Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4962 Commenced Publication in 1973 Founding and Former Series Editors: Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen Editorial Board David Hutchison Lancaster University, UK Takeo Kanade Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Josef Kittler University of Surrey, Guildford, UK Jon M. Kleinberg Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Alfred Kobsa University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Friedemann Mattern ETH Zurich, Switzerland John C. Mitchell Stanford University, CA, USA Moni Naor Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Oscar Nierstrasz University of Bern, Switzerland C. Pandu Rangan Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India Bernhard Steffen University of Dortmund, Germany Madhu Sudan Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA Demetri Terzopoulos University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Doug Tygar University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Gerhard Weikum Max-Planck Institute of Computer Science, Saarbruecken, Germany
Roberto Amadio (Ed.) Foundations of Software Science and Computational Structures 11th International Conference, FOSSACS 2008 Held as Part of the Joint European Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2008 Budapest, Hungary, March 29 April 6, 2008 Proceedings 13
Volume Editor Roberto Amadio Université Paris 7, PPS, Case 7014 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France E-mail: Roberto.Amadio@pps.jussieu.fr Library of Congress Control Number: 2008922352 CR Subject Classification (1998): F.3, F.4.2, F.1.1, D.3.3-4, D.2.1 LNCS Sublibrary: SL 1 Theoretical Computer Science and General Issues ISSN 0302-9743 ISBN-10 3-540-78497-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-78497-5 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008 Printed in Germany Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversion by Scientific Publishing Services, Chennai, India Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 12235414 06/3180 543210
Foreword ETAPS 2008 was the 11th instance of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software. ETAPS is an annual federated conference that was established in 1998 by combining a number of existing and new conferences. This year it comprised five conferences (CC, ESOP, FASE, FOSSACS, TACAS), 22 satellite workshops (ACCAT, AVIS, Bytecode, CMCS, COCV, DCC, FESCA, FIT, FORMED, GaLoP, GT-VMT, LDTA, MBT, MOMPES, PDMC, QAPL, RV, SafeCert, SC, SLA++P, WGT, and WRLA), nine tutorials, and seven invited lectures (excluding those that were specific to the satellite events). The five main conferences received 571 submissions, 147 of which were accepted, giving an overall acceptance rate of less than 26%, with each conference below 27%. Congratulations therefore to all the authors who made it to the final programme! I hope that most of the other authors will still have found a way of participating in this exciting event, and that you will all continue submitting to ETAPS and contributing to make of it the best conference in the area. The events that comprise ETAPS address various aspects of the system development process, including specification, design, implementation, analysis and improvement. The languages, methodologies and tools which support these activities are all well within its scope. Different blends of theory and practice are represented, with an inclination towards theory with a practical motivation on the one hand and soundly based practice on the other. Many of the issues involved in software design apply to systems in general, including hardware systems, and the emphasis on software is not intended to be exclusive. ETAPS is a confederation in which each event retains its own identity, with a separate Programme Committee and proceedings. Its format is open-ended, allowing it to grow and evolve as time goes by. Contributed talks and system demonstrations are in synchronized parallel sessions, with invited lectures in plenary sessions. Two of the invited lectures are reserved for unifying talks on topics of interest to the whole range of ETAPS attendees. The aim of cramming all this activity into a single one-week meeting is to create a strong magnet for academic and industrial researchers working on topics within its scope, giving them the opportunity to learn about research in related areas, and thereby to foster new and existing links between work in areas that were formerly addressed in separate meetings. ETAPS 2008 was organized by the John von Neumann Computer Society jointly with the Budapest University of Technology and the Eötvös University, in cooperation with: European Association for Theoretical Computer Science (EATCS) European Association for Programming Languages and Systems (EAPLS) European Association of Software Science and Technology (EASST) and with support from Microsoft Research and Danubius Hotels.
VI Foreword The organizing team comprised: Chair Director of Organization Main Organizers Publicity Advisors Satellite Events Tutorials Web Site Registration System Computer Support Local Arrangements Dániel Varró István Alföldi Andrea Tósoky, Gabriella Aranyos Joost-Pieter Katoen András Pataricza, Joaõ Saraiva Zoltán Horváth, Tihamér Levendovszky, Viktória Zsók László Lengyel Ákos Horváth Victor Francisco Fonte, Zsolt Berényi, Róbert Kereskényi, Zoltán Fodor Áron Sisak László Gönczy, Gábor Huszerl, Melinda Magyar, several student volunteers. Overall planning for ETAPS conferences is the responsibility of its Steering Committee, whose current membership is: Vladimiro Sassone (Southampton, Chair), Luca de Alfaro (Santa Cruz), Roberto Amadio (Paris), Giuseppe Castagna (Paris), Marsha Chechik (Toronto), Sophia Drossopoulou (London), Matt Dwyer (Nebraska), Hartmut Ehrig (Berlin), Chris Hankin (London), Laurie Hendren (McGill), Mike Hinchey (NASA Goddard), Paola Inverardi (L Aquila), Joost-Pieter Katoen (Aachen), Paul Klint (Amsterdam), Kim Larsen (Aalborg), Gerald Luettgen (York) Tiziana Margaria (Göttingen), Ugo Montanari (Pisa), Martin Odersky (Lausanne), Catuscia Palamidessi (Paris), Anna Philippou (Cyprus), CR Ramakrishnan (Stony Brook), Don Sannella (Edinburgh), JoãoSaraiva (Minho), MichaelSchwartzbach (Aarhus), Helmut Seidl (Munich), Perdita Stevens (Edinburgh), and Dániel Varró (Budapest). I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all of these people and organizations, the Programme Committee Chairs and members of the ETAPS conferences, the organizers of the satellite events, the speakers themselves, the many reviewers, and Springer for agreeing to publish the ETAPS proceedings. Finally, I would like to thank the Organizing Chair of ETAPS 2008, Dániel Varró, for arranging for us to have ETAPS in the most beautiful city of Budapest January 2008 Vladimiro Sassone
Preface The present volume contains the proceedings of the 11th international conference on the Foundations of Software Science and Computations Structures (FOS- SACS) 2008, held in Budapest, Hungary, April 2 4, 2008. FOSSACS is an event of the Joint European Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software (ETAPS). The previous ten FOSSACS conferences took place in Lisbon (1998), Amsterdam (1999), Berlin (2000), Genoa (2001), Grenoble (2002), Warsaw (2003), Barcelona (2004), Edinburgh (2005), Vienna (2006), and Braga (2007). FOSSACS presents original papers on foundational research with a clear significance to software science. The Programme Committee invited papers on theories and methods to support analysis, synthesis, transformation and verification of programs and software systems. In particular, we identified the following topics: algebraic models, automata and language theory, behavioral equivalences, categorical models, computation processes over discrete and continuous data, infinite state systems, computation structures, logics of programs, modal, spatial, and temporal logics, models of concurrent, reactive, distributed, and mobile systems, process algebras and calculi, semantics of programming languages, software specification and refinement, type systems and type theory, fundamentals of security, semi-structured data, program correctness and verification. We ultimately received 124 submissions. This proceedings volume consists of the abstract of an invited talk by Igor Walukiewicz together with 33 contributed papers. The contributed papers were selected for publication by the Programme Committee during a two-week electronic discussion. We sincerely thank all the authors of papers submitted to FOSSACS 2008; we were pleased indeed by the number and quality of the submissions. Moreover, we would like to thank the members of the Programme Committee for their excellent job during the selection process. Clearly, all this would not have been possible without the valuable and detailed reports provided by the sub-reviewers. Also, through the phases of submission, evaluation, and production of the proceedings we relied on the invaluable assistance of the EasyChair system. Last but not least, we would also like to thank the ETAPS 2008 Organizing Committee chaired by Dániel Varró and the ETAPS Steering Committee chaired by Vladimiro Sassone for their efficient coordination of all the activities leading up to FOSSACS 2008. January 2008 Roberto M. Amadio
Organization Programme Chair Roberto Amadio Programme Committee Luca Aceto, Reykjavik University Roberto Amadio (Chair), Paris Diderot University Lars Birkedal, Copenhagen IT University Roberto Bruni, Pisa University Hubert Comon, ENS Cachan Thierry Coquand, Göteborg University Zoltan Esik, Szeged University Dan Ghica, Birmingham University Jürgen Giesl, RWTH Aachen Martin Hofmann, Munich University Radha Jagadeesan, DePaul University Petr Jančar, Ostrava Technical University Leonid Libkin, Edinburgh University Dale Miller, INRIA Saclay Eugenio Moggi, Genoa University Anca Muscholl, LABRI, Bordeaux Vincent van Oostrom, Utrecht University Prakash Panangaden, McGill University Jean-François Raskin, Brussels Free University David Sands, Göteborg University Colin Stirling, Edinburgh University Pawel Urzyczyn, Warsaw University Thomas Wilke, Kiel University Nobuko Yoshida, Imperial College, London External Reviewers Parosh Abdulla Andreas Abel Samson Abramsky Lucia Acciai Rajeev Alur David Baelde Christel Baier Adam Bakewell Paolo Baldan Pablo Barcelo Miklos Bartha Marcin Benke
X Organization Martin Berger Lennart Beringer Marco Bernardo Nathalie Bertrand Dietmar Berwanger Bodil Biering Stephen L. Bloom Benedikt Bollig Filippo Bonchi Michele Boreale Patricia Bouyer Tomas Brazdil Thomas Brihaye Vaclav Brozek Véronique Bruyère Mikkel Bundgaard Marzia Buscemi Marco Carbone Koen Claessen David Clark Brendan Cordy Flavio Corradini Silvia Crafa Deepak D Souza Troels Damgaard Søren Debois Stéphanie Delaune Yannick Delbecque Stéphane Demri Josee Desharnais Raymond Devillers Volker Diekert Ernst-Erich Doberkat Daniel Dougherty Laurent Doyen Ebbe Elsborg Joerg Endrullis Javier Esparza Kousha Etessami Alain Finkel Eric Fabre John Fearnley Andrzej Filinski Wan Fokkink Vojtech Forejt Cédric Fournet Adrian Francalanza Oliver Friedmann Murdoch Gabbay Andrew Gacek Fabio Gadducci Tjalling Gelsema Thomas Genet Hugo Gimbert Arne Glenstrup Andrew Gordon Daniele Gorla Clemens Grabmayer Hermann Gruber Erich Grädel Stefano Guerrini Vineet Gupta Ichiro Hasuo Dimitri Hendriks Thomas Hildebrandt Jane Hillston Jan Holeček Clement Houtmann Helle Hvid Hansen Szabolcs Ivan Florent Jacquemard Alan Jeffrey Joost-Pieter Katoen Tomasz Kazana Klaus Keimel Carsten Kern Claude Kirchner Vladimir Klebanov Jetty Kleijn Bartek Klin Bartosz Klin Eryk Kopczynski Vaclav Koubek Steve Kremer Antonin Kucera Ralf Kuesters Alexander Kurz Detlef Köhler Barbara König Anna Labella
Organization XI Ivan Lanese Martin Lange Francois Laroussinie S lawomir Lasota James J. Leifer Stéphane Lengrand Marina Lenisa Giacomo Lenzi Jérôme Leroux Michael Leuschel Paul Levy Alberto Lluch-Lafuente Christof Loeding Markus Lohrey Hans-Wolfgang Loidl Etienne Lozes Christof Löding Sergio Maffeis Patrick Maier Luc Maranget Carbone Marco Radu Mardare Nicolas Markey Andrea Masini Thierry Massart Hernan Melgratti Massimo Merro Marino Miculan Michael Mislove Faron Moller David Monniaux Larry Moss Andrzej Murawski Anca Muscholl Rasmus Møgelberg Gopalan Nadathur Sebastian Nanz Uwe Nestmann Linh Anh Nguyen Damian Niwinski Thomas Noll Ulf Norell Gethin Norman David Nowak Russell O Connor Jan Obdrzalek Luke Ong Karol Ostrovsky Joel Ouaknine Iain Phillips Nir Piterman Adam Poswolsky Damien Pous John Power K.V.S. Prasad R. Ramanujam Julian Rathke Pierre-Alain Reynier Jussi Rintanen Eike Ritter Enric Rodríguez-Carbonell Philipp Ruemmer Michal Rutkowski Alexis Saurin Philippe Schnoebelen Pierre-Yves Schobbens Aleksy Schubert Roberto Segala Sebastian Seibert Damien Sereni Pawel Sobocinski Jiri Srba Ian Stark Sam Staton Lutz Strassburger Jan Strejcek Grégoire Sutre Josef Svenningsson Morten Heine Sørensen Jonathan Taylor Hayo Thielecke René Thiemann Sophie Tison Alwen Tiu Richard Trefler Ralf Treinen Tomasz Truderung Theodoros Tsokos Emilio Tuosto Irek Ulidowski
XII Organization Michael Ummels Christian Urban Sandor Vagvolgyi Frank Valencia Laurent Van Begin Daniele Varacca Björn Victor Maria Vigliotti Emanuele Viola Janis Voigtlaender David Wahlstedt Volker Weber Anthony Widjaja To James Worrell Francesco Zappa Nardelli Gianluigi Zavattaro Wieslaw Zielonka Elena Zucca Vojtěch Řehák Franck van Breugel
Table of Contents Finding Your Way in a Forest: On Different Types of Trees and Their Properties (Invited Talk)... 1 Igor Walukiewicz Simple Stochastic Games with Few Random Vertices Are Easy to Solve... 5 Hugo Gimbert and Florian Horn The Complexity of Nash Equilibria in Infinite Multiplayer Games... 20 Michael Ummels Stochastic Games with Lossy Channels... 35 Parosh Aziz Abdulla, Noomene Ben Henda, Luca de Alfaro, Richard Mayr, and Sven Sandberg Simulation Hemi-metrics between Infinite-State Stochastic Games... 50 Jean Goubault-Larrecq Beyond Rank 1: Algebraic Semantics and Finite Models for Coalgebraic Logics... 66 Dirk Pattinson and Lutz Schröder A Linear-non-Linear Model for a Computational Call-by-Value Lambda Calculus... 81 Peter Selinger and Benoît Valiron The ω-regular Post Embedding Problem... 97 P. Chambart and Ph. Schnoebelen Complexity of Decision Problems for Mixed and Modal Specifications... 112 Adam Antonik, Michael Huth, Kim G. Larsen, Ulrik Nyman, and Andrzej Wasowski Classes of Tree Homomorphisms with Decidable Preservation of Regularity... 127 Guillem Godoy, Sebastian Maneth, and Sophie Tison A Kleene-Schützenberger Theorem for Weighted Timed Automata... 142 Manfred Droste and Karin Quaas Robust Analysis of Timed Automata Via Channel Machines... 157 Patricia Bouyer, Nicolas Markey, and Pierre-Alain Reynier The Common Fragment of ACTL and LTL... 172 Miko laj Bojańczyk
XIV Table of Contents The Complexity of CTL +LinearPast... 186 Laura Bozzelli Footprints in Local Reasoning... 201 Mohammad Raza and Philippa Gardner A Modal Deconstruction of Access Control Logics... 216 Deepak Garg and Martín Abadi Coalgebraic Logic and Synthesis of Mealy Machines... 231 M.M. Bonsangue, Jan Rutten, and Alexandra Silva The Microcosm Principle and Concurrency in Coalgebra... 246 Ichiro Hasuo, Bart Jacobs, and Ana Sokolova Systems of Equations Satisfied in All Commutative Finite Semigroups... 261 Pawe l Parys Optimal Lower Bounds on Regular Expression Size Using Communication Complexity... 273 Hermann Gruber and Jan Johannsen On Decision Problems for Probabilistic Büchi Automata... 287 Christel Baier, Nathalie Bertrand, and Marcus Größer Model-Checking ω-regular Properties of Interval Markov Chains... 302 Krishnendu Chatterjee, Koushik Sen, and Thomas A. Henzinger Prevision Domains and Convex Powercones... 318 Jean Goubault-Larrecq RPO, Second-Order Contexts, and λ-calculus... 334 Pietro Di Gianantonio, Furio Honsell, and Marina Lenisa Erasure and Polymorphism in Pure Type Systems... 350 Nathan Mishra-Linger and Tim Sheard The Implicit Calculus of Constructions as a Programming Language with Dependent Types... 365 Bruno Barras and Bruno Bernardo Strong Normalisation of Cut-Elimination That Simulates β-reduction... 380 Kentaro Kikuchi and Stéphane Lengrand Symbolic Semantics Revisited... 395 Filippo Bonchi and Ugo Montanari
Table of Contents XV Deriving Bisimulation Congruences in the Presence of Negative Application Conditions... 413 Guilherme Rangel, Barbara König, and Hartmut Ehrig Structural Operational Semantics for Stochastic Process Calculi... 428 Bartek Klin and Vladimiro Sassone Compositional Methods for Information-Hiding... 443 Christelle Braun, Konstantinos Chatzikokolakis, and Catuscia Palamidessi Products of Message Sequence Charts... 458 Philippe Darondeau, Blaise Genest, and Loïc Hélouët What Else Is Decidable about Integer Arrays?... 474 Peter Habermehl, Radu Iosif, and Tomáš Vojnar Model Checking Freeze LTL over One-Counter Automata... 490 Stéphane Demri, Ranko Lazić, and Arnaud Sangnier Author Index... 505