CADASTRAL STUDIES (MGU1014 / MGHU1514) WEEK 8-LAW AND REGULATIONS (FIELD) SR DR. TAN LIAT CHOON 07-5530844 016-4975551 1
OUTLINE Field Survey Practice 2
FIELD SURVEY PRACTICE 3
Survey Datum For new survey to determine of the coordinates. Each cadastral surveys should be based on good datum : i. Cadastral Reference Mark (CRM) as follows: (a) at least two CRM where distance not less than 30 meters with simultaneous observations using MyRTKnet method for the first CRM and static method for second CRM; or (b) at least two CRM that not less than 30 meters made simultaneous observations with static methods for both CRM. Determination of first CRM coordinates can be through post-processing using Virtual Reference Station (VRS); 4
Survey Datum (c) at least two new CRM that not less than 30 meters of the observations both made by the MyRTKnet method in one initialization. The same process should be repeated in the second initialization; or (d) at least two CRM that not less than 75 meters of the observations made by the real time MyRTKnet method for both CRM in two initialization; or (e) if two existing CRM have been used then these CRMs shall be proofed in good position with third mark by angle and distance measurements with either existing CRM or nearby NDCDB; or 5
Survey Datum ii. two survey marks from NDCDB that distance not less than 40 meters where the original position of these marks have been proved by direct measurement or traverse and calculation with solar observations for azimuth or MyRTKnet observations; or iii. two marks next to good NDCDB and proofed by the third mark with angle and distance or with traverse and is in its original position. 6
Datum Geosentrik Malaysia (GDM2000) GDM2000 means coordinate system datum is based on the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2000. The origin of GDM2000 coordinate system is at the centre of the earth or geocentric and based on the latest epoch. 7
Coordinate Projection System All survey in Peninsular Malaysia must use the Geocentric Cassini Coordinate System, while Federal Territory of Labuan used RSO Geocentric System. 8
Datum Conditions The survey lines distance that will be used as a datum must more than 30 meters and meet the allowable displacement limits, while the internal angle between two lines shall not exceed 10 ". 9
Measurement Methods Cadastral surveys can be implemented by using GNSS methods, traverse, radiation, crossing and inter-clossing. GNSS methods i. GNSS observation method can be used in cadastral control survey and land title survey. ii. Survey using GNSS shall be made in accordance with the GNSS survey rules and procedures set by the Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia. 10
Measurement Methods Traverses Method (bearing and distance) Traverse method with observe the bearing and distance for both circles left and right. i. For town area, traverse should be closed to the nearest CRM station or verified old marks for every 25 traverse stations or 1 km, which one come first. ii. For rural area, traverse should be closed to the nearest CRM stations or verified old marks for every 25 traverse station or 2.5 km, which one come first. 11
Measurement Methods Radiation i. Data collection by this method should be limited to distance observation which is not more than 300 meters based on single-leg only. ii. If observation made is more than single-leg or more than 300 meters, observation should be closed to the nearest CRM station or verified old marks not more than 25 stations or bearing control should be made by astronomical observation. Refer diagram for open and close traverse. iii. Both circles should be used to observe bearing and distance and recorded as two difference observation. iv. Observation by radiation can be done from Cadastral Reference Mark station. 12
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Measurement Methods Intersection Bearing and distance observations should be made from two different traverse station with a circle only. Resection Bearing and distance observations should be made from three different control points with the circle only. 15
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Angle and Bearing Observation Each survey can be started either from assume bearing, prismatic compass bearing, solar observations bearing or the old values of field survey or pre-computation plan. Survey may also start from a minimum of two (2) Cadastral Reference Mark stations that are in good condition which across the survey area. 18
Angle and Bearing Observation For survey work in the following areas shall begin with at least two (2) Cadastral Reference Mark and should be tied to an old mark or another Cadastral Reference Mark which across the survey area : i. The area does not have NDCDB; ii. The area consists of 3rd class survey or demarcation survey; and iii. The survey area which is not involved with the process of re-coordination and re-population (R & R) that has been done by DSMM. 19
Angle and Bearing Observation Bearing observations or horizontal angle of each survey shall be made in two (2) of circles left and right with the observations breeders left precedence. Bearing or horizontal angle observations shall be recorded to 01 "nearest. The difference between the circles left and right readings should not exceed 20". If exceed this limit, redo the observations. 20
Angle and Bearing Observation The first vertical angle observations on each day should be read in both circles and recorded to nearest 01. The difference between the readings of both circles should not exceed 01'. If exceed this limit, redo the observations. Distance used for forward bearing shall be appropriate to the needs and capabilities of the device and can ensure the accuracy of the bearing observations. 21
Distance Observation Distance observations as possible be made directly either horizontal or vertical, but the final distance must be a horizontal distance. Distance observations should be read in both circles and recorded to the nearest 0.001 meter where differences must not exceed 0.005 meters. Distance observation shall use the equipment and software that enable it to be recorded automatically. Any data entry manually (key-in) is strictly prohibited. 22
Differential Field Test (DFT) i. Differential Field Test shall be conducted whenever starting a new job. ii. For work that began with two (2) Cadastral Reference Mark mutually visible, Differential Field Test shall be made on the line connecting the two Cadastral Reference Mark. iii. If there is a difference in distance between direct observations using Total Station compared the calculations results of two (2) Cadastral Reference Mark, distance calculation results of two Mark Cadastral Reference should be adopted. Difference must not exceed 0.020 meters. 23
Differential Field Test (DFT) iv. For difference exceeds the limit 0.020 meters, the following actions should be taken if: (a) Differential Field Test in the 0.010 meter limit, redo the determination Mark Cadastral Reference. (b) Differential Field Test is not within limits, calibration must be made onto total station instrument. 24
Daily Checks i. Daily checks shall be made every day before continuing the survey work to ensure the instrument is in good condition. ii. The difference between the daily checks distances and previous measured shall not exceed 10 millimetres. iii. For GNSS equipment, daily checks should be made also. 25
Methods To Plant New Boundary Mark i. New boundary mark should be planted as nearly as may from traverse stations and should not exceed 300 meters based on the coordinates set out in the pre computation plan or field survey plan. ii. Methods by GNSS can also be used to plant new boundary marks based on the coordinates set out in the plan pre computation plan or of field survey plan. iii. Any differences that excess of the permissible limit of area, the approval of the District Land Administrator shall be obtained. 26
Methods To Plant Boundary Mark i. Boundary marks shall be planted before or during survey carried out using boundary marks according to the method prescribed by the Department. ii. Boundary marks on the surface of another must be clearly plant, permanently in the ground and the tops shall be at a height of not more than eight (8) inches above ground level. 27
Methods To Plant Boundary Mark iii. On-line mark (a) If a new boundary mark need to plant on existing lines, adequate boundary mark can be planted by coordinates set out in the pre computation plan or field survey plan or NDCDB coordinate. (b) Bearing and distance between the on-line boundary marks is derived from system calculations. (c) Limits of new calculated bearing compared to the original value shall not exceed 20''. 28
Methods To Plant Boundary Mark iv. No Mark (T.T.) If the position of the boundary is in a location that can not be plant, No Mark (TT) shall be applied as follows: (a) Permanent reference marks should be planted to enable the boundary mark to be planted in future; and (b) Permanent reference should be planted on the line that forms the crossing of boundary, as near to the object. 29
No Mark (TT) And Reference Mark (TR) 30
Methods To Plant Boundary Mark v. Distance between the boundary (a) The marks on the boundary line should be planted at intervals of not more than 300 meters away if marks visible each other or at intervals of not more than 200 meters if they are not visible. (b) Boundaries lines shall be marked follow the curve at the end of the chord so normal distance from the curve to the chord line does not exceed 0.2 meters. 31
Methods To Plant Cadastral Reference Mark (CRM) Cadastral surveys can be done by tie to the Cadastral Reference Mark station or old boundary mark which proof in good position. Traverses should be closed to the adjacent Cadastral Reference Mark station or old boundary mark which proof in good position that not more than 25 stations or with solar observations. 32
Methods To Plant Cadastral Reference Mark (CRM) For new development residential and commercial areas, the Cadastral Reference Mark station with a maximum grid interval of 500 meters x 500 meters or existing Cadastral Reference Mark station must be created for the purposes of traverse control. i. To facilitate the survey work, Cadastral Reference Mark to be marked prior to field survey team went to work on field. 33
Methods To Plant Cadastral Reference Mark (CRM) ii. Number of Cadastral Reference Mark shall be as stated in the survey datum. iii. Cadastral Reference Mark should also be marked near to the area or lot to be measured and the marking of both Cadastral Reference Mark if possible, across the lot to be surveyed. iv. Serial number of Cadastral Reference Mark is generated by systems and based on the survey file number. 34
Methods To Plant Cadastral Reference Mark (CRM) v. Other features to be considered when determining the location of CRM are: (a) Cut off angle around the Cadastral Reference Mark must be at least 15 ; (b) The causes that affect interference to the reception of satellite waves as electrical substations, radio stations, radar stations and telecommunication stations should be avoided; 35
Methods To Plant Cadastral Reference Mark (CRM) (c) Location Cadastral Reference Mark shall far away (not less than 50 meters) from material which may cause reflections satellite waves such as tall buildings, walls, roof and an iron; (d) Cadastral Reference Mark must be made in a place that is as safe as possible; and (e) Soil Surface around the Cadastral Reference Mark should be stable. 36
Suitable Position For CRM 37
Type Of Boundary Mark Boundary marks that are permitted: (a) concrete stone, concrete pillar, granite stone and iron pipes according to the size required by the DSMM; (b) iron nails and spikes in concrete; (c) mark on rock that is marks with a arrow pointing toward the hole; and (d) any other signs permitted by the DSMM from time to time. 38
Type Of Boundary Mark Concrete Stone Reinforced concrete stone that is no less 600 millimetres (mm) with a diameter of not less than 75 mm having a puncture mark for the station point. For concrete stone planted by DSMM, an introduction written "JUP" printed on the top surface. While for the concrete stone with numbered, serial number was printed replacing the words "JUP". Size number according to specification by DSMM. 39
Type Of Boundary Mark Concrete Stone For concrete stone planted by Licensed Land Surveyor, the top surface has no such recognition, while concrete stone with numbered to be purchased from DSMM. If Licensed Land Surveyor plans to print their own concrete stone with number, serial number must first be apply from the DSMM. Price for each concrete stone with numbered is RM 5.00. 40
Type Of Boundary Mark Concrete Pillars Reinforced concrete Pillar with length 1200 mm to 1800 mm diameter cylindrical with not less than 70 mm and has a punch to mark the station point. Granite Stone Granite stone is square in shape with a size of 80 mm wide, 120 mm long and 600 mm high with a punch to mark the station point. 41
Type Of Boundary Mark Iron Pipes Iron pipe no less 900 mm in length with a diameter of 25 mm to 50 mm and preferably coated or plated with metal tar that resists rust and holes on the top of the pipe must be closed preferably with concrete with mark to the station point. Nail Nails not less than 55 mm in length with a diameter of 8 mm. Nail heads shall be 15 mm in diameter and has a diameter of 46 mm and mark to the station point. 42
Type Of Boundary Mark Iron Spikes Iron spike not less than 100 mm in length with a diameter of 12 mm. Head spikes shall have a diameter of 25 mm and mark to the station point. Mark on Rock Marked on the surface of rock by piercing holes as a mark of the station point and one indicator arrows pointing to the hole. 43
Type Of Boundary Mark Abbreviations and symbols used for boundary marks shall be as prescribed by the DSMM. i. Planting of the boundary mark should be using types of boundary mark that permitted. ii. Cadastral Reference Mark can be iron pipes with concrete or spikes with concrete. Existing boundary marks can also be used for these purpose. However, the number of cadastral survey control marks must be printed on any marks used. 44
Distance Between Boundary Mark Boundary marks on boundary line should be planted at intervals of not more than 300 meters if these boundary marks are visible or at intervals not to exceed 200 meters if they are not visible. Boundary lines that follow the curvature shall be marked at the end of the chord so normal distance from the curve to the chord line does not exceed 0.2 meters. The minimum distance between the boundary marks is 0.1 meters. 45
Area Lot area shall be generated from NDCDB to the nearest 0.1 square meters. If the area shown in hectares: (i) an area not exceeding 1 hectare to the nearest 0.0001 hectares; (ii) an area exceeding 1 hectare and not more than 10 hectare to 0,001 hectare nearest; and (iii) an area of over 10 hectares to the nearest 0.01 hectare. 46
Area Lots that are not designated in hectares shall be appointed in square meters and rounded to the nearest square meter. For subdivision lot where the area is less than 1 square meter, to the nearest 0.1 square meters. Area should be shown in hectares for: (i) Lot-lot agriculture; and (ii) Lot-lot residential or building, commercial or industrial and lots in village and town that more than 2 hectares. Area should be shown in a square meter for residential lots or buildings, commercial or industrial and lots in village and town that less than 2 hectares. 47
Area Area for strata titles: (i) The floor area of any parcel and accessory parcel shall be determined and shown to the nearest square meter; and (ii) The area of the land parcel shall be determined and shown to the nearest square meter. Volume for stratum lot shall be calculated to 0.1 cubic meters and shown to the nearest cubic meter. 48
Dirrefences Of Area Allowed Survey Officer or Licensed Land Surveyor shall inform the Director of Survey and Mapping, any difference between the surveyed area with an area exceeding the approved limit. If there are significant differences between the size, the Director of Survey and Mapping or Licensed Land Surveyor shall refer the matter to the State Authority through the Land Administrator. 49
Dirrefences Of Area Allowed Limit of area of the measured compared to the approved by the State Authority (PBN) is as follows: i. not exceed 5% of the area under 40 hectares; ii. not more than 2 hectares of area between 40 hectares and 200 hectares; and iii. not exceeding 1% of area for over 200 hectares. 50
Dirrefences Of Area Allowed The procedure described above shall not apply in cases where the lot is surveyed bounded by the old boundary marks. Differences that exceed the limits specified above shall be referred to the State Authority through the Land Administrator by the State Director of Survey and Mapping or Licensed Land Surveyor, where applicable. 51
Re-Survey No re-survey needed if the survey follow the old department regulations predecessor and old boundary marks have been confirmed in a good position by the Settlement Officer. In the case of subdivision, partition, surrender or acquisition, re-survey shall be concentrated on the boundaries involved while the other boundary lines are for the purpose of datum only. 52
Re-Survey Unless requested otherwise, then the survey of portion of the lot affected by the acquisition under the Land Acquisition Act, 1960, was limited to only the remaining lot. In the case of the re-survey of natural boundary, the boundary may be surveyed by a straight line as nearly as possible to its natural when: (i) the river or the sea move into the lot until crossing to the existing traverse line; and (ii) the river or the sea move into the lot and effect the lot become two or more. 53
Re-Survey In the case of re-survey of the natural boundary where the river or sea retreated out of the lot, the boundaries shall be surveyed according to the previously traverse lines used for the purpose of establishing of the natural boundaries. Where there is any walls or other building that was built, re-survey can be done by include the relevant building area as long as area not more than area mentioned in documents of title. 54
Re-Survey Except in the case of re-survey of natural boundary, if the surveyed value is within the permissible limits compared to the original existing area, the existing is admissible prior to imposing annotations follow the rules set by the Department. 55
Comparison Of New Coordinates Value With Coordinates NDCDB Comparison of the new coordinates and NDCDB be made based on the NDCDB value to ensure the existing boundary marks not out of position and was in the original position. Limit of the displacement vector of boundary mark is 0.050 meters permitted for urban / town and new development while other areas limit of the displacement vector is 0.10 meters. If the difference between the new coordinates and NDCDB exceeding permitted limits, then re-survey of the old boundary marks shall be made. 56
Limit Of Coordinates Displacement Limit of the displacement vector of boundary mark is 0.050 meters permitted for urban / town and new development while other areas limit of the displacement vector is 0.10 meters. Displacement limit of three (3) old marks for the purpose of refixation or replacement should be half (1/2) of the maximum displacement vector of boundary marks are allowed. Adjustment results must pass the Chi Square statistic test. Coordinates obtained from NDCDB to be used in the preparation of pre-computation plan, field survey, Certified Plan and other related cadastral surveys. 57
Replacement Of Old Boundary Mark Existing NDCDB coordinates value are used if the boundary marks move do not exceeds the prescribed limit Old boundary marks found move from its original position (above the permitted limit) shall be re-plant. If found to be missing, it shall be replaced by the new boundaries. By using bearing and distance, offset observations to replace the old boundary marks shall be conducted as near as possible from the position of the traverse stations and not exceed a distance of 300 meters based on the original coordinates (NDCDB). 58
Replacement Of Old Boundary Mark GNSS Methods can also be used to replace the old boundary marks based on the coordinates set in the precomputation plan or field survey plan. Any differences limits that are within the permitted tolerances, then the original coordinates (NDCDB) should be used. 59
Exemption Of Replacement Of Old Boundary Mark For areas where the former survey belong to third class (3) and below, the position of the boundary mark is accepted as in the original position, unless there is a significant difference compared to the previous survey value. For areas where the former survey was demarcation survey, boundaries can be accepted as in the original position based on the following criteria: i. for an un covertures area, boundary marks found in good condition considered in correct position; while ii. for covertures area, boundary mark of which is found to be in good condition considered in correct position. 60
Observation Records Observations, additional information and references made in the field shall be recorded in a digital format directly from the measuring equipment. Observation records shall show: i. name of Survey Officer or Licensed Land Surveyor; ii. data in the required format; iii. calibration of measuring instruments information downloaded from the systems in accordance with the observations calibration site location; and iv. other information required by the Department. For the work carried out by the Licensed Land Surveyors, observed data should be signed digitally before sent online to the department. 61
Observation Records Format Observations records format for survey using total station instrument is in the form of ASCII files containing files as follows: - field book (*.fbk) - corrections (*.cor) - solar observation (*.sob) - bearing close statement (*.bcs) - area comparison (*.acs) - deduced field data (*.ncp) - traverses (*.tps) - fahrasat (*.fah) - coordinates information (*.coo) - EDM test (*.edm) - topography (*.tpo) - job details (*.job) - lot details (*.lot) - bearing, distance & coordinates (*.bdy) -old value (*.po) -- base line (*.bln) 62
Observation Records Format Observations record format for full survey using GNSS equipment is in the form of GNSS file as follows: - Cadastral Reference Mark (*.crm) - CRM Point (*.pot) - checkroll (*.crd) - V-RINEX (*.0xo) - diari (*.dry) - raw (*.T01 & *.dat) - fahrasat (*.fah) - real time data (*.jxl) - gnss test (*.gnss) - RTGA result (*.html) - topography (*.tpo) - post-processing result (*.dc) - RINEX (*.0xo) - PVM result (*.html) - evrscal result (*.html) 63
Observation Records Format Observations record format for combined GNSS and survey using traverse is in the form of ASCII files and GNSS that contain both forms of files. 64
Explanation Of Boundary Mark, Survey Mark And Station Number Stations number i. Integer shall be used for numbering the stations and preferably numbered consecutively according to the order they are observed. ii. Station number shall be used once for each survey. Figure Diagrams for describing the survey should be in digital data format. 65
Amendment Of Observations Data Amendments to the digital data is not permitted. Correction on digital survey data if necessary shall be made by re-survey which new observations will replace the original observations. 66
Submission Of Observations Data Submission of observations data must be made on-line and in the form of ASCII files that contain both forms of files. Licensed Land Surveyor shall sign ASCII file digitally. 67
Adjustment Criteria Observations bearing and horizontal distance will be used for adjustment purposes. For minimum restraint adjustment, only two stations CRM or two old NDCDB mark is needed, or a combination of both. For maximum restraint adjustment, three or more Cadastral Reference Mark or old NDCDB mark in the work area is needed, or a combination of both. 68
Adjustment Output Output adjustment shall contain the observations adjusted, adjusted coordinates with accuracy, statistical analysis and graphical error ellipse. Coordinate adjustment shall be calculated and shown to three decimal places. 69
Data Adjustment Method Method of data observation adjustment shall use least squares adjustment method to: (a) determining the accuracy and completeness of the survey done. (b) to obtain the adjusted coordinates for forming NDCDB. Final bearing shall be adjusted to nearest 01 ". Final distance should be adjusted to the nearest 0.001 meters. The decision whether to accept or reject the results of field survey observations will be given to survey officer or Licensed Land Surveyor on-line. 70
Determination Accuracy Of Field Survey Through the output of the least square adjustment, field survey officer or Licensed Land Surveyor shall ensure that the accuracy of the field survey have been met before a cadastral survey to be forwarded to the State Director of Survey and Mapping. 71
Allowance Misclosure i. The maximum allowance misclosure in the cadastral survey is as follows: (a) 15 " n where " n is the number of stations; (b) for GNSS, allowance misclosure for a line is not more than 10 mm or relative accuracy of not more than (a + bl) mm where a = 5 mm, b = 2 ppm and L is the base line distance in kilometres; and (c) allowance misclosure for stratum shall be not more than 0.012 K meter, where "K" is the total distance in kilometres. 72
Allowance Misclosure ii. Nothing in this Circular which prevents the Director of Survey of discretion to accept allowance misclosure that does not meet the above requirements with reasonable points. iii. Weightage Whether a work can be accepted by the system also depends on the Weightage set in the software. The weights assigned are as follows: (a) For the bearing, Weightage set is 15 seconds; (b) For distances, Weightage set is 0.010 meters; and (c) For the CRM held fixed, Weightage fix is 0.020 meters for north and east component. 73
Road Reserve Survey Unless there are instructions to the contrary, the road reserve must be measured so that the two boundary lines are parallel. The survey for new reserve roads through government land shall take into account the need to incorporate reclaimed, deduction and other related building. 74
Right Of Way Survey Survey for right of way shall be exercised in the following ways: (1) For existing routes, boundary marks just planted in an arc path as station and offset to traverse the route to be taken from these stations. (2) For the proposed routes, boundary marks planted in each arc of the route and the survey is only done for one side only. 75
Strata Survey In carrying out the survey of strata titles, any rules set by the Strata Titles Act 1985, which includes the following items shall be complied with: (a) the re-survey of lot boundaries; (b) Survey to determine the location of buildings, temporary blocks and accessory parcels outside the building; (c) Survey to determine the height of each floor; (d) Survey of the horizontal dimensions of the parcel, the parcel of land, an accessory parcel and common property; and (e) the survey of a similar parcel in the same floor. 76
Stratum Survey In carrying out the survey of stratum title, regulations prescribed by Part Five (A), the National Land Code 1965, which includes the following items shall be complied with: (a) the survey of the site; (b) the survey of the vertical control; and (c) survey of datum transfer. 77
Offset Survey Offset survey, where necessary, shall be made to enable the details shown on the Certified Plan (PA) and to add the information in the GIS Layer Management System (GLMS), in accordance with the following approaches: i. for existing lines on the ground, the offset survey must be taken on the left and right of the path as long as it involves a surveyed lot; ii. for barrier adjacent to the reference mark for no mark, the offset survey should be just enough to prove the obstruction causes the position had made no mark; 78
Offset Survey iii. for building or any other permanent structure inside the lot, the offset survey must be taken in the form of buildings or structures remain concerned; iv. offsets taken to be specified; v. Other details remain to be taken offset includes rivers, lakes, paths or routes of transport system of electric transmission line and towers that are close to the survey line; and vi. offset against the 'arc' should be taken at least every 2 meters in order to form the arch. 79
Offset Survey The offset survey to the details of natural or artificial of should be taken with bearing and distance only and, appropriately made on one (1) circle only to the nearest 01. Moss Genio Code for offset survey must follow the Malaysian Standard Geographic Information / Geomatic, MS 1759: 2004 (Feature and attribute codes). 80
Survey Equipment Calibration To ensure that the equipment used to observe the distance and the getting the relative coordinates above the earth's surface is in good condition, the equipment must be calibrated at least once every 6 months for total station instrument or EDM and at least once a year of GNSS equipment. 81
Total Station And GNSS Equipment Calibration i. Digital data for standard length pillar (*.med *.gnss) and standard length certificates pillar (*.pdf) shall be downloaded on-line. ii. Files calibration that generated digitally in the field should be uploaded into the system that has been developed for the purpose of data validation and subsequent approval. iii. For manually calibration, the observations data to be included in the system through the key board data entry and approval. 82
Total Station And GNSS Equipment Calibration iv. The system will issue a certificate of calibration (*.edm and *.gnss) that have been approved and then attached together with ASCII files to be sent to DSMM. v. Digital *.edm file and *.gnss issued by the system are as follows: JE_2009_01_01 where; J - State E Location of EDM (G-location of GNSS) 2009 - Year 01 - ID Location 01 EDM certificated serries number 83
T H A N K YO U 84