownership Valuation Survey Cartography Protection of the interests of individual landowners Instrument of national Policy Support of economic development
Boundary Definition Cadastral Surveying: determining and defining land ownership and boundaries In Cyprus, no transfer of, or change on any immovable property is valid unless registered in the District Lands Office.
Principal components: 1. Register 2. Cadastral plans
Cadastral Survey Framework A. Unsound Survey B. Chain Survey C. Plane Table D. Resurvey
Unsound Survey (1904-1911) A chain survey method, based on rare control (scale 1:2500) It covers part of Famagusta district
Chain Survey (1915-1919) All fields measurements were recorded in the field books (scales: 1:500, 1:1000, 1:1250 and 1:2500)
Plane Table (1919-1929) Scale: 1:5000
Resurvey (90 s-today) Scales: 1:1000 and 1:2000 Involves: cadastral plans, field survey data, photogrammetric data
Conduct of Cadastral surveying: Employees of the DLS Private Surveyor Engineers With the voting of the New Survey Law in 2005
Land Information System (LIS) of the DLS
Components of Geographic Information System A. The Survey Related Applications (Geographical components) B. The Legal/Fiscal Applications (Legal/Fiscal components) Data Bases of the GIS: Survey Data Base Digital Cadastral Data Base Topographical Data Base Legal/Fiscal Data Base Spatial components Descriptive components
Survey Data Base (SDB) Geodetic network (control points) Current survey data (survey data position, parcel dimensions, coordinates, area of the parcel, boundary descriptions) Historical records Surveyed Geographical details
Digital Cadastral Data Base (DCDB) Comes from the digitization of the existing cadastral maps Raster Vector Provides an up-to date continuous cadastral map base
Topographical Data Base Rivers Lakes Contour lines Digital terrain model (DTM)
Legal/Fiscal Data Base Applications Declarations Mortgages Forced Sales Attachments Local enquiry Registrations Tenure Land consolidation Leases Licenses Notations Valuations
Parcel number of the property: connective element
Field Survey Spotted Linear Surface features Wells, Ovens, Bore Holes Walls, Fences, Sunk walls, Roads, Rivers, Channels Buildings, Water Tanks Code list: same communication code language
Processing for determination of Property Boundaries: Digital Cadastral maps Field books Cadastral records Photogrammetric data Satellite images
1. Digital Cadastral Maps: raised from raster format and are used as a reference base
2. Field Books: recorded measurements and isolated sketches of the field
3. Cadastral records: cadastral drawings and previous surveys
4. Satellite images & Orthophotomaps
5. Photogrammetry: Photo lines, contour lines 6. Land Laws
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
Access to Cadastral Information Employees of the Department of Land and Surveys Private Surveyor Engineers who are registered in the record of the qualified Surveyor Engineers of Cyprus Other Government Departments
Citizens have no access to cadastral records Certificate of registration of Immovable Property
Boundary Disputes Application to the Director of the Land Registry of the district where the property is situated Resolve in accordance to the Immovable Property and Tenure Law with: (1) The determination of boundaries by the Director of the DLS (2) An amicable settlement without the removal of the registered common boundary (3) An amicable settlement where the registered common boundary is removed and the boundary line is readjusted
Right of appeal within 30 days from the day of notification, if not satisfied When the settlement is amicably resolved by the parties themselves (with the involvement of DLS): - No appeal can be filed against the agreed decision - The parties should sign a declaration for the resolve and the topographical plan with the agreed common boundary - If an owner changes his mind, the DLS is obligated to issue the decision as it has been agreed
The Director of the DLS has to resolve disputes in the best possible manner based on available information and records The owners have the possibility to make a dispute application about a specific side of their property only once Only employees of the DLS can legally resolve boundary disputes. Private Surveyor Engineers are not allowed. The resolution of the dispute comes up with the same procedure as for the determination of the boundaries When the position of the landmarks is defined and after the completion of survey work the involved parts are being informed and the common boundary is pointed out to them
Function of the Coordinates Beginning of the 20 th century: Geodetic Reference System of 1913-15 Based: on ellipsoid of Clark (1858) Projection: Transverse Cassini-Soldner Coordinates: Cassini
Today: Cyprus Geodetic Reference System 1993 CGRS 93 Based: on WGS 84 Projection: Transverse Mercator Coordinates: LTM
Previous surveys - Cassini coordinates LTM coordinates - CGRS 93 Uniformity and Same Level of Accuracy
Classes of points of the national geodetic network: 1st class points: 40 primary control points-15km distance between them 2nd class points: 304 points-6km distance between them 3rd class points: about 12000 points-a few hundreds of meters distance between them
CGRS 93 is connected with: The European Terrestrial Reference Frame (ETRF) of 1989 The International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) of 1991
The Boundary and the Effects of Cadastral Surveying in Cyprus Aristi Louca, Margarita Fani Surveyor Engineers, Cyprus Association of Rural and Surveying Engineers
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