Building from Waste Felix Heisel

Building from Waste Felix Heisel Assistant Professorship for Architecture and Construction Dirk E. Hebel ETH Zürich / Future Cities Laboratory Singapore

Zürich Singapore

World Population 1700-2050 Source: United Nations World Population Prospects, Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevölkerung

World material consumption 1950-2007 Source: Maddison database, BP, US Geological Survey, ICR, Cembureau 2011

Concrete is the single most used material in the world Source: Chemistry World, 2008

Comparison of Cement Consumption in the United States and China Source: Gatesnotes, USGD, Cement Statistics, USGS, Mineral Industry of China 1990-2013

125 Million people reach the age of 18 every year - without even considering an increase of the world population. concept by Werner Sobek

If those new adults would consume as much concrete as an average German citizen, that mass would be equivalent to 270 t pp or 13.5 billion cubic meters. concept by Werner Sobek

That wall would be 1125 meters high. concept by Werner Sobek

Reserves-To-Production Ratio Source: Forschungsprojekt Nr. 09/05, Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi), 2005 production (mio. t) reserves (mio. t) R-T-P ratio (years) bauxite 159 25 000 157 lead 3.15 67 21 iron ore 1 340 160 000 119 copper 14.6 470 32 nickel 1.4 62 44 zinc 9.4 220 23 tin 0.26 6.1 23

Reserves-To-Production Ratio Source: Forschungsprojekt Nr. 09/05, Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi), 2005 production (1 000 t) reserves (1 000 t) R-T-P ratio (years) chrome 17 460 810 000 46 cobalt 52.4 7 000 134 manganese 9 350 380 000 41 molybdenum 141 8 600 61 niobium 34 4 400 129 tantalum 1.5 43 28 titanium 5 000 650 000 130 vanadium 51.3 13 000 323 wolframite 73.7 2 900 39

ARE THERE ALTERNATIVES?

Circular Product Cycle and Circular Metabolism Source: Richard Rogers

Circular Product Cycle and Circular Metabolism Source: Peter Lacy, Jacob Ruqvist, and Ecovative, 2015 PRODUCT DEVELOPEMENT SOURCING return recycle/upcycle remanufacture The five circular business models build to last regenerate supplies DISPOSAL refurbish/remarket/resell co-use/exchange MANUFACTURING cicrcular supply-chain recovery and recycling sharing platform reuse product as a service refill/repair/upgrade MARKETING AND SALES product life-extension retrade current value chain return PRODUCT USE

WASTE URBAN MINING AND RECYCLING BAMBOO PERFORMANCE COMPOSITE MATERIALS SAND ALTERNATIVES MYCELIUM CULTIVATED BUILDING MATERIALS

Global municipal solid waste grows to 2.6 billion tons by 2025 Source: New Worldwatch Institute, 2014

Dump sites turn into gold mines Source: manager magazine, 2010

1 st paradigm shift Building from Waste Waste = Resource

Mitchell Joachim, BBC Online News, May 2013 The future city makes no distinction between waste and supply

Strawtec, Berlin, Germany

SECU Sustainable Emerging City Unit, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2013 Assistant Professorship Dirk E. Hebel, Bauhaus University Weimar, Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building Construction and City Developme

UPM Biocomposites, Lahti, Finland

Artek Pavilion, Shigeru Ban, Milano and UPM Biocomposites, Lahti, Finland

StoneCycling, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

Building from Waste Recovered Materials in Architecture and Construction Dirk E. Hebel, Marta H. Wisniewska and Felix Heisel Birkhäuser, Berlin, 2014

2 nd paradigm shift Building without Waste Building = Material Storage

Recycling in the built environment Source: Kreislaufwirtschaft Bau Mineralische Bauabfälle Monitoring 2012, 2014 Germany official recycling-rate: 78 % mineral demolition waste: 192 million t recycled building materials 51.4 million t de facto recycling-rate: 27 %

BMW 1 Series all parts

2 nd paradigm shift Building without Waste Building for Disassembly

ETH Zürich Pavilion @ IDEAS CITY Festival ETH Professorships Hebel and Block, New York City, May 2015 Photography Albert Vecerka/Esto

ETH Zürich Pavilion @ IDEAS CITY Festival ETH Professorships Hebel and Block, New York City, May 2015

Photography Albert Vecerka/Esto

3 rd paradigm shift Circular Building Industry City = Resource

NEST @ EMPA Unit Urban Mining and Recycling Asst. Professorship Dirk E. Hebel, Werner Sobek Group, ILEK TU Stuttgart, EMPA Dübendorf

NEST @ EMPA Unit Urban Mining and Recycling Asst. Professorship Dirk E. Hebel, Werner Sobek Group, ILEK TU Stuttgart, EMPA Dübendorf end-of-use, in-grade material reuse building as material storage building as material laboratory

NEST @ EMPA Unit Urban Mining and Recycling Asst. Professorship Dirk E. Hebel, Werner Sobek Group, ILEK TU Stuttgart, EMPA Dübendorf Example Visualization Singapore