History of ICG including role of its foremost leaders up to the time of Bill s ICG Presidency Helmut A. Schaeffer
Historical Context The Founding of SGT and DGG Situation in the United Kingdom: Forerunners of ICG Due to the outbreak of WW I the UK was cut off from the supply of optical glasses, i.e. from the imports of Jenaer Glassworks thus, initiatives were taken to apply scientific methods to improve glass melting. Situation in Germany: Due to post-war circumstances Germany suffered from a severe shortage of coal thus, initiatives were taken to obtain greater efficiency in the use of coal, i.e. in particular to optimize combustion and heat transfer as well as heat recovery systems in the glass melting process.
Chronology (I) SGT History HVG/ DGG History Glass History 1915 Department of Glass Technology University of Sheffield founded (Prof. W.E.S. Turner) Jenaer Glassworks produced 120 types of optical glasses 1916 SGT founded / Sheffield Fourcault Glass production started 1917 first Volume / Journal of SGT published Danner Tube Drawing production started 1920 HVG founded / Frankfurt Dr. M. von Vopelius Dr. H. Maurach Crystallite Hypothesis of Glass Structure A.A. Lebedev 1922 DGG founded /Frankfurt Prof. G. Gehlhoff Roirant Bottle Machine started production
Prof. William Ernest Stephen Turner 1881-1963 Master s Degree in Chemistry of Birmingham University in 1904 Doctor of Science Degree of London University for original work on molecular association in 1911 Since 1904 Lecturer for Physical Chemistry at Sheffield University At the outbreak of WW I industrial contacts to glass works; initiator of the University Scientific Advisory Committee and later on of the Glass Research Delegacy Head of the Department of Glass Technology (1915 to 1945) Initiator of establishing SGT and ICG, President 1933-1953
Prof. Georg Richard Gehlhoff 1882-1931 Ph.D. in Physics of Berlin University in 1906 Privat-Dozent (Lecturer) at the Technical University Danzig in 1911, since 1916 at Berlin University During WW I scientific adviser for optical companies in Berlin (optical systems for searchlights) Director of Sendlinger Optical Glassworks Berlin (fused silica production) in 1920 1922 Member of the Board of Directors at OSRAM and director of Glass Laboratory at Weisswasser 1923 Professor of Applied Physics at the Technical University of Berlin Deputy President of DGG and HVG (1923-1931)
1923 First Volume /Glastech.Ber. published 1924 Glass Research Delegacy founded (F. Wood) 1925 First Visit of Prof. Gehlhoff at the SGT Meeting in London Chronology (II) SGT History HVG/ DGG History Glass History 3 Technical Committees established Glasses as undercooled liquids G. Tammann, Glastech.Ber. 3 (1925) Gob Feeder developed IS individual-section Bottle Machine developed Corning Ribbon Machine for lamp bulb production developed 1926 First Visit of Prof. Turner at the DGG Meeting in Berlin SGT 110 collective 500 ordinary members HVG 80 company members DGG 530 individual members Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Silicate Research founded in Berlin 1927 Defects in Glass C.J. Peddle, London 1927 1928 Joint Meeting of SGT and DGG in Germany, May 11 to 23 Berlin, Weisswasser, Karlsruhe, Baden-Baden, St. Ingbert, Essen, Aachen - 47 participants from UK
Gehlhoff Turner Aachen 1928 Maurach von Vopelius Butterworth
Chronology (III) 1930 Joint Meeting of SGT and DGG in England May 26 to June 3 Chesterfield, Castleford, Knottingley, St. Helens, Stourbridge, Greenford, Harrow, Wembley, Sheffield 55 participants from Germany Mercury High Pressure Lamp developed by OSRAM Banquet at Carpenters Hall in London 1930
Joint Meeting of SGT and DGG in London, June 2/3, 1930 The study of the chemical reactions in the making of soda-lime-silica glass The composition theory of glass Results of experiments in connection with cascade melting Glass properties as a function of heat history The structure of silicates Flows and temperatures in glass melt furnaces Volatilization from soda-lime-silica glass Development and objectives of machine-made table ware production (Turner) (Zschimmer) (Moorshead) (Berger) (Bragg) (Gehlhoff) (Howes) (Wendler)
Banquet 1930 on the invitation of the Glass Manufacturer s Federation Hotel Splendide (Piccadilly), London (120 participants) Prof. Gehlhoff stated:.. of course we need competition - otherwise there will be no technical progress. However, it is a sign of misconceived competition to assume the other glass expert less intelligent and anxiously to keep alleged secrets which the colleague knows already. We are members of scientific societies and have to serve science and we must be convinced that science is international. In this context I recognise the immense impetus of Prof. Turner who for the first time approached us from outside and promoted the idea of close collaboration between our two Societies. He has become a dear friend of ours
Chronology (IV) SGT History HVG/ DGG History Glass History 1931 Prof. Georg Gehlhoff (1882-1931) 1932 Joint Technical Committee Meeting in Frankfurt Committee I (Physics and Chemistry of Glasses) Committee II (Furnace Construction and Furnace Problems) Committee III (Methods for the Manipulation of Glass) Random Network Theory of Glass Structure W.H. Zachariasen ICG History 1933 International Commission on Glass (ICG) founded Prof. W.E.S. Turner, President 1933-1953, Great Britain Dr. H. Maurach, Hon. Secretary 1933-1950, Germany Dr. J. Antonio de Artigas, Spain Dr. J.C. Hostetter, USA Dr. B. Long, France Dr. A. Mauri, Italy I. ICG Congress on Glass in Venice: 200 participants 8 countries 42 papers
Chronology (V) ICG History Glass History 1936 II. ICG Congress on Glass in London & Sheffield 550 participants 20 countries 72 papers 1939 III. ICG Congress on Glass planned in Berlin 1947 Prof. Turner visited Dr. Maurach in Frankfurt and met with the leading representatives of the Allied Control Commission to reinstall the activities of DGG 1948 First ICG Meeting after World War II in Sheffield Corning produced Vycor glass Jenaer Glassworks developed Sol-Gel and CVD coating techniques
ICG Meeting, Sheffield 1948 Maurach Stevels Douglas Turner Smekal Simmingsköld
Chronology (VI) 1953 1956 1959 ICG History III. ICG Congress on Glass in Venice 244 participants, 19 countries, 59 papers IV. ICG Congress on Glass in Paris 555 participants, 23 countries, 62 papers Dr. Heinrich Maurach (1880-1956) V. ICG Congress on Glass in Munich 755 participants, 30 countries, 62 papers Glass History S. Donald Stookey discovered glass ceramics Float Glass Process developed by Pilkington 1963 Prof. W.E.S. Turner (1881-1963) Overflow Fusion Process developed by Corning 1965 VII. ICG Congress on Glass in Brussels 848 participants, 26 countries, 172 papers
Norbert Kreidl (USA) ICG President (1969 1972) The international networker 1971 IX. ICG Congress in Versailles 730 participants, 28 countries, 92 papers Recruited new ICG members in Eastern Europe (Hungary, East Germany, first contacts to the Soviet Union) Attended 17 ICG congresses, presented 13 papers
Pierre Gilard (Belgium) ICG President (1978 1981) The body and soul of ICG 1980 XII. ICG Congress in Albuquerque, NM (USA) Congress President W.R. Prindle 685 participants, 30 countries, 159 papers 1959-1975 Honorary Secretary, Honorary Treasurer 1970-1977 Chairman of TC 1 (Terminology) Trilingual Dictionary
Horst Scholze (Germany) ICG President (1981 1984) The organizer of TC work 1983 XIII. ICG Congress in Hamburg (Germany) 890 participants, 34 countries 199 papers + 100 posters 1972-1977 Chairman of the Technical Committee (CTC) Initiated TC 14 (Gases in glass) and TC 16 (Sol-gel glasses)
Vittorio Gottardi (Italy) ICG President (1984 1985) The enthusiast and rejuvenator 1961-1972 Chairman of TC 2 (Chemical Durability and Analysis) 1972-1981 Member of CTC
Gilard Scholze Gottardi Prindle
Standing on the shoulders of our forefathers we appreciate their dedication and vision thus giving us encouragement to proceed and to inquire new forms and fields of collaboration. (Quotation by Norbert J. Kreidl, ICG President 1969-1972)