NOVEMBER 2017 PHASE II: PRIVATE LAND OWNERSHIP BY RACE, GENDER AND NATIONALITY

NOVEMBER 2017 PHASE II: PRIVATE LAND OWNERSHIP BY RACE, GENDER AND NATIONALITY

South Africa belongs to all who live in it, united in our diversity. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act, 1996 ii

Table of Contents 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 02 2. INTRODUCTIon 02 3. PURPOSE OF THE REPORT 03 4. PROBLEM DESCRIPTIon 03 5. DATa 03 6. METHODOLOGY 03 7. SCOPE AND LIMITATIons 04 8. DETAILED FINDINGs 05 SECTION A: LAND OWNERSHIP IN SOUTH AFRICa 05 8.1 Landownership 05 8.2 Private land ownership 06 SECTION B: FARMS AND AGRICULTURAL LANDHOLDINGs 07 8.3 Farms and agricultural landholdings ownership by race 07 8.4 Farms and Agricultural Landholdings ownership by gender 09 8.5 Farms and Agricultural Landholdings ownership by nationality 11 SECTION C: ERVEN OWNERSHIP 12 8.6 Erven ownership by race 12 8.7 Erven ownership by gender 13 8.8 Erven ownership by nationality 14 SECTION C: SECTIONAL TITLE OWNERSHIP 15 8.9 Sectional title ownership 15 8.10 Sectional title ownership by race 16 8.11 Sectional title ownership by nationality 18 8.12 Sectional title ownership by gender 19 9. CONCLUSION 20 10. RECOMMENDATIONS 21 11. GLOSSARY 25 01

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Land Audit reveals the relationship of South Africans to one another through the management of land as a resource for sustainable development and nation-building. It shows that 114 223 276 ha or 93% of 121 924 881 ha land in the country is registered in the Deeds Office. The outstanding 7 701 605 ha or 7% is unregistered trust state land in the Eastern Cape and Limpopo at 5 545 156 ha. 1 The department has embarked on a process to survey, register and vest that state trust land to individual and community owners via, among others, the Communal Land Tenure Bill and other applicable legislative instruments. The Land Audit also shows that individuals, companies, and trusts own 89 523 044 ha or 90% of the 114 223 276 ha land. Individuals own 37 800 986 ha or 39% of this total land; followed by trusts at 29 291 857 ha or 31%; companies at 23 199 904 or 25%; CBOs at 3 549 489 ha or 4%; and co-ownership at 883 589 ha or 1%. The same individuals own most of these companies, trusts and CBOs. Farms 2 and agricultural holdings - with 469 258 or 6% of total land parcels and 111 025 515 ha or 97% of the total land - are owned by 588 045 or 7% of total landowners. Erven in urban areas, which number 6 839 985 or 94% of total land parcels, with only have 3 197 760 ha or 3% of the total land are owned by 8 469 845 or 93% of the total owners of land, with an average of 0.4 ha per owner. With 65% or 56 million of the total population found in these tiny land parcels, they command higher locational rent and prices than any in the R8 trillion national property market 3. The Land Audit reveals that Whites own 26 663 144 ha or 72% of the total 37 031 283 ha farms and agricultural holdings by individual landowners; followed by Coloured at 5 371 383 ha or 15%, Indians at 2 031 790 ha or 5%, Africans at 1 314 873 ha or 4%, other at 1 271 562 ha or 3%, and co-owners at 425 537 ha or 1%. Individual males own 26 202 689 ha or 72% of the total farms and agricultural holdings owned by individual owners; followed by females at 4 871 013 or 13%. Male-female own 3 970 315 ha or 11%, co-owners 655 242 ha or 2%, and other 1 379 029 ha or 3%. Finally, South African individuals own 33 996 255 ha or 92% of the total farms and agricultural holdings; followed by foreign individuals at 769 284 ha or 2%; co-ownership at 933 728 ha or 2%; and other at 1 379 023 ha or 4%. 2. INTRODUCTION The Department of Rural Development and Land Reform published in 2013 the first Land Audit on State-Owned Land. That Land Audit revealed, among its findings, that most of this state land was unsurveyed and unregistered trust land which is occupied by individuals and communities in the former homelands. The department has embarked on a process to survey, register and vest that trust land to individual and community owners through the Communal Land Tenure Bill. In the meantime, Cabinet instructed the department to conduct a second Land Audit with particular focus on private ownership and use of land by race, nationality and gender. Work commenced to this end in 2014 under the leadership 1. See Maps 1 and 2. 2. See Annexure 1. 3. South African Property Owners Association and South African Institute of Black Property Practitioners, 2017. 02

of the Offices of the Chief Surveyor-General and the Chief Registrar of Deeds in partnership with other Government departments and State-Owned Entities. 3. PURPOSE OF THE REPORT The purpose of this Land Audit is to provide information on private land ownership by race, nationality, and gender as of 2015. 4. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION Since the dawn of democracy in South Africa no official information has been published on land ownership according race, gender and nationality. There is need to show who owns South African land and to track progress of land reform to fulfil section 25(5) of the Constitution objectives to enable South African citizens access to land on equitable racial and gender basis. 5. DATA The primary source of information in this report was obtained from the: a) Office of the Chief Registrar of Deeds for land ownership information; b) Office of the Chief Surveyor-General for cadastral information; c) Department of Home Affairs for population register that contains nationality of origin and gender of South African citizens; and d) Statistics South Africa for census data that contain the race of individuals. Records pertaining to land ownership are available electronically in the Deeds Registration System (DRS). These records contain only the name, surname and South African identity number or date of birth but not race. The DHA maintains the electronic population register which contains, amongst others, names, surnames, South African identity numbers, nationality and gender - but not the race of South African citizens. Stats SA is the only institution that officially collects and keeps a database that has the race of individuals. 6. METHODOLOGY The process involved data preparation, owner classification, exporting individual s data, processing by the DHA and Stats SA, importing of results and analysis. Data preparation Owner Classification Export Individual s data Processing by DHA and Stats SA Figure 1 High level process Import DHA and Stats SA Result/ output 03 Analysis

The data preparation process involved database design, and importing of land ownership data from text files into the database. Classification of land owners was the first step. Classification of owners was done in two levels. The initial classification distinguished between private and state owners. Three classification categories were used, namely: state, private and other. Private landowners were classified into five sub-categories of individuals, companies, community-based organisations (CBOs), and trusts. CBOs include Community Property Associations (CPAs), Churches, Home Owners Associations (HOAs) and others. Individuals are natural persons. Companies are Close Corporation and PTY (Ltd), excluding public entities. Five categories were used to classify land ownership according to gender. These classifications are male, female, male-female, co-ownership and other. Male-female was used to classify land owned jointly by male(s) and female(s). Other was used to classify land owned by owners that were not found in the DHA population register. Co-ownership was used to classify land where the land is owned by the combination of the four classifications. Incomplete owner names that made it impossible to determine if the owner is state or private were classified as other. Land owned by national government, municipalities, provincial government, public entities, public schools were classified as state, including land in the name of Ingonyama Trust. Ownership of land by companies, trusts, individuals, community-based organisations were all classified as private. Owner information of Individuals was prepared to meet the DHA and Stats SA requirements for successful processing. Individual owners were then exported for processing by the DHA and Stats SA. The output was then imported back into the database for analysis. The database extracted from the DRS included owner names, owner surname, ID number or date of birth for individuals. The owner names, owner surname and identity number were used to extract race of individuals from the census data. In cases where the owner information is not idetified in the census database, the names and surnames were used to try to determine the race conscious of the limitations that this carries. A combination of names, surname and ID number or date of birth and in other cases only the ID number was used to extract data from the population register. Parallel to the process of extracting race information from Stats SA, a rigorous process of aligning deeds data to current provincial boundaries, updating missing extents using the cadastral database, capturing of extents from original documents and converting extents to hectares. 7. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS The land audit only provides information on the private individual ownership of farms, agricultural holdings, erven and sectional title units by race, gender and nationality. The land audit provides such private landownership only on the basis of land parcels registered at the Deeds Office as of 2015. The private landownership classification according to race, gender and nationality was not done on companies, trusts and CBOs because these entities cannot be racially classified. 04

The indirect extraction of race data through a combination of names, surname and ID number or date of birth exposed the land audit to the risk of under- or over-reporting. 8. DETAILED FINDINGS SECTION A: LAND OWNERSHIP IN SOUTH AFRICA 8.1 Land ownership Table 1: Number of landowners by land type, parcels, extent in hectares and landowner type. Land Parcel Type Parcels Extent Owners 4 No. % Ha % No. % Erven 6 839 985 94 3 197 760 3 8 469 845 93 Agricultural Holdings 50 253 1 340 272 1 60 623 1 Farms 419 005 5 110 685 243 96 527 422 6 Total 7 309 243 100 114 223 276 100 9 057 890 100 Table 1 shows that a total of 7 309 243 land parcels and a total of 114 223 276 ha (or 94% of SA land) in the Deeds Office has a total of 9 057 890 owners in the country. A total of 6 839 985 ervens or 94% of total land parcels has a total of 8 469 845 or 93% owners at an average of 0.4 ha per owner. Table 1 also shows that there are 50 253 agricultural holdings, a relic of subdivisions of large estates in the Union of South Africa, which constitute 340 272 ha or 1% of total land and parcels. They are owned by 527 422 or 6% of the total owners at 6 ha per owner. They are now being converted to non-agricultural commercial, residential and industrial land uses. Table 1 further shows that there are 527 422 or 6% of the total who own 419 005 farms with 110 685 243 ha or 96% of farm land, at an average of 210 ha farmland per owner. 4. Deeds Unique Owner Number reveals the number of properties owned by an individual or corporate entity. 05

8.2 Private land ownership Table 2: Private landownership by category in hectares Province Individuals Companies CBOs Trusts Coownership Total Ha Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % EC 4 692 320 43 1 982 479 18 190 249 2 3 964 671 36 69 870 1 10 899 589 FS 5 005 878 42 1 978 952 16 126 044 1 4 894 214 41 31 470 0 12 036 559 GP 546 612 40 618 342 45 60 650 4 133 797 10 11 556 1 1 370 957 KZN 1 579 543 30 1 627 042 31 300 556 6 1 562 455 30 161 950 3 5 231 547 LP 1 718 861 22 3 918 210 50 705 466 9 1 355 839 17 60 564 1 7 758 940 MP 1 432 232 28 2 219 322 43 240 947 5 1 219 721 24 36 185 1 5 148 407 NW 3 215 926 42 2 025 825 26 341 807 4 1 953 015 26 117 724 2 7 654 297 NC 15 083 393 47 5 641 747 18 1 247 673 4 10 057 482 31 126 464 0 32 156 759 WC 3 756 518 32 3 187 986 27 336 097 3 4 150 662 35 26 7807 2 11 699 071 Total 37 031 283 39 23 199 904 25 3 549 489 4 29 291 857 31 883 589 1 93 956 125 Table 2 shows that 93 956 125 ha or 82% of the total 114 223 273 ha land is owned by private landowners. It also shows that 89 523 044 ha or 95% of that total is owned by individuals (41%), companies (26%) and trusts (33%) followed by CBOs at 3 549 489 ha or 4%, and co-landowners at 883 589 ha or 1%. Table 2 further shows that individuals own 37 031 283 ha or 39% of 93 956 125 ha; followed by trusts at 29 291 857ha or 31%; companies at 23 199 904 ha or 25%; CBOs at 3 549 489 ha or 4%; and co-ownership at 883 589 ha or 1%. Table 2, furthermore, shows that individuals are largest landowners at 15 083 393 ha or 47% in the NC; whereas companies own 3 918 210 ha or 50% of land in LP; and trusts are the largest owners at 4 894 214 ha or 41% in the FS. Table 3: Number of private landowners Province Individuals Companies Trusts CBOs Total No. % No. % No. % No. % EC 659 469 96 10 554 2 11 628 2 2 785 0 684 436 FS 484 942 96 8 527 2 11 061 2 1 520 0 506 050 GP 2 031 370 96 61 350 3 23 643 1 7 761 0 2 124 124 KZN 812 027 95 22 079 3 16 361 2 3 065 0 853 532 LP 196 256 96 11 521 5 5 372 3 1 153 1 214 302 MP 336 211 95 11 569 3 6 067 1 1 645 1 355 492 NW 300 486 84 10 873 3 6 839 2 1 586 1 319 784 NC 195 052 95 4308 2 4 247 2 1 224 1 204 831 WC 1 134 283 94 35 281 3 32 996 3 5 188 0 1 207 748 Total 6 150 096 95 176 062 3 118 214 2 25 927 1 6 470 299 Table 3 shows that there is a total of 6 470 299 landowners in the country: 6 150 096 or 95% of which are individuals; 176 062 or 3% are companies; 118 214 or 2% are trusts; and 25 927 or 1% are CBOs. 06

GP has 2 124 124 or 33% of all these private landowners, followed by WC at 1 207 748 or 19%, and KZN at 853 532 or 13% of the total. Analysis of Table 3 and 4 reveals that the average land by an owner nationally is 94 ha per landowner. But the analysis shows that trusts have the highest national average at 248 ha, followed by CBOs at 137 ha, companies at 132 ha, and individuals at 6 ha. NC has the highest average land at 157 ha, with its trusts average land at 2 368 ha, companies at 1 309 ha; and CBOs at 1 019 ha per CBO. SECTION B: FARMS 5 AND AGRICULTURAL LANDHOLDINGS 8.3 Farms and agricultural landholdings ownership by race Table 4 shows that a total of 37 078 289 ha farms and agricultural holdings are owned by individuals: 26 663 144 ha or 72% of which are Whites; followed by Coloured at 5 371 383 ha or 15%; Indians at 2 031 790 ha or 5%; Africans at 1 314 873 ha or 4%. Co-owners own 425 537 ha or 1% and other own 1 271 562 ha or 3%. Table 4 also shows that the largest size of farms and agricultural holdings is owned by white individuals at 11 498 449 ha or 77% in the NC and that nowhere in the country is the share of whites less that than 53%; whereas the largest size owned by Africans is 270 423 ha or 17% in KZN; with the largest size for Indians being 746 820 ha or 5% in NC; and Coloureds with the largest size at 2 222 206 ha or 15% in NC. 5. A separate comprehensive agricultural land audit is being prepared for publication. 07

Table 4: Individual land ownership by race in hectares Province White African Coloured Indian Other Co-own Total Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % EC 3 007 709 65 250 536 5 773 026 17 385 685 8 151 849 3 42 723 1 4 611 528 FS 3 748 192 75 153 080 3 646 872 13 246 453 5 193 548 4 21 119 0 5 009 264 GP 275 021 59 30 266 7 81 597 18 51 332 11 15 925 3 8 528 2 462 669 KZN 853 152 53 270 423 17 248 286 15 107 723 7 72 033 4 65 875 4 1 617 493 LP 1 139 454 65 180 858 10 220 738 13 115 588 7 73 174 4 20 165 1 1 749 977 MP 967 634 67 108 792 8 219 792 15 83 580 6 41 702 3 19 652 1 1 441 152 NW 2 408 880 73 198 279 6 397 552 12 119 744 4 114 219 3 72 536 2 3 311 210 NC 11 498 449 77 69 350 1 2 222 206 15 746 820 5 414 065 3 60 112 0 15 011 002 WC 2 764 652 72 53 287 1 561315 15 174 865 4 195 047 5 114 827 3 3 863 994 Total 26 663 144 72 1 314 873 4 5 371 383 15 2 031 790 5 1 271 562 3 425 537 1 37 078 289 Table 5 shows that a total 181 532 individuals own all farms and landholdings in the country: that 95 673 or 53% of these are white; 40 494 or 22% are Africans; 22 127 or 12% are Coloureds 15 601; 9% are Indians; and other is 7 637 ha or 4%. Table 5 also reveals that an average of 204 ha is owned by these individuals nationally; 229 ha in WC; 2 089 ha in NC; 137 ha in the NW; 111 ha in MP; 110 ha in LP; 54 ha in in KZN; 10 ha in GP; 330 ha in FS; and 395 ha in the EC. KZN has the highest number of total African landowners at 11 215 and Indian landowners at 5 960; whilst GP has the highest number of total White landowners at 26 622 and Coloured landowners at 6 220. 08

Table 5: Number of Individual landowners per race Province White African Coloured Indian Other Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % EC 6 047 52 2 747 23 1 492 13 895 8 499 4 11 680 FS 10 034 66 1 684 11 1 977 13 833 5 649 4 15 177 GP 26 622 56 8 887 19 6 220 13 3 640 8 2222 5 47 591 KZN 8 748 29 11 215 37 2 711 9 5 960 20 1 358 4 29 992 LP 8 225 52 4 690 29 1 679 10 777 5 542 3 15 913 MP 7 375 57 2 891 22 1 575 12 722 5 457 3 13 020 NW 12 265 51 7 652 32 2 400 10 1 040 4 764 3 24 121 NC 5 247 73 170 2 1 175 16 404 6 191 3 7 187 WC 11 110 66 558 3 2 898 17 1 330 8 955 6 16 851 Total 95 673 53 40 494 22 22 127 12 15 601 9 7 637 4 181 532 Table 4 and 5 further reveal that White landowners own far above the national average ha except in GP, where their lowest score is the provincial average of 10 ha. Their highest average size at 2 191 ha is in NC, followed by MP at 968 ha, EC at 487 ha, FS at 374 ha, WC at 249 ha, NW at 196 ha, LP at 139 ha, and KZN their lowest at 98 ha. In contrast, African landowners highest average land holding is 409 ha in NC, followed by WC at 96 ha, 91 ha in EC, 90 ha in FS, 38 ha in LP, 37 ha in MP, 26 ha in NW, 24 ha in KZN, and their lowest at 3 ha in GP. Coloured and Indian landowners are in-between the two extreme points above. They are above national and provincial averages. Coloured landowners own higher land extents than their Indian counterparts. 8.4 Farms and Agricultural Landholdings ownership by gender Table 6 shows that males and females own a total of 37 078 289 ha farms and agricultural holdings land in the country: with 26 202 689 ha or 71 owned by males; followed by females at 4 871 013 ha or 13%; male-female at 3 970 315 ha or 11%; co-owners at 655 242 ha or 2%; and other at 1 379 029 ha or 3%. Table 6 also show that NC has the largest farmland of 15 011 002 ha or 40% owned by males; followed by FS at 5 009 264 ha or 13%; EC at 4 611 528 ha or 12%; WC at 3 863 994 ha or 10%; NW at 3 311 210 ha or 9%184 403 ha or 9%; LP at 1 749 977 ha or 5%; KZN at 1 617 493 ha or 4%; MP at 1 441 152 ha or 4%; GP at 442 669 ha or 1%. Table 6 further shows that males own the largest size of farms and agricultural landholdings at 11 000 772 ha of 73% is in NC; followed by 3 704 812 ha or 80% in EC; FS at 3 518 907 ha or 70%; WC at 2 782 161 ha or 72%; NW at 2 047 590 ha or 62%; LP 1 022 724 ha or 58%; MP at 955 454 ha or 66%; KZN at 934 891 ha or 58%; and GP at 235 362 ha or 51%. Females own the largest farmland also in NC at 1 882 645 ha or 12%; followed by FS at 854 107 ha or 17%; NW at 487 229 ha or 15% and EC at 439 032 ha or 9%. The rest of the provinces are below 9%. 09

Table 6: Individual land owners by gender in hectares Province Male Female Male-Female Co-owners Other Total Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % EC 3 704 812 80 439 032 9 229 159 5 60 218 1 178 308 4 4 611 528 FS 3 518 907 70 854 107 17 414 059 8 44 566 1 177 626 3 5 009 264 GP 235 362 51 112 110 24 98 483 21 6 060 1 10 654 2 462 669 KZN 934 891 58 134 896 8 130 532 8 86 998 5 330 76 20 1 617 493 LP 1 022 742 58 275 057 16 315 703 18 46 164 3 90 310 5 1 749 977 MP 955 454 66 218 791 15 190 483 13 27 293 2 49 131 3 1 441 152 NW 2 047 590 62 487 229 15 523 392 16 120 084 4 132 914 4 3 311 210 NC 11 000 772 73 1882 645 12 1 693 539 11 166 088 1 267 958 2 15 011 002 WC 2 782 161 72 467 145 12 374 965 10 97 772 2 141 951 4 3 863 994 Total 26 202 689 71 4 871 013 13 3 970 315 11 655 242 2 1 379 029 3 37 078 289 Table 7 shows that a total of 181 532 male and females own farms and agricultural landholdings: with the number of males being 95 050 or 52%; and other numbering 25 833 or 14%. Table 7 also shows that GP has the highest number of male and female farms and agricultural landholdings at 47 591 or 26%; followed by KZN at 29 992 or 16% and NW at 24 121 or 13%. The rest of provinces have 10% or less male and female farmland and agricultural landholdings. Table 7: Number of individual land owners by gender Province Male Female Other Total No. % No. % No. % EC 6 145 53 3 016 26 2 519 22 11 680 FS 9 182 60 5 119 34 876 6 15 177 GP 26 690 56 19 139 40 1 762 4 47 591 KZN 12 674 42 8 780 29 8 538 28 29 992 LP 8 135 51 5 283 33 2 495 16 15 913 MP 7 139 55 4 480 34 1 401 11 13 020 NW 11 154 46 6 739 28 6 228 26 24 121 NC 4 536 63 2 318 32 333 5 7 187 WC 9 395 56 5 775 34 1 681 10 16 851 Total 95 050 52 60 649 34 25 833 14 181 532 Table 6 and 7 reveal that male individuals own above the national average farmland and agricultural landholding except in GP, where they own lower than the 10 ha provincial average. Their highest average size is 2 425 ha in NC, followed by EC at 603 ha, FS at 382 ha, WC at 296 per, NW at 184 ha, MP at 134 ha, LP at 126 ha, and KZN their lowest at 74 ha. In contrast, female individual landowners highest average land holding is 818 ha in NC, followed by FS at 167 ha, 146 ha in EC, 81 ha in WC, 72 ha in NW, 52 ha in LP, 49 ha in MP, 15 ha in KZN, and their lowest at 6 ha in GP. The male average farm and agricultural landholding is 276 ha in contrast to the female of 80 ha. The provincial averages for both males and females are 395 ha in EC, 330 ha in FS, 10 ha in GP, 54 ha in KZN, 110 ha in LP, 111 ha in LP, 137 ha in MP, 137 ha in NW, 2 087 ha in NC, and 229 ha in WC. 10

8.5 Farms and Agricultural Landholdings ownership by nationality Table 8 shows that South Africans own 33 996 255 ha or 92% of total farm and agricultural landholdings while foreign nationals own 769 284 ha or 1%. Foreign nationals own more farmland in NC at 294 779 ha, followed by WC at 112 238 ha, FS at 72 538 ha, LP at 70 157 ha, NW at 56 055 ha, GP at 45 117 ha, KZN at 43 666 ha, and the least in MP at 27 291 ha. Table 8: Individual landowners by nationality in hectares Province South African Foreign Co-ownership Other Total Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % EC 4 308 421 93 47 444 1 77 355 2 178 308 4 4 611 528 FS 4 700 599 94 72 538 1 58 502 1 177 626 4 5 009 264 GP 392 636 85 45 117 10 14 268 3 10 648 2 462 669 KZN 1 140 986 70 43 666 3 102 666 6 330 176 20 1 617 493 LP 1 521 969 87 70 157 4 67 541 4 90 310 5 1 749 977 MP 1 328 961 92 27 291 2 35 769 3 49 131 3 1 441 152 NW 2 978 894 90 56 055 2 143 346 4 132 914 4 3 311 210 NC 14 126 948 94 294 779 2 321 317 2 267 958 2 15 011 002 WC 3 496 840 90 112 238 2 112 964 3 141 951 4 3 863 994 Total 33 996 255 92 769 284 2 933 728 2 1 379 023 4 37 078 289 Table 9 shows that there is a total of 181 532 South African and foreign owners of farm and agricultural landholding: 143 493 or 79% of whom are South African nationals, followed by foreign nationals at 12 213 or 7%. The highest farm and agricultural landholding average size owned by South Africans is 2 140 ha per person in NC, followed by 500 ha in EC, 342 ha in FS, 255 ha in WC, 175 ha in NW, 123 ha in LP and MP, 58 ha in KZN, and the least at 10 ha in GP. Tables 8 and 9 reveal that the highest farm and agricultural landholding average size owned by foreign nationals is 1 165 ha in NC, followed by 135 ha in FS, 87 ha in EC, 77 ha in WC, 68 ha in NW, 32 ha in MP, 27 ha in KZN, and 9 ha in GP. The average farm and agricultural landholding size for South African citizens is 237 ha, in contrast to that of foreign nationals at 63 ha. The provincial average sizes for South African and foreign nationals is 395 ha for EC, 330 ha for FS, 10 ha for GP, 54 ha for KZN, 110 for LP, 111 ha for MP, 137 ha for NW, 2 089 ha for NC, and 229 ha for WC. GP has the highest number of foreign nationals owning farms and agricultural landholdings at 5 099 or 11%; followed by WC at 1 465 or 9%; and LP and MP at 6% each. NC and NW both have the least number of foreign nationals owning farms and agricultural landholdings at 253 and 828 or 3% each of total farms and agricultural landholdings owned by foreign nationals respectively. 11

Table 9: Number of individual land owners by nationality Province South African Foreign Other Total No. % No. % No. % EC 8 616 74 545 5 2 519 22 11 680 FS 13 765 91 536 3 876 6 15 177 GP 40 734 86 5 099 11 1 758 4 47 591 KZN 19 807 66 1 647 5 8 538 29 29 992 LP 12 424 78 995 6 2 494 16 15 913 MP 10 774 83 845 6 1 401 11 13 020 NW 17 067 71 828 3 6 226 26 24 121 NC 6 601 92 253 3 333 5 7 187 WC 13 705 81 1 465 9 1 681 9 16 851 Total 143 493 79 12 213 7 25 826 14 181 532 SECTION C: ERVEN OWNERSHIP 8.6 Erven ownership by race Table 10 shows that a total of 722 667 ha erven land is owned by all races in the country: 357 507 ha or 49% of which is owned by Whites; followed by Africans at 219 033 ha or 30%; Coloured and Indian at 54 522 and 55 909 ha or 8% respectively; co-ownership and other at 5%. Table 10: Individuals erven land ownership by race in hectares Province White African Coloured Indian Co-ownership Other Total Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % EC 26 379 19 93 868 67 6 764 5 5 427 4 4 233 3 3 169 2 139 839 FS 7 543 28 15 388 58 1 760 7 892 3 366 1 586 2 26 535 GP 32 056 34 40 849 43 8 325 9 7 009 7 2 557 3 3 461 4 94 257 KZN 19 749 25 30 675 39 6 043 8 15 232 20 3 205 4 2 832 4 77 735 LP 5 680 28 11 688 58 1 378 7 981 5 207 1 319 2 20 253 MP 6 511 31 11 281 54 1 335 6 854 4 275 1 460 2 20 715 NW 7 140 40 7 922 45 1 238 7 720 4 239 1 429 2 17 688 NC 152 624 83 2 356 1 12 560 7 13 515 7 347 0 3 002 2 184 403 WC 99 825 71 5 008 4 15 119 11 11 280 8 2903 2 7 107 5 141 242 Total 357 507 49 219 033 30 54 522 8 55 909 8 14 332 2 21 365 3 722 667 Table 10 also show that NC has the largest erven land at 184 403 ha or 25% in the country; followed by WC at 141 242 ha or 19%; EC at 139 839 ha or 19%; GP at 94 257 ha or 13%; KZN at 77 735 ha or 11%; FS at 26 535 ha or 4%; MP at 20 715 ha or 3%; and the rest of provinces at 3% and less. Whites own the largest extent of erven land among racial groups at 152 624 ha or 83% in NC; Africans own the largest erven land among racial groups in EC at 93 868 ha or 67%; Coloureds in the WC own the largest size of erven land at 15 119 ha or 11%, but less extent than Whites; similarly, Indians own their highest racial group erven land in KZN at 15 232 ha or 20%, but less than Africans at 39% and Whites at 25% respectively. 12

Table 11 shows that a total of 5 969 445 individuals own all erven in the country: that 3 321 476 or 56% of these individuals are Africans; 1 552 653 or 26% are Whites; 507 829 or 9% are Coloureds; and 414 069 or 7% are Indians. Table 11: Number of Individual landowners per race Province White African Coloured Indian Other Total No % No % No % No % No % EC 169 622 26 361 469 56 62 054 10 35 939 6 18 705 3 647 789 FS 74 287 16 354 461 75 22 608 5 11 030 2 7 379 2 469 765 GP 414 120 21 1 296 797 65 118 635 6 105 010 5 49 217 2 1 983 779 KZN 139 287 18 438 085 56 44 207 6 136 451 17 24 005 3 782 035 LP 21 788 12 145 655 82 5 604 3 3 834 2 1 804 1 178 685 MP 54 466 17 242 427 75 12 443 4 8 555 3 4 575 1 322 466 NW 52 034 19 198 429 71 14 613 5 8 568 3 4 957 2 278 601 NC 84 041 44 56 926 30 29 962 16 12 049 6 5 915 3 188 893 WC 543 008 49 227 227 20 197 703 18 92 633 8 56 861 5 1 117 432 Total 1 552 653 26 3 321 476 56 507 829 9 414 069 7 173 418 3 5 969 445 Table 11 reveals a rare case where the racial composition of South Africa is reflected by the numerical dominance of African people who are about 80% of the total population, and in human settlements. This confirms the fact that the majority of erven land is primarily used for residential purposes. Table 11 does not say anything about the location, settlement quality and value of erven land. Suffice to say that urban land issues are essentially about human settlement and housing. 8.7 Erven ownership by gender Table 12: Individuals erven land owners by gender in hectares Province Male Female Male-Female Co-ownership Other Total Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % EC 29 713 21 15 553 11 11 711 8 1 324 1 81 538 58 139 839 FS 7 672 5 8 452 32 7 400 28 401 2 2 610 10 26 535 GP 26 699 19 23 801 25 36 992 39 2 144 2 4 621 5 94 257 KZN 28 306 20 16 166 21 19 937 26 2 133 3 11 193 14 77 735 LP 7 446 5 6 090 30 4 474 22 185 1 2 058 10 20 253 MP 7 422 5 5 565 27 6 524 31 291 1 914 4 20 715 NW 5 004 4 6 111 35 5 370 30 214 1 989 6 17 688 NC 137 660 98 17 474 9 20 062 11 150 0 9 057 5 184 403 WC 86 527 62 26 115 18 28 026 20 210 0 364 0 141 242 Total 336 448 46 125 327 17 140 497 19 7 052 1 113 344 16 722 667 Tables 12 shows that men and women own a total of 722 667 ha erven land in the country: the total of which at 336 448 ha or 46% is owned by men; followed by 125 327 ha or 17% by females; and 140 497 ha or 19% by malefemale joint owners; and 7 052 ha or 1% co-owned. 13

Males own the highest extent of erven land in NC at 137 660 ha or 98%; while women own the highest erven land in WC at 26 115 ha or 18%; the highest erven land by men and women 36 992 ha or 39% or erven land in GP. Table 13 shows that at total of 5 969 445 individuals own erven land in the country: 2 961 794 or 50% of whom are females; 2 655 724 or 44% are males; and 351 947 or 6% are other. Table 13: Number of individuals erven land owners by gender Province Male Female Other Total No % No % No % EC 270 152 42 322 019 50 55 635 9 647 806 FS 205 216 44 237 052 50 27 497 6 469 765 GP 870 928 44 988 938 50 123 914 6 1 983 780 KZN 338 674 43 376 103 48 67 258 9 782 035 LP 73 423 41 81 518 46 23 744 13 178 685 MP 147 428 46 156 603 49 18 435 6 322 466 NW 124 246 45 134 455 48 19 900 7 278 601 NC 84 995 45 96 757 51 7 143 4 188 895 WC 540 662 48 568 349 51 8 421 1 1 117 432 Total 2 655 724 44 2 961 794 50 351 947 6 5 969 465 Table 13 also shows that females own 50% or more erven land in six provinces; that females own higher erven land percentages than males in all province; that females are the highest erven landowners at 988 938 or 50% in GP; and that the highest proportion of female erven owners is 568 349 or 51% in WC. 8.8 Erven ownership by nationality Table 14 shows that a total of 722 667 ha of erven land is owned by South African and foreign nationals: 570 009 ha or 79% of which is owned by South African nationals; 20 649 ha or 3% by foreign nationals; 18 667 ha or 3% is owned by South African and foreign nationals jointly; and 113 342 ha or 16% of erven land is other. Table 14: Individual erven land owners by nationality in hectares Province South African Foreign Co-ownership Other Total Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % EC 54 932 39 1 416 1 1 952 1 81 538 58 139 839 FS 22 571 85 630 2 724 3 2 610 10 26 535 GP 78 463 83 5 860 6 5 313 6 4 621 5 94 257 KZN 59 749 77 2 992 4 3 802 5 11 192 14 77 735 LP 17 361 86 361 2 472 2 2 058 10 20 253 MP 18 401 89 673 3 727 4 913 4 20 715 NW 15 709 89 443 3 547 3 989 6 17 688 NC 169 595 92 3 447 2 2 304 1 9 057 5 184 403 WC 133 227 94 4 825 3 2 826 2 364 0 141 242 Total 570 009 79 20 649 3 18 667 3 113 342 16 722 667 14

Table 14 also shows that more than 25% or 184 403 ha of all erven land owned by South African and foreign nationals is in NC; followed by WC at 141 242 ha or 19%; EC at 139 839 ha or 10%; GP at 94 257 ha or 13%; KZN at 77 735 ha or 11%; FS at 26 535 ha or 4%; and other provinces at less the 3%. Table 15 shows that a total of 5 969 465 South African and foreign nationals are owners of erven land in the country: 5 416 890 or 91% of which are South African nationals; 200 629 or 3% are foreign nationals; and 351 946 or 6% are other. Table 15: Number of individual erven land owners by nationality Province South African Foreign Other Total No % No % No % EC 580 567 90 11 604 2 55 635 9 647 806 FS 435 000 93 7 268 2 27 497 6 469 765 GP 1 771 387 89 88 479 4 123 914 6 1 983 780 KZN 693 422 89 21 355 3 67 258 9 782 035 LP 151 478 85 3 463 2 23 744 13 178 685 MP 296 358 92 7 673 2 18 435 6 322 466 NW 253 024 91 5 677 2 19 900 7 278 601 NC 177 128 94 4 624 2 7 143 4 188 895 WC 1 058 526 95 50 486 5 8 420 1 1 117 432 Total 5 416 890 91 200 629 3 351 946 6 5 969 465 Table 15 also shows that the highest number of erven land owners are found in GP at 1 983 780 or 33% of total erf land owners; followed by WC at 1 117 432 or 19%; KZN at 782 035 or 13%; EC at 647 806 or 11%; FS at 469 765 or 8%; and the rest of provinces at less than 6%. Table 15 further shows that the highest concentration of foreign erf land owners is in GP at 88 479, followed by WC at 50 486, KZN at 21 355, and EC at 11 604. The rest of the provinces have less than 8 000 000 of foreign erf land owners each. SECTION C: SECTIONAL TITLE OWNERSHIP 8.9 Sectional title ownership Table 16 shows that individuals, companies, CBOs, and Trusts own a total of 50 038 ha sectional title units land in the country: 37 523 ha or 75% of which is owned by companies; followed by individuals at 10 980 ha or 22%; trusts at 1 059 ha or 2%; and CBOs at 24 ha or 0%. Table 16 also shows that 83% of sectional title units land is found in GP at 41 689 ha or 83%; LP at 1 615 ha or 1%; and the rest of the provinces following at less than 1%. The highest extent of sectional title units owned by companies is at 36 187 ha or 87% in GP. Similarly, the highest extent of sectional title units by individuals is 4 770 ha or 11% in GP; followed by Trusts at 570 ha or 1% also in GP. 15

Table 16: Private Sectional title ownership Province Individuals Companies CBOs Trusts Co-ownership Total Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % EC 680 86 54 7 2 0 33 4 21 3 790 FS 1 232 92 48 4 6 0 38 3 22 2 1 346 GP 4 770 11 36 187 87 8 0 570 1 16 0 41 698 KZN 979 65 320 21 2 0 116 8 99 7 1 517 LP 1 541 95 53 3 0 0 14 1 7 0 1 615 MP 104 58 45 25 0 0 12 7 18 10 180 NW 1 134 71 429 27 0 0 16 1 13 1 1 592 NC 6 49 4 34 0 0 2 13 0 4 12 WC 533 41 382 30 6 0 258 20 109 8 1 288 Total 10 980 22 37 523 75 24 0 1 059 2 453 1 50 038 Table 17 shows that there is a total of 817 999 sectional title landowners in the country: 726 966 or 89% of whom are individuals; followed by companies at 46 927 or 6%; trusts at 42 878 ha or 5%; and CBOs at 1 228 or 0%. Table 17: Number of private Sectional title ownership Province Individuals Companies Trusts CBOs Total No % No % No % No % EC 30 162 90 1 153 3 2 146 6 80 0 33 541 FS 25 844 88 1 004 3 2 504 8 51 0 29 403 GP 360 802 91 19 022 5 15 254 4 442 0 395 520 KZN 154 106 89 10 274 6 7 999 5 243 0 172 622 LP 8 607 81 1 085 10 900 8 10 0 10 602 MP 11 718 86 1 084 8 939 6 10 0 13 751 NW 18 394 87 1 308 6 1 410 7 13 0 21 125 NC 817 85 66 7 81 8 2 0 966 WC 116 516 83 11 931 9 11 645 8 377 0 140 469 Total 726 966 89 46 927 6 42 878 5 1 228 0 817 999 Table 17 also shows that about 48% or 395 520 of these individual sectional title owners are in GP; followed by KZN at 172 622 or 21%; and WC at 140 469 or 17%. The highest number of individual sectional title unit owners is 360 802 or 91% in GP; followed by 154 106 or 89% in KZN; and 116 516 or 83% in WC. The highest number of companies is 19 022 or 5% in GP; followed by 11 931 or 9% in WC; and 10 274 or 6% in KZN. The highest number of trusts is also in GP at 15 254 or 4%. 8.10 Sectional title ownership by race Table 18 shows that a total of 11 395 ha of sectional title units land in the country is owned by all racial groups: 5 118 ha or 45% of which are Whites; 2 375 ha or 21% Coloureds; 1 989 ha or 17% Africans; 556 ha or 6% Indians; and co-owners at 703 ha or 6%. 16

Table 18: Individual Sectional title owners by race in hectares Province White African Coloured Indian Other Co-ownership Total Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % EC 388 55 128 18 22 3 123 18 8 1 32 5 701 FS 631 50 14 1 230 18 10 1 341 27 27 2 1 253 GP 1 964 40 1 523 31 734 15 227 5 173 4 304 6 4 924 KZN 578 54 86 8 84 8 136 13 41 4 149 14 1 073 LP 1 069 69 176 11 188 12 4 0 103 7 6 0 1 547 MP 70 58 15 12 7 6 5 4 3 2 22 18 121 NW 59 5 16 1 1 046 91 6 1 4 0 15 1 1 146 NC 4 65 1 8 1 11 0 5 0 2 1 8 6 WC 354 57 30 5 63 10 45 7 31 5 101 16 624 Total 5 118 45 1 989 17 2 375 21 556 5 703 6 655 6 11 395 Table 18 also shows that 4 924 ha or 43% of all sectional title units land in the country is in GP; followed by LP at 1547 ha; FS at 1 253 ha; NW at 1 146 ha; KZN at 1 073 ha; EC at 701 ha; WC at 624 ha; and NC at 6 ha. Table 18 further shows that Whites own 50% and above of sectional title units land in EC, FS, KZN, LP, MP, NC, and WC. Africans own the highest at 31% or 1 523 ha in GP; Coloureds own 91% or 1 046 ha in NW; and Indians highest is 13% or 103 ha in KZN. Table 19 shows that the total number of sectional title unit owners is 726 966 in the country: 347 440 or 48% of whom are Whites; 145 595 or 20% Africans; 100 053 or 14% Indians; and 91 425 or 12% Coloureds. Table 19: Number of Individual Sectional Title owners by race Province White African Coloured Indian Other Total No % No % No % No % No % EC 16 894 56 3 884 13 4 662 15 3 083 10 1 639 5 30 162 FS 16 276 63 3 514 14 3 314 13 1 628 6 1 112 40 25 844 GP 161 915 45 93 897 26 41 833 11 42 907 12 20 250 6 360 802 KZN 64 257 42 25 579 17 18 525 12 36 349 23 9 396 6 154 106 LP 4 058 47 2 855 33 858 10 545 6 291 3 8 607 MP 5 910 53 3 135 24 1 266 11 917 8 490 47 11 718 NW 10 857 59 3 239 18 2 348 13 1 209 6 741 4 18 394 NC 526 64 104 13 111 13 46 6 30 4 817 WC 66 747 57 9 388 8 18 508 16 13 369 11 8 504 7 116 516 Total 347 440 48 145 595 20 91 425 12 100 053 14 42 453 6 726 966 Table 19 also shows that about 50% or 360 802 of these sectional title unit land owners are in GP; followed by KZN with 154 106 or 21%; WC with 116 516 or 16%; EC with 30 162 or 4%; and the rest of the provinces at less than 3% each. Table 19 further shows that the highest number of White sectional title unit owners is 161 915 or 45% in GP. Similarly, the highest number of African sectional title owners is at 93 897 or 26% in GP. Again the highest number of sectional title owners for Indians and Coloureds is in GP at 42 907 and 41 833 or 12% and 11% respectively. 17

8.11 Sectional title ownership by nationality Table 20 shows that South African and foreign nationals own a total of 11 395 ha sectional title units land in the country: 9 305 ha or 82% of which are owned by South Africa nationals; 1 138 ha or 10% by foreign nationals; coownership at 724 ha or 6%; and other at 229 ha or 2%. Table 20 also shows that more than 43% of all South African and foreign sectional title unit land is in GP at 4 924 ha; followed by LP at 1 547 ha or 13% %; FS at 1 253 ha or 11%; and NW at 1 146 ha or 10%. Table 20: Individual Sectional title owners by nationality in hectares Province South African Foreign Other Co-ownership Total Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % EC 534 76 135 19 3 0 29 4 701 FS 1 216 97 17 1 1 0 18 1 1 253 GP 3 878 79 498 10 175 4 372 8 4 924 KZN 513 48 386 36 15 1 160 15 1 073 LP 1 538 99 4 0 1 0 4 0 1 547 MP 85 70 6 5 1 1 28 23 121 NW 1 132 99 4 0 2 0 8 1 1 146 NC 5 80 1 11 0 0 1 8 6 WC 403 65 87 14 31 5 104 17 624 Total 9 305 82 1 138 10 229 2 724 6 11 395 Table 20 further shows that the highest extent of sectional title land at 3 878 ha or 79% is in GP; followed by 1 538 ha or 99% in LP; 1 216 ha or 97% in FS; and NW at 1 132 ha or 99. About 90% or 1 019 ha sectional title units foreign owners are in GP, KZN and EC. Table 21: Number of Individual Sectional title owners by nationality Province South African Foreign Other Total No % No % No % EC 24 096 80 5 352 18 714 2 30 162 FS 23 009 89 2 524 10 311 1 25 844 GP 299 462 83 47 401 13 13 939 4 360 802 KZN 100 693 65 49 624 32 3 789 2 154 106 LP 7 800 91 571 7 236 3 8 607 MP 9 368 82 2 058 15 292 2 11 718 NW 16 951 92 1 031 6 412 2 18 394 NC 700 86 111 14 6 1 817 WC 85 069 73 24 000 21 7 447 6 116 516 Total 567 148 78 132 672 18 27 146 4 726 966 Table 21 shows that the total number of South African and foreign sectional title unit owners is 726 966 in the country: 567 148 or 78% of whom are South African nationals; 132 672 or 18% Foreign nationals; and 27 146 or 4% are other. 18

Table 21 also shows that about 50% or 360 802 of South African and Foreign sectional title unit owners are in GP; followed by KZN with 154 106 or 21%; WC with 116 516 or 16%; EC with 30 162 or 4%; and the rest of the provinces at less than 3% each. Table 21 further shows that the highest number of South African sectional title unit owners of 299 462 or 83% are in GP. In contrast, the highest number of Foreign sectional title owners at 49 624 or 32% is in KZN. 8.12 Sectional title ownership by gender Table 22 shows that a total of 11 395 ha sectional title units land in the country is owned by males and females: 4 585 ha or 40% of which is owned by joint males and females; 3 668 ha or 32% by females; 2 636 ha or 23% by males; and 277 ha or 2% is co-owned. Table 22: Individual Sectional title owners by gender in hectares Province Male Female Male-Female Other Co-ownership Total Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha % EC 323 46 57 8 313 45 3 0 5 1 701 FS 170 14 550 44 529 42 1 0 3 0 1 253 GP 1 254 25 1 466 30 1 832 37 175 4 197 4 4 924 KZN 475 44 219 20 340 32 15 1 25 2 1 073 LP 203 13 1 057 68 284 18 1 0 1 0 1 547 MP 26 21 39 32 43 35 1 1 12 10 121 NW 33 3 28 2 1 081 94 2 0 2 0 1146 NC 2 34 3 42 1 23 0 0 0 0 6 WC 151 24 249 40 162 26 31 5 31 5 624 Total 2 636 23 3 668 32 4 585 40 229 3 277 2 11 395 Table 22 also shows that more than 43% or 4 924 ha of male and female sectional title unit land is in GP; followed by LP at 1 547 ha or 13%; FS at 1 253 ha or 11%; and NW at 1 146 ha or 10%. Table 22 further shows that the highest extent of male-female sectional title land at 1 832 ha or 37% is in GP. The highest owned extent female sectional title units is 1 466 ha or 30% also in GP. Similarly, the extent of male sectional title units at 1 254 ha or 25% is in GP. Table 23 shows that the total number of male and female sectional title unit owners is 726 966 in the country: 371 525 or 51% of whom are females; 328 295 or 45% males; and 27 146 or 4% are other. Table 23 also shows that about 50% or 360 802 of female and male sectional title unit owners are found in GP; followed by KZN with 154 106 or 21%; WC with 116 516 or 16%; EC with 30 162 or 4%; and the rest of the provinces at less than 3% each. 19

Table 23: Number of Individual Sectional title owners by gender Province Male Female Other Total No % No % No % EC 13 389 44 16 059 53 714 2 30 162 FS 11 535 45 13 998 54 311 1 25 844 GP 162 642 45 184 221 51 13 939 4 360 802 KZN 69 834 45 80 483 52 3 789 2 154 106 LP 4 008 47 4 363 51 236 3 8 607 MP 5 823 50 5 603 48 292 2 11 718 NW 9 037 49 8 945 49 412 2 18 394 NC 346 42 465 57 6 1 817 WC 51 681 44 57 388 49 7 447 6 116 516 Total 328 295 45 371 525 51 27 146 4 726 966 Table 23 further shows that the highest number of female sectional title unit owners of 184 221 or 51% are found in GP. Similarly, the highest number of male sectional title owners at 162 642 or 45% is found in KZN. 9. CONCLUSION This Land Audit set out to provide information on private land ownership by race, nationality, and gender. The task was complex and time consuming as data had to be sought from many different sources for processing and different techniques and analysis applied to produce credible information. The Deeds Office the official repository of land rights in the country currently does not register land rights by race. It also does not compel landowners to register at Deeds subdivision and land use changes permits from the Surveyor and Municipal Councils respectively. The result is that there are surveyed land parcels that have changed land uses but are still registered at Deeds in their old land use classification; thereby losing local government potential revenue. On the whole, the land audit exercise revealed, firstly, the need to improve within the department on the data management, human capacity, organisational and technology resources. Secondly, the land audit exercise revealed the need between the department and other national departments and state-owned entities to ensure comprehensive, up-to-date, credible and accessible national land information. Thirdly, this exercise revealed areas of land tenure legislation that need urgent attention. Fourthly, the land audit exercise revealed the capture for private gain socially created land value that is lost as revenue to society and economy for especially land reform and post-settlement development. Finally, this exercise has revealed that we have just taken the first steps upon a long journey towards the goal of the sustainable relationship of South African citizens to one another through the effective management of land as a resource and nation-building. 20

10. RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATION 1: The Department of Rural Development and Land Reform should establish a Land Administration Commission (LAC). A document entitled Land Administration Guidelines was published by the United Nations in 1996 to advice Central European Countries that were involved in establishing land administration systems after the break-up of the former Soviet bloc. It defined land administration as including: The functions involved in regulating the development and use of the land, gathering revenue from the land (through sale, lease, or taxation, etc.), and resolving conflicts concerning the ownership and use of the land. It is concerned both with private lands and public lands and involves: land settlement; land survey; land registration; land valuation and assessment; land-use control and management; infrastructure and utilities management. Land administration is the process of recording and distributing information about the ownership, value and the use of land and its associated resources. Such processes include the determination or adjudication of rights and other attributes of the land, the survey and description of these, their detailed documentation and the provision of relevant information in support of land markets. In its Medium-Term Strategic Framework, the department identified the establishment of an effective and efficient land administration system for the period 2015-2019. To this end, in its re-engineering process to improve its organisational structure, the department is planning to create the Land Administration Commission from its existing specialist functional areas of land survey, land registration, land valuation, and land-use control and management. The functions and mandate of this Land Administration Commission, which would address the myriad of the challenges experienced in compiling this Land Audit, to cite the United National, will be to: Meet the needs of all users in both the public and private sectors without bias or favour; Develop land information management policies in line with those of the national Government; Set and monitor technical standards, especially for data capture, including field survey, data processing and data exchange; Provide methodological guidance to ensure that all procedures are well understood and new opportunities for improvement are identified; Make recommendations for improving the efficiency of all land administration processes in the light of changing circumstances; Recommend changes to the law where these will improve the service to be provided; Archive data that are needed in the long-term national interest; Undertake production work where it is in the national interest for that work to be undertaken by Government, for example where military matters are involved; Address matters of personal privacy and the confidentiality of data in order to protect the interest of private citizens; and Define the legal liability of public sector and private sector data providers and ensure that title to land is guaranteed. (UN, 1996: pp 61-62). Finally, with particular focus on the data and methodological challenges that have confronted the preparation of this Land Audit, the United Nations offered the following advice on land information: 21

Land management must be based on knowledge, knowledge depends on information, and information depends on the methods of data collection and the manner in which their results are communicated. Land-related information is an important and expensive resource that must be managed efficiently in order to maximize its potential benefits. Land information management entails: Determining the requirements of the State and of the general public for land-related information; Examining how the information is actually used in the decision-making process, how information flows from one producer or user to another, and what constraints there are upon that flow; Developing policies for determining priorities, allocating the necessary re-sources, assigning responsibilities for action, and setting standards of performance and methods for monitoring them; Improving existing land information systems or introducing new ones; Assessing and designing new tools and techniques; and Ensuring that matters of privacy and data security are respected. (ibid: p 61). The following are the most immediate measures that are proposed towards the establishment of Land Administration Commission: a) The re-engineering process to improve the organisational structure of the department should proceed to establish the Land Administration Commission; b) The specialist functions within the department that are responsible for land survey, land registration, land valuation, and land-use control and management must be assembled within the department in order to perform the following: i) Develop land information management policies in line with those of the national Government; ii) Set and monitor technical standards, especially for data capture, including field survey, data processing and data exchange; iii) Provide methodological guidance to ensure that all procedures are well understood and new opportunities for improvement are identified; iv) Make recommendations for improving the efficiency of all land administration processes in the light of changing circumstances; v) Recommend changes to the law where these will improve the service to be provided; vi) Archive data that are needed in the long-term national interest; vii) Update and verify extents using original cadastral documents and Deeds data, especially in townships; viii) Reflect the extents as they appear in cadastral record and title deeds; ix) Identify and remove the duplication of records within the Deeds System; x) Survey, register, and vest trust state land in the former homeland areas; xi) Ensure that private and public sector entities get their land parcels surveyed are compelled to register changed land use at Deeds; and xii). Invoke the Spatial Data Infrastructure Act to foster a national coordination locus and better data management environment among state entities. c) Support the Department of Human Settlement to transfer title of RDP Housing as well as the old housing Stock in the urban black townships to its millions of rightful black owners, including the update and verification of extents using original cadastral documents and Deeds data, especially in townships; and d) The Department of Rural Development and Land Reform should hold a Mini-Operation Phakisa on the Land Administration Commission so that national, provincial and local governments and state-owned entities should not only understand it, but enter into specific arrangement to be served by it. 22

RECOMMENDATION 2: The Department of Rural Development and Land Reform should introduce an overarching Legislation on National Land Rights. The injunction of the Constitution that South Africa belongs to all must be translated into a lived experience for the majority of South African citizens that is founded on an overarching National Land Rights Legislation whose primary function is to: i) Define the rights, restriction and responsibilities of South African citizens to land; ii) Vest land as the common property to the people of South Africa as a whole; iii) Collect land values created by the state and society into a Public Fund - for Land Reform, Inclusive and Sustainable Development - rather than to continue collecting them as unearned income for private gain by a few; iv) Outline the land governance framework for the state, public, private, and communal land tenure systems; and v) Determine transitional mechanisms, where need be, of moving from the current land tenure systems to the new land tenure system set on the basis of this overarching National Land Rights Legislation. In section 25(6 and 9), the Constitution instructs the state to pass such a land tenure legislation. To that end, the 1997 the White Paper on Land Policy, acknowledging that instruction, promised to produce a Green Paper on Land Tenure to address a myriad of complex land rights that were inherited from apartheid and former Homeland Administrations. The promised Green Paper was produced in 2011 with four land tenure systems state, communal, private and public land tenure. What is left now is to pass an overarching National Land Rights Legislation to operationalise the Constitutional injunction. In the meantime, amendments of the Extension of Security of Tenure Act, Community Property Associations Act, coupled with the annual renewal of the Interim Protection of Informal Rights Act, and the Communal Land Tenure Rights Bill were set in motion to address pertinent areas of insecure land tenure that are of extreme pressure and urgency to obtain relief. The Constitutional Court declared as unconstitutional the Communal Land Rights Act in 2010. Most recently, another land tenure act of the apartheid era has been declared unconstitutional and void by our courts of law. RECOMMENDATION 3: The Department of Rural Development and Land Reform should establish a Land Reform Fund (LRF). In November 2011 the National Development Plan on the Integrated and Inclusive Rural Economy recommended an innovative model in Chapter 6 that would leverage more funds to support the financing of land reform in addition to the existing fiscal resources. In November 2016 Operation Phakisa for Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development proposed the establishment of the Land Reform and Development Fund to finance the land reform programmes of redistribution, restitution, tenure reform and land settlement through public-private-community participation. The first proposed funding source to finance the Land Reform Fund are already operational through the participation of private sector funding and farmers in the land reform programmes of restitution, redistribution and tenure reform. 23

These include Partners in Agri-Land Solution (or PALS), Vumelana Advisory Fund in Restitution cases, the Sugar Industry Partnership with the Restitution Commission, and Strengthening Relative Rights for People Working the Land (SRR or 50/50). Additional discussions have also started in bringing State-owned entities to finance and manage this Fund. The second proposed funding source to finance the Land Reform Fund is through the collection of land values through a land value tax4 using the Municipal Property Rates Act. The essence of Land Reform Fund is that it will ensure that all landowners contribute to the national and constitutional imperative of land reform and post-settlement inclusive and sustainable development according to the Law of Rent 6. The Ready-to-Govern and RDP policy documents and public-private-community meetings have passed resolutions for the introduction of a land value tax. Land values are presently privately collected by banks, insurance companies, institutional investors, and big landowners. The collection of the land value tax will now made more possible by the existence of the Office of the Valuer-General as has been shown in all land reform programmes. The third proposed funding source to finance the Land Reform Fund is for the department to corporatize its property management portfolio and agricultural land holding account (ALHA) both of which are currently dormant but can be easily and successfully set in motion as trading accounts. There is long experience in this regard which began in 1936 through the Land Development and Trust Fund Act and ceased to operate at the end of the apartheid. 6. Joe Sarling, 2014. Exploring land value tax. 24

11. GLOSSARY Cadastre Community-based Organisations Co-ownership Department Foreign Individuals Land Land Administration Land Development Land management A register of land information. According to the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) definition, a cadastre is normally a parcel based and up-todate land information system containing a record of interests in land (i.e., rights, restrictions, and responsibilities). It usually includes a geometric description of land parcels linked to other records describing the nature of the interests, the ownership or control of those interests, and often the value of the parcel and its improvements. It may be established for fiscal purposes (e.g., valuation and equitable taxation), legal purposes (e.g., conveyancing), to assist in the management of land and land use (e.g., for planning and other administrative purposes), and to facilitate sustainable development and environmental protection. This includes non-governmental organizations, churches, Land owned by owners who are classified in different categories e.g. land parcel co-owned by Individual(s) and a Trust, male and female, etc The Department of Rural Development and Land Reform Individuals whose country of birth is not South Africa Natural persons owning land That volume of space that encompasses the surface of the Earth, all things that are attached to it, the rocks and minerals that are just below it, areas covered by water such as seas and lakes, all building and construction, and all natural vegetation. Legally, land extends from the centre of the Earth to the infinite in the sky (UN, 1996) A process of determining, recording and disseminating information about land tenure, value, use and its associated resources when implementing land management policies about relationship between land and people [UNEC]; it is the processes of regulating land and property development, the use, conservation of land, the gathering of revenues from the land sales, leasing, and taxation, and the resolving of conflicts concerning the ownership and use of land ; (Dale and McLaughlin); it is concerned with the social, legal, economic and technical framework within which land managers and administrators must operate (UN-ECE, 1996). The processes of implementing land-use planning or development proposals for building new urban neighbourhoods and new physical infrastructure and managing the change of existing urban or rural land use through granting of planning permissions and land-use permits. The process by which the resources of land are put to good effect. It covers all activities concerned with the management of land as a resource both from an environmental and from an economic perspective. It can include farming, mineral extraction, property and estate management, and the physical planning of towns and the countryside. 25

Land Reform Land Tenure Land-Use Land Value Nationality Other Private State Trust Unique land owner name The various processes involved in altering the pattern of land tenure and land use of a specified area. Some of the processes involve land administration, but most of the processes are intensely political. Defines and regulates how people, communities and others gain access to natural resources, whether through formal law or informal arrangements. The rules of tenure determine who can use which resources, for how long, and under what conditions. They may be based on written policies and laws, as well as on unwritten customs and practices The control of land-use through planning policies, regulations and enforcement; the implementation of construction planning through granting of permits; and the adjudication of land use conflicts. The design of adequate systems in the area of Land Tenure and Land Value should lead to the establishment of an efficient land market; and the design of adequate systems in the areas of Land-Use Control and Development should lead to an effective land-use administration. The assessment of the value of land and properties; the gathering of revenues through taxation; and the adjudication of land valuation and taxation disputes. Country of birth of a person as captured in the population register. Individual that opted not to disclose their Race on the census questioner Record of individuals owner not found in the DHA database. This could be as a result of incomplete information in the Deeds database Extent calculated by subtracting the total extent of registered land parcels from the known extent of provinces Used to classify land owned by land owners that were not found in the DHA population register Owner that could not be classified due to incomplete information in the deeds database Land that is surveyed but not registered at the deeds office First level classification of non-state owners i.e. Individuals, Companies, churches, etc. Department of state or administration in the national, provincial or local sphere of government and public entities. Trusts in terms of Trust Property Control Act, No 57 of 1988 ( the Trust Act ). Land title name that are used for each land parcel in the Deeds Office Database. 26

12. REFERENCES 1. Hartzok, Alanna. 2013. Socializing Land Rent, Untaxing Production. Paper prepared for presentation at the Annual World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty. The World Bank Washington DC, April 8 11, 2013. 2. Sarling, Joe. 2014. Exploring land value tax: 4. Fighting sprawl and incentivizing density. Comment Today. Commenttoday.org 3. Williamson, Ian; Enemark Stig; Rajabifard Abbas. 2010. Land Administration for Sustainable Development. ESRI Press. Redlands. California. 4. Economic Commission for Europe. 1996. Land Administration Guidelines: With Special Reference to Countries in Transition. United Nations. Geneva. 5. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. undated. Draft policy document on the Preservation and Development of Agricultural Land. Pretoria. 6. Department of Rural Development and Land Reform. 2015. Office of the Chief Surveyor General. South African Farms. Pretoria. 27

Map 1: Eastern Cape Province Unregistered land parcels Source: DRDLR, 2015 28

Map 2: Limpopo Province Source: DRDLR, 2015 Unregistered land parcels Kruger National Park 29

Annex 1: South African Land by land use and extent Source: DAFF, Undated 30

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OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL www.drdlr.gov.za Toll-Free: 0800 007 095 @DRDLR_online Department of Rural Development and Land Reform 184 Jeff Masemola Street PRETORIA 0001