CfE Higher Geography HUMAN ENVIRONMENTS: URBAN CHANGE IN MUMBAI
You should be able to Describe and give reasons for changes that have occurred in Housing Transport Compare developments in Mumbai to a developed city (Glasgow or Edinburgh) and evaluate their success/ failure
What do you remember about Mumbai from S4? Rich and poor live side by side. Life in Mumbai
Access to drinking water Drugs, gangs and violence No or poor sewerage systems What are the problems of living in Electricity and power supplies Summary of the problems Rubbish not collected Mumbai? Traffic congestion Poor quality housing Pollution Overcrowding Poor education and healthcare provision Choose 5 and discuss the extent of the problems they cause. Poverty Lack of employment opportunities
How can these problems be solved? The 2 main ways of improving living conditions for slum dwellers are: Slum clearance Slum redevelopment (self help schemes) Task: You are going be writing a report on managing slum development in India Take notes on the 2 methods from the following slides
Dharavi Asia's Largest Slum Dharavi is located on prime property land in the centre of Mumbai More than 1 million people live here. Many are the second generation to be living there Rents are low and affordable (about 3 per month) Ideal for commuting Education and healthcare provision for dwellers There are lots of small businesses providing employment for residents. They cater for local and international markets and bring in a profit of about 350 million a year Demolish or develop?
Local authorities want to bulldoze the slums and rehouse the residents in other parts of Mumbai The poor will get a free home. Some will live in tower blocks built on land that has been cleared Being close to rail links makes it attractive for development Private firms want to build shopping malls, luxury hotels, offices In some areas, dwellers give their consent to this. In others, homes are demolished without consent as they are seen as illegal. Slum clearance 2 railways pass through the slum Police supervise demolition
Demolition crews are met with protests and violence as people don t want to be forced from their homes. Not all families qualify for free housing (they have to have lived in the slum for a certain time period). Approximately 70% of slum dwellers won t qualify for free housing so slums will develop elsewhere in the city. Families don t like life in tower blocks as they are smaller than the shacks and crime rate is higher. Some have sold them to middle class families. Rent and house prices in Mumbai are amongst the highest in the world so they will make a profit. Many have returned to living in slums as maintenance costs are too high in flats Small industries cannot be continued in the tower blocks so people will lose their livelihood Migrants will still pour into Mumbai needing homes so shanty towns will continue to grow Many schemes have been put on hold Success or failure?
India aims to be slum free If dwellers are given property rights, they will be eligible to receive loans to improve their homes. Over time, slum housing will improve. Amenities improved within the slums to make them cleaner, less polluted and more sanitary (running water, toilets, rubbish collection) Developments can be done in line with private companies who will build on some of the land Slum Redevelopment
Success or Failure? People with businesses in Dharavi won t agree unless they are guaranteed the same amount of work space. Many people don t trust the developers Lots of projects are top-down and not really carried out in the interest of the dwellers Bottom up projects have been introduced focusing on the needs of the residents
What is URBZ? Case study: URBZ An experimental urban research and action collective set up by professionals (planners, architects, economists, IT specialists etc) They believe that residents are experts in knowing what their community needs and are a core part of planning changes and development. They run workshops where the community are part of policy making, planning and building. Other events run to bring the community together and help improve appearance
Plans for a basic house and workshops teaching people how to build them Improvised covers to stop rubbish clogging up but allow water to drain away Helping each other
Task time How can Indian city developers learn from the post-war mistakes of their UK counterparts? Aim: to compare and contrast methods of improving slum housing in Scotland and India Using your notes on Glasgow (or any other developed city you are familiar with) and Mumbai, answer the above question. You may need to use the internet to find out more information and statistics to back up your viewpoint.
Mumbai s trains carry 6 million people per day Traffic problems in Mumbai An 8 lane 4km bridge is being built over the sea to relieve traffic and not use up valuable land Special railway lines have been dedicated to women so that they avoid the crush of rush hour About 450 new vehicles are registered every day in Mumbai
Traffic problems in Mumbai There are at least 8 million commuters a day. The transport system has reached saturation point roads are congested, public transport is overcrowded Population is rising therefore car ownership rises Transport systems were inherited from colonial days (very old) Developments are aimed to benefit industry, not people e.g. building ports to improve trade. Transport links poor to rural areas/ poorest areas. Development concentrated around areas with good transport network poverty gap increases Lack of town planning makes traffic problems worse roads too narrow and don t link up all parts of the city. Illegal housing may also get in the way Infrastructure poor for example, roads, bridges etc. poorly built
Solutions Improve the railways by adding more tracks and stations Improve the roads new link roads to highways, widen roads to 6 lanes Mumbai metro plans to reduce journey times by 50% More buses 500 new eco-buses (more environmentally friendly) Speed up road traffic - flyovers instead of intersections, subways instead of pedestrian crossings A new town built on the mainland (New Bombay) to reduce the number of people travelling in to the CBD. A skybus/ monorail has been proposed that will carry people 10m above street level at 100km/h to reduce traffic on the road
Assessment time The Human assessment has been split into 2 parts. In order to pass the full assessment, you will need to ensure you pass the outcomes for both task 1 (traffic) and task 2 (housing). Use the guidance on the following slides to help you to structure your report. You need to make sure that all of the criteria are met in order to pass the unit (and be entered for the final exam no pressure)
Describe and explain the approaches used to deal with transport issues within both Edinburgh and Mumbai. To do this you will have to: Describe the transport issues in each city Explain what the authorities have done in each city to combat the issues Describe in detail at least ONE transport development in each city It can be a report, PowerPoint or oral presentation. Outcome 2.1: Giving detailed descriptions and detailed explanations of a process/ interaction at work within urban environments in a developed and developing country
How will you pass the outcome? Introduce your report by describing the transport issues in each city Research transport developments in both Edinburgh and Mumbai. Choose a development that you can find a lot of information about Describe the development (what, examples of where, when use photos and annotated maps) Explain how it helps (why was this method chosen, evidence that it has relieved transport problems or not?) Where to look? Websites for the developments e.g. Transport for Edinburgh website or Mumbai metro News websites e.g. BBC Search the development e.g. Mumbai metro, Edinburgh trams http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-five-projects-that-will-changethe-way-mumbai-commutes-1838552
SUCCESS CRITERIA for Part 1 Assessment Standard Success Criteria Assessment Prompt 2.1 Giving detailed descriptions and detailed explanations of a process/ interaction at Candidates will explain at least two points in the context of an urban environment about each of a developed and developing country. Each explanation will make at least two You must work within urban developed points which make the issue environments in a clear. developed and a Developed points will include, for city each developing country example: issues additional detail examples reasons evidence drawing out implications Points of description will support explanations. Describe and explain the approaches used to deal with transport issues within both Edinburgh and Rio de Janeiro. Describe the transport issues in Explain what the authorities have done in each city to combat the Describe in detail at least ONE transport development in each city