F. BUILDING MATERIALS AND METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION F1. GENERAL

F. BUILDING MATERIALS AND METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION F1. GENERAL Bibliography: Clifton-Taylor, 1962 (rev. edn 1972); Mainstone, 1975 Periodicals: Construction History (1985 ) Arschavir, A. 1956 False fronts in minor domestic architecture, Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society 4, 110 22 Atkinson, T.D. 1947 Local Style in English Architecture Banham, R. 1969 The Architecture of the Well-Tempered Environment Brunskill, R.W. 1978 Distribution of building materials and some plan types in the domestic vernacular architecture of England and Wales, Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society 23, 41 65 Burgess, R.A., Horrobin, P.J., McKee, N., and Simpson, J.W. 1970 Developments in Modern Building Charlton, T.M. 1987 Innovation in Structural Theory in the Nineteenth Century, Construction History 3, 55 60 Chatham, J.H. n.d. Going to Pot: The Story of the Great British Chimney Clifton-Taylor, A. 1962, rev. edn 1972 The Pattern of English Building Cooney, E.W. 1985 Innovation in the post-war British Building Industry: a historical view, Construction History 1, 52 9 Cooney, E.W. 1987 Innovation and Contracts in the Postwar British Building Industry, Construction History 3, 115 24 Davison, K. 1986 Sources for the construction history of the Second World War, Construction History 2, 76 9 Diestelkamp, E. 1987 Building Technology and Architecture 1790 1830, Late Georgian Classicism (Georgian Group Symposium), 73 91 Dunkeld, M. 1986 Approaches to Construction History, Construction History 3, 3 15 Fitchen, J. 1961 The Construction of Gothic Cathedrals: a study of medieval vault erection Materials & Methods 1

Houldsworth, H.K. 1986 Changing practices in labour relations: the Society of Master Carpenters, London 1783 99, Construction History 2, 34 47 Hudson, K. 1972 Building Materials Innocent, C.F. 1916, reprinted 1971, 1999 The Development of English Building Construction (with introduction and bibliography by Sir R. de Zouch Hall) James, S., Marshall, A., and Millett, M. 1984 An early medieval building tradition, Archaeological Journal 141, 182 215 Joedicke, J. 1963 Shell Architecture Knoop, D., and Jones, G.P. 1949 The Medieval Mason McCheng, W.A. 1981 The matter of metaphor: literary myths of construction, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 40 (December), 279 88 Mainstone, R. 1975 Developments in Structural Form National Council of Building Material Producers 1991 The BMP Guide to Construction Penoyre, J. and J. 1978 Houses in the landscape: a regional study of vernacular building styles in England and Wales Salzman, L.F. 1952, rev. edn 1967 Building in England down to 1540 Stapleton, D.H. 1986 The History of Civil Engineering since 1600, an annotated bibliography Yeomans, D.T. 1988 Managing Eighteenth-Century Building, Construction History 4, 3 20 F2. STONE Arkell, W.J. 1947 Oxford Stone Clifton-Taylor, A., and Ireson, A.S. 1983 English Stone Building Firman, R.J. 1984 A geological approach to the history of English Alabaster, Mercian Geologist 9 (March), 161 78 Hart, S. 2000 Flint Architecture in East Anglia Howe, J.A. 1910, reissued 2001 The Geology of Building Stones Hudson, K. 1971 The Fashionable Stone Jones, S. 1980 Stone houses in the vernacular tradition in South 2 Materials & Methods

Yorkshire, Archaeological Journal 137, 386 93 Materials & Methods 3

Jope, E.M. 1964 The Saxon building stone industry in southern and midland England, Med. Arch. 8, 91 118 Knoop, D., and Jones, G.P. 1949 The Medieval Mason Leach, R. 2nd edn 1978 An Investigation into the Use of Purbeck Marble in Medieval England Muir, R. 1986 The Stones of Britain Parsons, D., ed. 1990 Stone: Quarrying and Building in England AD 43 1525 Purcell, D. 1967 Cambridge Stone Shelby, L.R. 1971 Medieval masons templates, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 30 (June), 140 Tatton-Brown, T. 1980 The use of Quarr stone in London and East Kent, Med. Arch. 20, 213 5 Taylor, R. 1990 Revealing masons mystery, Architects Journal 192 (26 September), 34 43 (the cantilevered stone staircase) Trotter, W.R. 1989 Galleting, Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society 33, 153 68 Tyson, B. 1994 Identifying and clarifying masons marks, Vernacular Architecture. 25, 4 15 Wilson, E. 1983 Swedish limestone paving in 17th- and 18th-century English buildings, Post. Med. 17, 95 110 Young, J. 1990 Alabaster F3. TIMBER Alcock, N.W. 1981 Cruck Construction, an introduction and catalogue, Council for British Archaeology. Research Report 42 Brunskill, R.W. 1985 Timber Building in Britain Charles, F.W.B. 1967 Medieval Cruck Building and Its Derivatives, Soc. for Medieval Archaeology Monograph, series 2 Charles, F.W.B. 1981 Post-construction and the rafter roof, Vernacular Architecture. 12, 3 19 Charles, F.W.B. 1991 Frame Wnish, Architects Journal 193 (13 March), 32 5 Colman, S. 1990 Base-cruck usages in Suffolk, Vernacular Architecture. 21, 10 15 4 Materials & Methods

Cordingley, F. 1961 British historical roof types and their members: a classification, Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society 9, 73 130 Crossley, F. 1951 Timber Building in England from Early Times to the End of the Seventeenth Century Currie, C.R.J. 1989 Archaic timber roofs in parish churches, Council for British Archaeology. Bulletin, 25, 15 21 Drury, P. 1991 C18 timber construction 5: Joinery, Architects Journal 194 (14 August), 36 42 Fletcher, J.M., and Spokes, P.S. 1964 The origin and development of crown post roofs, Med. Arch. 8, 152 83 Fletcher, J.M. 1979 The bishop of Winchester s medieval manor house at Harwell, Berkshire, and its relevance in the evolution of timber framed aisled halls, Archaeological Journal 136, 173 92 Fletcher, J.M., Bridge, M., and Hillam, J. 1981 Tree ring dates for buildings with oak timber construction, Vernacular Architecture. 12, 38 41 Fletcher, J.M. 1983 Straight timber, curved beams and cruck trusses, Vernacular Architecture. 14, 62 4 Gasparini, D.A., and Provost, C. 1989 Early Nineteenth Century Developments in Truss Design in Britain, France and the United States, Construction History 5, 21 33 Gee, E.A. 1977 The chronology of crucks, Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society 22, 9 27 Gradidge, R. 1991 Stylish in its Return, Country Life 185 (10 October), 98 100 (half timbering) Harris, R. 1979 Discovering Timber-Framed Buildings Harris, R. 1989 The grammar of carpentry, Vernacular Architecture. 20, 1 8 Harris, R. 1990 Jetties, Vernacular Architecture. 21, 33 6 Hewett, C.A. 1969 The Development of Carpentry 1200 1700: an Essex study Hewett, C.A. 1973 The notched lap-joint in England, Vernacular Architecture. 4, 18 21 Hewett, C.A. 1974 English Cathedral Carpentry Hewett, C.A. 1975 6 Aisled timber halls and related buildings, chiefly in Essex, Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society 21, 45 99 Hewett, C.A. 1977 Scarf jointing during the later 13th and 14th centuries and a reappraisal of the origin of the spurred tenon, Archaeological Journal 134, 287 96 Materials & Methods 5

Hewett, C.A. 1980 English Historic Carpentry Hewett, C.A. 1985 English Cathedral and Monastic Carpentry Hewett, C.A. 1989 Evidence for an Intermediate Stage between Earth-fast and Still-mounted Posts, Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society 33, 181 92 Huggins, P.J. 1991 Anglo-Saxon timber building measurements: recent results, Med. Arch. 35, 6 28 Johnson, B.H. 1991 Not mansard or gambrel, Vernacular Architecture. 22, 24 6 Laxton, R.R., and Litton, C.D. 1989 Construction of a Kent Master Dendrochronological Sequence for Sequence for Oak, a.d. 1158 to 1540, Med. Arch. 33, 90 8 Louw, H.J. 1989 Demarcation Disputes between English Carpenters and Joiners from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century, Construction History 5, 3 20 Milne, D. 1992 Timber Building Techniques in London c.900 1400 Munby, J., Sparks, M., and Tatton-Brown, T. 1983 Crown-post and king-strut roofs in south-east England, Med. Arch. 27, 123 35 Peters, J.E.C. 1988 Post-medieval roof trusses in some Staffordshire farm buildings, Vernacular Architecture. 19, 24 31 Sandall, K. 1986 Aisled halls in England and Wales, Vernacular Architecture. 17, 21 35 Smith, J.T. 1958 Medieval roofs, a classification, Archaeological Journal 115, 111 49 Smith, J.T. 1964 Cruck construction: a survey of the problems, Med. Arch. 8, 91 118 Smith, J.T. 1965 Timber-framed building in England, its development and regional differences, Archaeological Journal 122, 133 58 Smith, J.T. 1970 The reliability of typological dating of medieval English roofs, Scientific Methods in Medieval Archaeology, ed. R. Berger, 239 69 Smith, J.T. 1974 The early development of timber buildings: the passing brace and reversed assembly, Archaeological Journal 131, 238 63 Smith, J.T. 1975 Cruck distribution, an interpretation of some recent maps, Vernacular Architecture. 6, 3 17 Stenning, D.F. and Andrews, D.D., eds 1998 Regional Variations in Timber-Framed Buildings in England and Wales down to 1550 Warren, J. 1990 6 Materials & Methods

Wealden buildings: studies in the timber-framed tradition of building in Kent, Sussex and Surrey Warren, J. 1992 Greater and Lesser Gothic Roofs: a study of the crown-post roof and its antecedents, Vernacular Architecture. 23 Williams, E.H.D. 1977 Jointed crucks, Vernacular Architecture. 8, 826 9 Yeomans, D.T. 1986 Early carpenters manuals 1592 1820, Construction History 2, 13 33 Yeomans, D.T 1991 C18 timber construction: Trade and materials, Architects Journal 194 (10 July), 51 6; Floor structures (17 July), 18 37; Roof structures (24, 31 July), 45 50; walls and partitions (7 August), 43 6; Stair building (21, 28 August), 43 7 Yeomans, D.T 1992 The Architect and the Carpenter (catalogue of exhibition at the R.I.B.A. Heinz Gallery, London) Yeomans, David 1992 The Trussed Roof: its history and development Yeomans, D.T. 1999 The Development of Timber as a Structural Material (Studies in the History of Civil Engineering, 8) F4. BRICK AND TILE Brunskill, R.W., and Clifton-Taylor, A. 1977 English Brickwork Brunskill, R. 1990 Brick Building in Britain Exwood, E. 1981 Mathematical tiles, Vernacular Architecture. 12, 48 53 Hare, J.N. 1991 The growth of the roof-tile industry in later medieval Wessex, Med. Arch. 35, 86 103 Lloyd, N. 2nd edn 1934 A History of English Brickwork, from medieval times to the end of the Georgian period Lucas, R. 1993 Studwork, early brick and clay-brick chimneys in Norfolk and Suffolk, Architectural Review 24, 18 19 Olley, J., and Wilson, C. 1985 The Natural History Museum: the use of terracotta, Architects Journal 181 (27 March), 38 55 Smith, J.A. 1990 Decorating a Revival, Country Life 184 (1 November), 94 6 (C19 terracotta) Smith, T.P. 1979 Materials & Methods 7

Refacing with brick tiles, Vernacular Architecture. 10, 33 6 Smith, T.P. 1985 Brick-tiles (mathematical tiles) in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century England, Journal of the British Archaeological Association 138, 132 64 Stratton, M. 1988 Science and Art Closely Combined: the organization of training in the terracotta industry, 1850 1939, Construction History 4, 35 51 Stratton, M. 1993 The Terracotta Revival Wight, J.A. 1972 Brick Building in England from the Middle Ages to 1550 F5. CLAY AND COB Harrison, J.R. 1984 The mud wall in England, Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society 28, 154 74 Harrison, J.R. 1989, 1991 Some Clay Dabbins in Cumberland: their construction and form, Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society 33, 97 151; 35, 29 88 McCann, J. 1982 Warm in winter, cool in summer: mud buildings of the east midlands, Country Life 172 (11 November), 1472 3 McCann, J. 1983 Clay and Cob Buildings F6. PLASTER AND STUCCO See also D6 Bankart, G. 1908, reissued 2002 The Art of the Plasterer Baxter, L. 1996 Simple as Piecrust: Arts & Crafts plasterwork, Country Life 190 (18 April), 74 6 Drury, P.J. 1984 Joseph Rose Senior s site workshop at Audley End, Essex: aspects of the development of decorative plasterwork technology in Britain during the 18th century, Antiquaries Journal 14 (1), 62 83 Kelsall, F. 1984 Liardet versus Adam, Architectural History 27, 118 26 Millar, W. 1897, reissued 1998 Plastering Plain and Decorative Penoyre, J. and J. 1994 Decorative Plasterwork in the Houses of Somerset Robinson, J.M. 1992 Recapturing the Past, Country Life 186 (16 January), 73 8 Materials & Methods

F7. ARTIFICIAL MATERIALS Cornforth, J. 1992 Putting Up With Georgian DIY, Country Life 186 (9 April), 54 6 (papier mâché) Kelly, A. 1990 Mrs Coade s Stone Ruch, J.E. 1968 Regency Coade: a study of the Coade record books 1813 21, Architectural History 2, 34 F8. IRON, STEEL AND METALWORK Ayrton, M., and Silcox, A. 1929 Wrought Iron and its Decorative Uses Blake, D., and Crittall, A. 1989 Window Vision Finnimore, B. 1985 The A.I.R.O.H. house: industrial diversification and state building policy, Construction History 1, 60 71 Fitzgerald, R.S. 1988 The development of the cast iron frame in textile mills to 1850, Industrial Archaeology Review 10 (2, Spring) Fox, C. 1995 The Battle of the Railings, AA Files 29, 50 60 Gardner, J.S. 1911 English Ironwork, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Gloag, J., and Bridgewater, D. 1948 A History of Cast Iron in Architecture Glover, M. 1991 Structural developments 5: Steel or concrete, Architects Journal 193 (22 May), 47 51 Harris, J. 1960 English Decorative Ironwork from Contemporary Source Books 1610 1836 Hayman, R. 2000 Wrought Iron Institute of Civil Engineers 2001 Iron and Glass: the Crystal Palace and its Influence Jackson, N. 1996 The Modern Steel House Lister, R. 1957 Decorative Wrought Ironwork in Great Britain Louw, H.J. 1987 The Rise of the Metal Window during the Early Industrial Period in Britain, c.1750 1830, Materials & Methods 9

Construction History 3, 31 54 Mullins, S. 1970 The iron problem in the 1850s, Architectural History 13, 58 63 Skempton, A.W., and Johnson, H.R. 1962 The first iron frames, Architectural Review 131 (March), 175 86 Sutherland, R.J.M. (ed.) 1997 Structural Iron 1750-1850 (Studies in the History of Civil Engineering, 9) Sutton-Goold, P.M. 1990 Decorative Leadwork Thorne, R., ed. 1990 The Iron Revolution: architects, engineers and structural innovation 1780 1880 (catalogue of exhibition at the R.I.B.A. Heinz Gallery, London) Thorne, R., ed. 2001 Structural Iron and Steel, 1850-1900 (Studies in the History of Civil Engineering, 10) Trebilock, P., Lawson, M., and Owens, G. 1991 Structural developments: Steel frame design, Architects Journal 193 (1 May), 24 7; Steel frame buildings, 55 61 Weaver, L. 1909, reissued 2002 English Leadwork, its art and history F9. GLASS Institute of Civil Engineers 2001 Iron and Glass: the Crystal Palace and its Influence Institution of Structural Engineers 1999 The Structural Use of Glass in Buildings Loach, J. 1981 Victorian glass, R.I.B.A. Journal 88 (February), 43 5 Louw, H. 1991 Window-Glass Making in Britain c.1660 1860 and its Architectural Impact, Construction History 7, 47 68 Wiggington, M. and others 2002 Verre, Architecture d Aujourd hui 342 (Sept/Oct), 50-115, 124-130 F10. CONCRETE Bennett, D. 1991 Structural developments: High speed concrete, Architects Journal 193 (8 May), 55 9; Visual concrete (15 May), 53 9 Collins, P. 1959 Concrete Cusack, P. 1984 5 François Hennebique: the specialist organisation and the success of ferro-concrete: 1892 1909, Trans. Newcomen Soc. 56, 71 86 10 Materials & Methods

Cusack, P. 1986 Architects and the reinforced concrete specialist in Britain 1905 08, Architectural History 29, 183 96 Cusack, P. 1987 Agents of change: Hennebique, Mouchel and ferro-concrete in Britain 1897 1908, Construction History 3, 61 74 Hardcore: Concrete s Rise form Utility to Luxury (RIBA) 2002 Gaventa, S. 2001 Concrete Design Newby, F. (ed.) 2001 Early Reinforced Concrete (Studies in the History of Civil Engineering, 11) Powter, A. 1981 Concrete in Nineenth Century Fortifications Constructed by the Royal Engineers, Fort 9 Swallow, P. 2003 Concrete: Building Pathology F11. PAINT Baty, P. 1992 Palette of historic paints, Country Life 186 (20 February), 56 7 Bristow, I. 1996 Architectural Colour in British Interiors 1614 1840 Bristow, I. 1996 Interior House-Painting Colours and Techniques 1614 1840 Hood, P. 1990 Lead Paint: A material analysed, Architects Journal 192 (12 September), 63 5 Louw, H. 1990 Colour Combinations, Architects Journal 192 (4 July), 44 53 (c16 c19) F12. MISCELLANEOUS Breugmann, R. 1978 Central heating and forced ventilation: its origins and effects on architectural design, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 38 (October), 143 60 Davies, C. 1985 Fabric structures, R.I.B.A. Journal 92 (October), 59 63 Materials & Methods 11