Idella Bodie s South Carolina Women Series

The Story of the Mary McLeod Bethune http://media.knowitall.org/series/mary-mcleod-bethune This is the story of one woman s struggle to gain equality for herself and her students. Mary grew up in rural SC and became a teacher. She started with nothing and ended up being an advisor to a President! 1

About the Series Idella Bodie s South Carolina Women series supports social studies standards for grades 3-8 and the interesting programs are good to use during Women s History Month! Each dramatization tells the story of women who have shaped SC history and politics. Produced by ETV at historical homes and sites, the stories were adapted with permission and input from author Idella Bodie, taken from her book South Carolina Women. S.C. educators may access the 12 programs and supporting teacher s guides. South Carolina Social Studies Standards Early 20 th Century The Twenties-The Depression-Out of the Depression and WWII Grade 3 Standard 3-4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of life in the antebellum period, the causes and effects of the Civil War, and the impact of Reconstruction in South Carolina. 3-4.6 Summarize the positive and negative effects of Reconstruction in South Carolina, including the development of public education, the establishment of sharecropping; racial advancements and tensions; and the attempts to rebuild towns, factories, and farms. 2

Standard 3-5: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the major developments in South Carolina in the late nineteenth and the twentieth century. 3-5.1 Summarize the social and economic impact of developments in agriculture, industry and technology, including the creation of Jim Crow Laws, the rise and fall of textile markets, and the expansion of the railroad. 3-5.2 Explain the causes and impact of emigration from South Carolina and internal migration from rural areas to the cities, including discrimination and unemployment; poor sanitation and transportation services; and the lack of electricity and other modern conveniences in rural locations. Grade 5 Standard 5-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of major domestic and foreign developments that contributed to the United States becoming a world power. 5-3.2 Explain the practice of discrimination and the passage of discriminatory laws in the United States and their impact on the rights of African Americans, including the Jim Crow laws and the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson. Grade 8 Standard 8-5: The student will understand the impact of Reconstruction, industrialization, and Progressivism on society and politics in South Carolina in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. 8-5.4 Summarize the policies and actions of South Carolina s political leadership in implementing discriminatory laws that established a system of racial segregation, intimidation, and violence. Standard 8-6: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the role of South Carolina in the nation in the early twentieth century. 3

8-6.4 Explain the effects of the Great Depression and the lasting impact of the New Deal on people and programs in South Carolina, including James F. Byrnes and Mary McLeod Bethune, the Rural Electrification Act, the general textile strike of 1934, the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Works Progress Administration, the Public Works Administration, the Social Security Act, and the Santee Cooper electricity project. Biography Mary Jane McLeod was born a sharecropper s daughter on July 10, 1875 in Mayesville, South Carolina near Sumter. One of seventeen children, Mary worked in the fields with her brothers and sisters. Mary was different than most children because she possessed a strong desire to learn to read which neither her parents nor siblings could do. Yearning to be educated, Mary worked hard in the field part of the year and walked miles to Trinity Mission School four months of the year. Miss Emma Wilson, her teacher, recommended that she further her education on scholarship to Scotia Seminary in Concord, North Carolina. Learning to read and write had opened doors for Mary that few young black women of her generation were able to walk through. Mary continued her education at Moody Bible Institute. Upon graduation, Mary briefly joined her former teacher, Miss Wilson, instructing young black women. Mary married Albertus Bethune and moved to Daytona Beach in 1904 opening her own school. Her one room school became the Daytona Normal and Industrial School for Negro Girls which taught reading, writing as well as home economics skills. Although her marriage did not last, Mary and Albertus had one son who also attended Mary s school. Her desire to educate those excluded from the educational process continued as her school grew merging with Cookman Institute, a school for boys in 1923. The merged schools became Bethune-Cookman College located in Daytona Beach where it continues in operation today. Mary McLeod Bethune was active in the fight against racism and served under several Presidents. In 1936, she was appointed by President Roosevelt as the director of the National Youth Administration s Division of Negro Affairs. She also founded the National Council of Negro Women and was an active member of the National Association of Colored Women. Mary McLeod Bethune died in 1955 leaving a legacy of educational 4

opportunity for all people. In 1985, Bethune was recognized as one of the most influential African American women in the country with a postage stamp issued in her honor as well as a statue erected in a park in Washington, D.C. Mary McLeod Bethune was a true South Carolina heroine in the fight for education for all. Video Listing 1. Episode 101 (7:17) The beginning of the Mary McLeod Bethune story. Mary was a sharecropper s daughter, one of seventeen children, who from a young age had a desire and determination to learn to read and write. 2. Episode 102 (6:34) At eleven years old Mary begins to learn from Miss Emma Wilson at a school for black children. 3. Episode 103 (10:29) Mary receives a scholarship to attend seminary in Concord, North Carolina. She receives her own room at the top of the stairs. She struggles at first to her new life. 4. Episode 104 (16:01) Unable to find a position as an African American, she returns to Maysville with her husband Albertus, a fellow teacher. They find a schoolhouse in disarray that they intend to make a school for black children, much to the dismay of the local white population. She expands to many schools, and becomes a national leader. 5

Vocabulary Boarding House A house that provides food and lodging Commemorate to honor the memory of Doubting Thomas one who is habitually doubtful Fret to cause to be uneasy Hankering to have a longing, crave Ignorance without education or knowledge Kerosene a thin oil distilled from petroleum; used as a fuel Knowledge understanding gained through experience or study Obstacle one that opposes, stands in the way of, holds up progress Rural of or pertaining to the country; rustic Sharecropper a tenant farmer who gives a share of his crop to the landlord in lieu of rent Taunt to deride or reproach with contempt; mock; jeer at Threaten to express a threat against; to endanger Utensils an instrument used in a kitchen; silverware Yearn to have a strong or deep desire; be filled with longing Quotes I found myself yearning for the things that were provided for the white children with whom I had to chop cotton every day Put that down you can t read fired a determination in me to learn to read. I was called from the farm field and asked if I would like to go to Scotia. I pulled my cotton sack off, got down on my knees, and thanked God for the chance that had come. It was the first time I had had a chance to know white people. They had a mixed faculty at Scotia. 6

This married life was not intended to impede things that I had in mind to do. The whole world opened to me when I learned to read. Facts Mary McLeod was born on July 10, 1875 at her parents home, The Homestead. The new one room school house was called the Trinity Mission School. Scotia Seminary is located 25 miles north of Charlotte. Mary was an instructor alongside Emma Jane Wilson. Mary and Albertus Bethune decide to live in Florida. Though the Bethunes were successful in opening the school, the marriage failed. They never divorced. Albertus moved back to South Carolina while Mary lived in Florida. They had one son, who attended her school. Mary began with 5 students and hoped more would attend. Mary McLeod Bethune was the first African-American woman to be honored with a statue on public park land in Washington, D.C. Mrs. Roosevelt broke a segregation law so that Mary could sit with her at a public conference. Classroom Activities Related to the study of the abolition of slavery and equal rights for all Related to the study Mary McLeod Bethune Research: Individual students or small groups. Students utilize a variety of research materials to create a short presentation about the different stages of Mary McLeod Bethune s life: as a child living in Mayesville, as a young lady going to college, as an educator, and as an important figure in the process of equality for all. Explain why Mary was important to the state and nation. Reports should be presented to the class or larger group. 7

Character Education: After researching Mary McLeod Bethune, the students should list the qualities that enabled her to achieve her goals as well as the obstacles she faced. Compare Mary McLeod Bethune with one of today s leaders in education. Bulletin Board: Create a class bulletin board of Mary McLeod Bethune s life. Compare and Contrast: Compare and contrast the physical appearance, both inside and out, of Mary McLeod Bethune s first school and your school today. Which time period would you rather live in and why? Explain. Analysis: What risks did Mary McLeod Bethune face by starting a school for African American girls? What consequences might have occurred in this process? Design Postage Stamp: Just as Mary McLeod Bethune had a United States postage stamp commemorating her life, design a stamp commemorating the life of a special woman in your life. Display on school bulletin board. Debate the conflicting roles of African American women in the early 1900 s. How did the attitudes toward African American women impact social, culture and historical perspectives of that time? Map Skills: Locate Mayesville on a South Carolina state map. Create driving directions from your school to Mayesville, South Carolina. Field Trip: Take a trip to the South Carolina State Museum to visit the African American History Collection or other local museum with African American History artifacts. South Carolina State Museum, 301 Gervais Street, Columbia, SC 29201. 8

Suggested Literature Anderson, LaVere; Hutchinson, William M. Mary McLeod Bethune. Illustrated by William M. Hutchinson. Chelsea House Publishers, 1991. Ashby, Ruth and Deborah Gore Ohrn, editors. Her Story: Women Who Changed the World. New York: 1995. Bodie, Idella. The Secret Message. South Carolina: Sandlapper Publishing, 1998. In 1781 General Nathanael Greene, commander of the Continental Army in the South, needed to get a message to General Thomas Sumter. As the British army lay between Greene's and Sumter's camps, Emily Geiger rode through the dangerous enemy territory to deliver the message. (NA) Bodie, Idella. Spunky Revolutionary War Heroine, Sandlapper Publishing, 2000. Laodicea Dicey Langston paid close attention to the words and actions of her Tory neighbors. Risking her life, she traveled on foot at night (about ten miles) to deliver a message of impending attack to her brother s Patriot camp. (NA) Bodie, Idella. The Old Wagoner, Sandlapper Publishing, 2002. Daniel Morgan led a company of militia through numerous battles including Saratoga. But his finest moment was leading the southern Patriot force to a brilliant victory over Banastre Tarleton at Cowpens--using a risky battle plan. (NA) Bodie, Idella. Revolutionary Swamp Fox, Sandlapper Publishing, 1998. Francis Marion and his band of militiamen fought the British in sneak attacks, and then melted away into the swamps to hide and recover. Marion was the undoubted hero of militia warfare during the Southern Campaign of the American Revolution. (NA) Bodie, Idella. South Carolina Women, Sandlapper Publishing, 1991. This book is a compilation of the biographies of 51 notable women of the Palmetto State who have made significant contributions in all areas of South Carolina history. Boehm, Randoph; Bethune, Mary McLeod; Smith, Elaine M.; Parke, Ann W.; Schipper, Martin Paul. A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of Mary McLeod Bethune Papers: The Bethune Foundation Collection. Florida: University Publications of America, 2003. Edgar, Walter. South Carolina A History, University of South Carolina Press, 1998. Dr. Walter Edgar s historical reference documents the heroes, heroines and battles of the Revolutionary War to present times. Perry, Carolyn and Mary Louise Weaks, editors. The History of Southern Women s Literature. 9

Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002. Alphin, Elaine Marie. The Ghost Cadet. New York: Scholastic, 1992. While visiting his grandmother in Virginia, Benjy meets a Virginia Military Institute cadet who was killed on the Civil War battlefield that he continues to haunt in search of a family heirloom. Greenfield, Eloise. Mary McLeod Bethune. Illustrated by Jerry Pinkney. Tandem Library, 1994. Hansen, Joyce. I Thought My Soul Would Rise and Fly: The Diary of Patsy, A Freed Girl. Dear America Series. New York: Scholastic, 1997. This is the fictional diary of the freed slave Patsy, who records her journey from the confusing times at the end of the Civil War to the life she ultimately builds for herself as a teacher. (820L) Halasa, Malu; Schomburg Children s Collection. Mary McLeod Bethune. Chelsea House Publishers, 1989. Hesse, Karen. A Light in the Storm: The Civil War Diary of Amelia Martin. Dear America Series. New York: Scholastic, 1999. While working in her father s lighthouse in Delaware, fifteen-yearold Amelia records in her diary how the tensions between the North and the South are beginning to divide her community. Holt, Rackham. Mary McLeod Bethune: A Biography. Doubleday, 1964. Houston, Gloria. Mountain Valor. New York: Penguin Putnam, 1996. With much of her family fighting in the Civil War, Valor defends her family s name by joining the Confederate forces disguised as a boy. Johnson, Dolores. Now Let Me Fly: The Story of a Slave Family. New York: Simon & Schuster Children s, 1996. A young girl describes her life from the time she is kidnapped, chained, and sent to America to live as a slave in a strange world. (860L) Meltzer, Milton. Illustrated by Stephen Marchesi. Mary McLeod Bethune: A Great American Educator. Tandem Library, 1988. Paulsen, Gary. Nightjohn. Laurel-Leaf Books, 1993. Sarny is a slave who wants to read and write, and Nightjohn is a slave who returned from freedom in the North to educate his friends. (770L) Poole, Bernice Anderson. Mary McLeod Bethune: Educator. Holloway House Publishing, 1994. Porter, Connie Rose. Meet Addy: An American Girl. American Girls Collection Series. Middleton, WI: Pleasant Company Publications, 1993. Addy gives the reader a glimpse into the harsh life of slavery on a Southern plantation and the struggles she and her mother face after they find freedom in Philadelphia. 10

Ransom, Candice F. The Promise Quilt. New York: Walker, 1999. Five-year-old Addie s father dies in the Civil War, but with the help of her mother, Addie will fulfill the promise she made to her father to earn an education. Reeder, Carolyn. Across the Lines. New York: William Morrow, 1998. The Civil War and its issues are shown from the perspective of young Edward as he flees from the Yankees with his house servant, who is escaping from slavery. Rinaldi, Ann. Amelia s War. New York: Scholastic, 1999. Twelve-year-old Amelia finds a way to save her hometown after a Confederate general threatens to burn it down. Stolz, Mary. A Ballad of the Civil War. Trophy Chapter Book Series. New York: HarperCollins, 1998. Growing up on a Southern plantation, twin brothers differ on the issue of slavery and eventually find themselves on opposites sides of the Civil War. Ceplair, Larry, editor. The Public Years of Sarah and Angelina Grimke : Selected Writings, 1835-1839. Lerner, Gerda. The Grimke Sisters from South Carolina; Rebels Against Slavery. Lickteig, Mary. Amelia Bloomer: A Photo-Illustrated Biography. Bridgestone Books, Inc. A brief biography of the temperance leader & women's rights advocate who spent her life trying to improve social conditions for women. (540L) McPherson, Stephanie. Sisters Against Slavery: A Story about Sarah and Angelina Grimke ; illustrated by Karen Ritz. Sterne, Emma Gelders. Mary McLeod Bethune. Knopf, 1962. Wolfe, Renna. Mary McLeod Bethune. New York: F. Watts, 1992. Suggested Internet Sources The Selected Internet Resources can be used both by the instructor and by students. Supervision of student use of Web sites is recommended. Other site resources are available. The sites were active at time of publication. Amazing Women in War and Peace http://userpages.aug.com/captbarb/femvets.html 11

Organization of American Historians http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/women/hanson.htm Mary McLeod Bethune, Biography http://www.usca.edu/aasc/bethune.htm Mary McLeod Bethune, Florida History and Archives https://www.floridamemory.com/onlineclassroom/marybethune/ Mary McLeod Bethune, National Park Service http://www.nps.gov/mamc/ Mary McLeod Bethune, Profiles in Caring http://foundationhhc.org/nahc/val/columns/sc10-6.html Mary McLeod Bethune, Special Women in South Carolina History http://www.usca.edu/aasc/bethune.htm Mary McLeod Bethune, Women of the Hall http://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/mary-mcleod-bethune/ Credits Executive Producers: Bette Jamison and Ken DeBerry Producer/Director/Editor: Pat Henry Videographer: Mark Adams South Carolina Social Studies Standard Correlations were provided by Lisa Ray Funding for Knowitall.org was provided by the S. C. General Assembly through the K-12 Technology Initiative. Visit scetv.org/education for more educational resources. 12