PRESENTATION SUMMARY

COORDINATED CADASTRAL SYSTEM FOR PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: FROM CONCEPT TO REALITY by: Professor Dr. Abd. Majid A. Kadir Associate Professor Ghazali Desa PMP Dr. Abdullah Hisam Omar Faculty of Geoinformation Science & Engineering UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA International Seminar on Geoinformation 2005 27-29 September 2005 KEY-NOTE PAPER Park Royal Hotel, Penang PRESENTATION SUMMARY General Background Why Rigid (Survey Accurate) Coordinate? Why Geocentric Datum? Why Least Squares Technique? Whole to the Part Concept Revisited CCS Definition, Conceptual and Implementation Models CCS Study Framework Overview of CCS Pilot Project in Melaka The Way Forward 2 1

Objective of Cadastral Surveys In Peninsular Malaysia, cadastral surveys are primarily concerned with the determination or definition of property boundaries, through their marking and description, and the preparation of associated plans and maps, for purposes of alienation and conveyancing. The system as practised is one of fixed and defined boundary whereby parcel definition is by the officially emplaced and mathematically coordinated boundary marks. The main objectives of conducting cadastral surveys that had been promulgated in the early days of its practice have since been continually adhered to and later came to be adopted as amongst the principal functions of DSMM. They were stated in the Survey Regulations (DSMM, 1976) as follows: (a) (b) To provide evidence which will completely and permanently identify the land conveyed by any title issued by government. To compile and make available records of alienation necessary for intelligent land administration. Ahmad Fauzi Nordin (2001) 3 The spirit of Coordinated Cadastral Survey as described in Survey Regulation 1976 Survey Regulations Semenanjung Malaysia 1976 APPENDIX VIII: INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPUTERS 4. Coordinates 4.1 The general scheme of computation is based ultimately on the coordinates of trigonometrical stations and that the purpose of standard and control traverses is to confine errors and to prevent their accumulation. Coordinates must be computed and adjusted accordingly. 4.2 Cadastral survey coordinates are of two kinds: 4.2.1 Rigid Coordinates required for controls and the external boundaries of new surveys extending the coordinated area. 4.2.2 Plotting Coordinates used for subdivisions and in areas enclosed by rigid coordinates. 4 2

PROBLEM STATEMENT 1: LACK OF APPRORIATE TECHNOLOGIES PRIOR TO 1990 s HINDER THE APPLICATION OF RIGID COORDINATES Practical implementation of cadastral survey is to avoid cadastral boundary overlapping problems rather than to enforce Survey Regulation requirements on coordinates 5 CONSEQUENCES: DIFFERENT TYPES OF CADASTRAL COORDINATES RIGID COORDINATE Homogenous and Systematically Adjusted PLOTTING COORDINATE For cadastral map plotting purposes SYSTEM COORDINATE System/Software generated coordinate based on features location Rigid Coordinate Plotting Coordinate System Coordinate 6 3

CONSEQUENCES: UNCONTROLLED ERROR PROPAGATION IN COORDINATES Simple linear error propagation based on 1 st and 2 nd class cadastral survey DISTANCE (km) 0.1 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 50.0 1:4,000 (0.25m/km) 0.025 0.125 0.250 0.500 1.250 2.500 5.000 12.500 1:8,000 (0.125/km) 0.010 0.063 0.125 0.250 0.625 1.250 2.500 6.250 7 CADASTRAL DATA IN DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT JUPEM Technical Documents D.S. Office Send Data to CALS Router Mini-CALS, CPS & SRS on-line SPID CLRS Scanning Services JARING / INTERNET Modem Archive CD-ROM hub Scanning For strata plans and others not in DCDB Quality Assurance Out Source Data Capture SPEK Convert to native-format Digital Cadastral SPID Database PDUK Convert to native-format Server for Out Source Data CDS update to PDUK Quality Assurance Server for CDS CADASTRAL DATA GATHERING Internet Home Page For Survey Information Subscribers D.S. Office CD-ROM Hard-Copy For bulk order especially for the creation of PDUK Phone-inservice Counter Service Place order and Counter Technical Support Personnel Mini-CALS Thick Wire Ethernet Backbone Digital Cadastral Database Access Magnetic Media PDUK Facsimile Fax / Modem JUPEM e-mail Place order via e-mail 8 4

Boundary Mark Layer in DCDB How Accurate? cm? m? 9 ERROR PROPAGATION Effect of error propagation on coordinates in digital cadastral database 2nd Class 1:4,000 Cadastral Survey 2 km N ± 50 cm E ± 50 cm HOW ACCURATE (N,E) AT THIS BOUNDARY POINT IN THE PRESENT DCDB? 10 5

Consequences: Graphical Coordinate Error Results in non-uniqueness of coordinates of the same boundary point 11 CADASTRAL MODEL: The role of cadastre in a state s spatial data infrastructure (Source: Ian Williamson) Lawyers/ Surveyors Vendors/ Purchasers Fiscal Local Government Utilities Planning/ Land Use Linkage and Searching Mechanism Legal Land Parcels Property and Street Addresses Digital Cadastral Data Base (DCDB) Computerized Land Registration System Other core spatial data sets National Geodetic Reference Framework Coordination mechanism for state wide geographic information CADASTRAL COMPONENT SPATIAL COMPONENT 12 6

Problem Statement 2: Geodetic Datum Inconsistencies Different Geodetic Datum Used In Cadastral System In Peninsular Malaysia SPATIAL COMPONENT NON SPATIAL COMPONENT ASA PERAK MRT REPSOLD 13 Consequences: Hinder Integration of Spatial Data At National Level Multipurpose cadastre underpin a good Land Information System (LIS) LAYER A - Parcel B - Zon B - Zon C - Saliran D - Kawasan Paya E - Utiliti F - Tanah G - Rujukan Geodetik H - Tindihan Keseluruhan AGENCY Jurukur, Pejabat Tanah & Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Majlis Daerah Jabatan Parit dan Saliran Jabatan Parit dan Saliran, Perhutanan Majlis Daerah, Syarikat Utiliti Pejabat Tanah dan Galian Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Kombinasi lapisan-lapisan 14 7

G071 G028 G035 G023 G029 G059 G076 G021 G019 G017 G063 G026 G025 G058 G048 G053 G057 G013 G024 G072 G040 G037 G034 G022 G004 G001 G070 G041 G061 G005 G050 G073 G008 G011 G027 G007 G068 G047 G031 G030 G044 G054 G003 G042 G060 G067 G009 G052 G055G065 G038 G020 G066 G077 G069 G016 G012 G036 G051 G015 G039 G046 G002 G010 G084 P4 G014 G062 P075 G049 G045 G043 G018 G064 G056 Solution: GEOCENTRIC DATUM OF MALAYSIA Homogenous and accurate geodetic datum based on GPS technology SPATIAL COMPONENT NON SPATIAL COMPONENT GEOCENTRIC DATUM OF MALAYSIA 15 OLD AND NEW GEODETIC INFRASTRUCTURE: GEODETIC TRIANGULATION PENINSULAR MALAYSIA GPS BASED REFERENCE SYSTEM 6.50 6.00 G032 G033 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 G074 G075 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 99.00 99.50 100.00 100.50 101.00 101.50 102.00 102.50 103.00 103.50 104.00 16 8

Problem Statement 3: Non Rigorous Adjustment Technique for Coordinates Computation Bowditch Least Squares GPS GPS Bowditch adjustment distributes closing errors linearly but not able to provide a unique coordinates solution. Least Squares adjustment technique determine a unique set of coordinates for each boundary mark from a set of observed values (bearings & distances).. 17 Problem Statement 4: Whole To The Part Concept With The Aid of Current Positioning Technology Is A Reality Zero Order Geodetic GPS Network (MASS Stations) First Order Geodetic GPS Network (30km Network) DCDB CCI Layer in DCDB Computation of Geocentric Cassini & RSO Coordinates Cadastral Control Infrastructure (CCI) (10km,2.5km,0.5km) 18 9

Solution: CADASTRAL CONTROL INFRASTRUCTURE (CCI) EMPLOYING WHOLE TO THE PART CONCEPT & GPS TECHNOLOGY Primary Grid Secondary Grid 19 Coordinated Cadastral Survey System: Rigid Coordinate Revisited Wolfgang Effenberg (Phd Thesis, Uni. Of Melbourne, 2001) In the survey accurate cadastral map the coordinates determined by survey are used to define the digital parcel boundaries. This requires a state coordinate system and sufficient density of control, along with the necessity of additional control as large areas are opened for subdivision. This is termed a fully coordinated cadastral survey system and is the most common understanding of coordinated cadastre. The digital cadastral map update is tied closely to the land subdivision process and the cadastral system ensuring the continued integrity of land registration. The derivation from survey data means that the boundary coordinate accuracy, in urban areas, should be ± 0.03 meters or better, with respect to the nearest survey control; generally the level of accuracy decreases in rural areas. 20 10

CCS CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR PENINSULAR MALAYSIA Complete Cadastral GDM2000 Maps Geocentric Cassini/RSO The Characteristic (Entity) Layered Appropriate Data Modeling Digital Cadastral Database (DCDB) CCS Common National Coordinate System Projection System Cadastral Control Infrastructure Based on Highest Geodetic Order Unique Adequate The Aspect (Attribute) Parcel Identifier Coordinates Cadastral Survey Practice Density Legal (Contributory) Evidence of Whole-to-Part Survey Concept Boundaries Unique Single Set of Survey Accurate Coordinates Least Square Adjustment 21 CCS IMPLEMENTATION MODEL GDM2000 Establishing State Cadastral Control Infrastructure (CCI) Legal Organizational Related Actions Tie-Up of Selected Parcel Corners to CCI Development of State Cadastral Control Database (CCDB) Socio- Economic Related Actions New Cadastral Survey Populating DCDB With Survey Accurate Coordinates Automated Re-Coordination System Resurvey Finalized Geocentric Based Cassini & RSO Coordinates In DCDB 22 11

SPECIFICATIONS FOR CCI Specifications for Cadastral Control Network Densification AREA PRIMARY GRID SECONDARY GRID URBAN SEMI-URBAN 2.5 km x 2.5 km 10 km X 10 km 0.5 km X 0.5 km 2.5 km X 2.5 km RURAL 10 km X 10 km Connected to PGGN Observation Technique: static Observation Period 1 1.5 hr Baseline Relative Accuracy less then 3ppm Coordinates Diff. From 2 Bases Stn. Less than 2 cm 2.5 km X 2.5 km Connected to Primary Grid Observation Technique: Rapid Static. Observation Period: 15 30 min Baseline Relative Accuracy: Less than 3ppm Coordinate Differences From 2 Bases stn.: Less Than 3cm CADASTRAL CONTROL INFRASTRUCTURE PRIMARY GEODETIC GPS NETWORK MALAYSIAN ACTIVE GPS STATIONS CCI PGGN MASS Tertiary : 5, 2.5, 0.5 Spacing Control Network Hierarchy First Order: 238 stations Zero Order: 8 Stations 23 ACCURACY STATEMENT FOR CCS The two major tasks in CCS implementation: REPOPULATING DCDB WITH SURVEY ACCURATE (RIGID) COORDINATES, and NEW COORDINATED CADASTRAL SURVEY MUST satisfy the following boundary coordinates accuracy: CATEGORY Std Dev Northing Std Dev Easting Urban/ New Development < ± 5 cm < ± 5 cm Semi Urban/Rural < ± 10 cm < ± 10 cm 24 12

CCS STUDY FRAMEWORK IMPLEMENTATION OF CCS TECHNICAL ISSUES INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES Development of Geocentric Based Cadastral Control Infrastructure (CCI) Development of Survey Accurate National Digital Cadastral Data Base (NDCDB) Development of Guidelines for Coordinated Cadastral Survey Practice Organizational Legal Economic Social Cost-Benefit Analysis 25 CCS RESEARCH HISTORIAL BACKGROUND 1. 1996 INITIAL PILOT STUDY IN STATE OF MELAKA test on the use of an adjustment technique and GPS for Cadastral Controls. 2. 1997 to 2000 FEASIBILITY STUDY ON COORDINATED CADASTRAL SYSTEM FOR PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. MODULE A MODULE B The Adjustment of Large Cadastral Network with reference to RSO Coordinate System On The Use of A Global Geocentric Datum MODULE C Legal Traceability Issues, Standards and Specifications for GPS Cadastral Surveys. STUDIES TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMPLEMENTATION PLAN OF COORDINATED CADASTRAL SYSTEM FOR PENINSULAR MALAYSIA 3. 2000 to 2002 MODULE A MODULE B MODULE C Definition & Realization of A Geocentric Datum for Malaysia Methodology for the Development of Digital Coordinated Cadastral Database Techniques for Integrating the Digital Coordinated Cadastral Data with Mapping (CAMS) Data. MODULE D Institutional Issues: Legal & Organizational Issues. 4. 2004-2005 A PILOT RESEARCH PROJECT ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COORDINATED CADASTRAL SYSTEM (CCS) FOR THE STATE OF MELAKA 26 13

OVERVIEW OF MELAKA CCS PILOT PROJECT PROJECT OBJECTIVES 1. 2. 3. 4. To enhance the methods and techniques of developing Cadastral Control Infrastructure (CCI) and to develop CCI layer In DCDB, To refine the techniques, methods and prototype for the re-population and re-coordination of Digital Cadastral Database, To strengthen the practice of cadastral survey in order to cope with the CCS environment, To perform an assessment of the economic implications of CCS by conducting a Cost-Benefit-Analysis (CBA) study. 27 MELAKA CCS PILOT PROJECT MELAKA CCS PILOT PROJECT AREA AREA DESCRIPTION Area: 40km X 70km No. of Districts: 3 Total No. of Mukim: 109 Total No. of Lots: 225,112 28 14

PROJECT METHODOLOGY MELAKA CCS PILOT PROJECT WG 1 Establishment of CCI and CCI Layer Establishing State Cadastral Control Infrastructure (CCI) Tie-Up of Selected Parcel Corners to CCI Development of CCI Layer in DCDB WG 2 Repopulation & Re-coordination of DCDB with Survey Accurate Coordinates Repopulating DCDB with Survey Accurate Coordinates Automated Re-Coordination System WG 3 Study on Cadastral Survey Procedures Under CCS WG 4 Cost-Benefit Analysis of CCS Implementation WG Working Group Finalized Geocentric Based Cassini & RSO Coordinates in DCDB 29 PROJECT ACTIVITIES OF WG 1 MELAKA CCS PILOT PROJECT GDM2000 Designing of CCI Network Monumentation GPS Survey Processing Geocentric Cassini/RSO Coordinates of Control Points and Site Identification DCDB CCI Layer In DCDB 30 15

MELAKA CCS PILOT PROJECT PROJECT ACTIVITIES OF WG 2 CCI DATA CLEANING & DATA INTEGRITY CHECKING Data Cleaning Connection Line File Data Selection Adjustment RE-COORDINATION USING AN AUTOMATED DATA CONVERSION SYSTEM (ADCS) DCDB Transformation Quality Control Temp NDCDB REPOPULATE DCDB WITH SURVEY ACCURATE (RIGID) CASSINI AND RSO COORDINATES Editing NDCDB 31 MELAKA CCS PILOT PROJECT PROJECT ACTIVITIES OF WG 3 DATA COLLECTION REVIEW ON THE CURRENT CADASTRAL SURVEY PRACTICE AND PROCEDURES ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT CADASTRAL SURVEY PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE BASED ON CCS REQUIREMENTS DOCUMENTING CADASTRAL SURVEY PRACTICE AND PROCEDURES UNDER CCS 32 16

PROJECT ACTIVITIES OF WG 4 1. 2. 3. 4. ACTIVITY DETERMINE/DEFINE PROJECT OBJECTIVES DOCUMENTING CURRENT PROCESS ESTIMATING FUTURE REQUIREMENTS COLLECTING COST DATA MELAKA CCS PILOT PROJECT TASKS Customer Services, System Capabilities, System Architecture, System Costs. Determining Life Cycle Time, Estimating Life-Cycle Demands, Other Considerations. Historical Organization Data, Current System Costs, Market Research, Publications, Analyst Judgment. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. DOCUMENTING CBA ASSUMPTIONS ESTIMATING COSTS ESTIMATING BENEFITS EVALUATING ALTERNATIVES PERFORMING SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Activities and Resources, Cost Categories, Personnel Costs, Indirect Costs, Depreciation, Annual Costs. Define Benefits, Identify Benefits, Establishing Measurement Criteria, Classify Benefits, Estimating Tangible benefits, Quantify Intangible Benefits. Evaluating with all Ringgit Values, Evaluating with Intangible Benefit, Combination, Flexibility. 33 CADASTRAL SURVEY PRACTICE Boundary Coordinate Accuracy Requirements CATEGORY Urban/ New Development Std Dev Northi ng < ± 5 cm Std Dev Easti ng < ± 5 cm Semi Urban/Rural < ± 10 cm < ± 10 cm Note: The above accuracies compatible with the refixations requirement in the current practice 34 17

Cadastral Network Adjustment: Station Coordinates Accuracy Error propagation based on adjustment results from Block M27 & M31 in Melaka CCI 1 ~ 3km Std_ Deviation E ( m) Std_Deviation N ( m) 0.022 0.023 0.021 0.022 0.026 0.034 0.030 0.030 CCI 2 0.027 0.043 0.029 0.036 0.034 0.030 0.033 0.030 ~2.5 km 0.033 0.033 0.031 0.031 0.025 0.026 0.016 0.013 CCI 3 35 Cadastral Network Adjustment: Station Coordinates Accuracy Error propagation based on adjustment results from Block M39 in Melaka CCI 1 ~ 3km Std_ Deviation E ( m) 0.003 0.017 Std_Deviation N ( m) 0.005 0.022 0.021 0.027 0.022 0.029 0.022 0.029 0.024 0.029 CCI 2 0.033 0.031 0.029 0.030 0.027 0.031 ~2.5 km 0.025 0.027 0.031 0.015 0.024 0.015 0.014 0.006 CCI 3 36 18

Boundary Mark Layer in DCDB How Accurate? ±5cm..± 10cm 9 The Way Forward In view of the successful implementation of the CCS Pilot Project in Melaka, we anticipate that JUPEM will address on the following issues in order for the CCS to be implemented for the whole of Peninsular Malaysia: Securing the budget for the implementation Preparation of technical and organizational implementation plan for Peninsular Malaysia Formation of Implementation Team Execution of CCS project for Peninsular Malaysia 37 19

Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledged the opportunity, trust, and support given by the Y. Bhg. Dato Ketua Pengarah Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia throughout the duration of the study on the implementation of Coordinated Cadastral System for Peninsular Malaysia. Special thanks go to Tuan Dr. Abdul Kadir Bin Taib, Tuan Muhamed Kamil Bin Mat Daud, Tuan Ahmad Fauzi Bin Nordin and not forgotten the late Mr Chia Wee Tong for all the guidance, encouragement and support given. The financial support for the study by Board of Licensed Land Surveyors Peninsular Malaysia is gratefully acknowledged. 38 20