Civic and Uncivic Values in Macedonia

Civic and Uncivic Values in Macedonia

Also in this series DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION IN SLOVENIA: Value Transformation, Education, and Media (edited by Sabrina P. Ramet and Danica Fink-Hafner) DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION IN CROATIA: Value Transformation, Education, and Media (edited by Sabrina P. Ramet and Davorka Matić) CIVIC AND UNCIVIC VALUES: Serbia in the Post-Milošević Era(edited by Ola Listhaug, Sabrina P. Ramet, and Dragana Dulić) BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA SINCE DAYTON: Value Transformation, Education, and Media (edited by Ola Listhaug and Sabrina P. Ramet)

Civic and Uncivic Values in Macedonia Value Transformation, Education, and Media Edited by Sabrina P. Ramet, Ola Listhaug, and Albert Simkus Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

Editorial matter, selection and introduction Sabrina P. Ramet, Ola Listhaug, and Albert Simkus 2013 Individual chapters Respective authors 2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-03333-8 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-44144-0 ISBN 978-1-137-30282-3 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9781137302823 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13

For Jan Morten Dyrstad

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Contents List of Illustrations Preface Notes on Contributors ix xi xii 1 Introduction 1 Sabrina P. Ramet Part I Values and Agents of Socialization 2 Civic Virtues, Liberal Values, and the Civic Culture 13 Sabrina P. Ramet 3 Macedonian Civic Values within a European Perspective 26 Kristen Ringdal, Albert Simkus, and Ola Listhaug 4 Differences in Values within Macedonia: Macedonian Albanian Comparisons 41 Hasan Jashari and Albert Simkus 5 Macedonia and the EU: Reshaping Social Values in Fluid Times 64 Stefano Bianchini Part II The System 6 Constitutional Engineering and Institution-Building in the Republic of Macedonia (1991 2011) 87 Biljana Vankovska 7 Political Parties, Values, and Democratic Consolidation 109 Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova 8 Understanding the Ohrid Framework Agreement 134 Dejan Marolov 9 The Development of Civil Society in the Republic of Macedonia: Modeling State Civil Society Relations 155 Ilo Trajkovski vii

viii Contents Part III Ethnic Issues 10 One State, Divided Society: The Albanians in Macedonia 175 Bashkim Iseni 11 Ethnic Minorities of Macedonia: Turks, Roma, and Serbs 194 Frances Trix Part IV Education and Media 12 The Media and Values in Macedonia between Regulation, Privatization, Concentration, Commercialization, and Pluralization 217 Vesna Šopar 13 Uncertain Future: The Albanian-Language Media in Macedonia 235 Iso Rusi and Katerina Spasovska 14 Some Aspects of History Textbooks for Secondary School: The Case of Macedonia 258 Irena Stefoska Part V Literature 15 Imagining the Nation: The Representation of Historical Figures in Literature/Culture 279 Maja Bojadzievska 16 The Novel as Carrier of Cultural Values: Kica Kolbe s The Gavrilov Women 292 Andrew Wachtel Afterword: Comments on Macedonia s Difficult Transition 305 Andrew Rossos Further Reading 321 Index 325

Illustrations Figures 3.1 Confidence in political institutions by trust in people 30 3.2 Social trust has increased in Macedonia 31 3.3 Happiness by Human Development Index 2007 32 3.4 Democratic attitudes 33 3.5 Satisfaction with the way democracy is developing has increased in Macedonia 34 3.6 Political interest 35 3.7 Participation in civil activities 36 3.8 Secularization and modern gender roles 38 4.1 Ethnic intolerance by age, for Albanians and Macedonians 49 4.2 Ethnic intolerance by years of education, for Albanians and Macedonians 49 4.3 Ethnic intolerance by urban versus rural residence, for Albanians and Macedonians 50 4.4 Gender-role traditionalism by age, for Albanians and Macedonians 51 4.5 Gender-role traditionalism by years of education, for Albanians and Macedonians 51 4.6 Gender-role traditionalism by urban versus rural residence, for Albanians and Macedonians 52 4.7 Moral traditionalism by age, for Albanians and Macedonians 53 4.8 Moral traditionalism by level of education, for Albanians and Macedonians 54 4.9 Moral traditionalism by urban versus rural residence, for Albanians and Macedonians 54 4.10 Support for state egalitarian policies by age, for Albanians and Macedonians 56 4.11 Support for state egalitarian policies by years of education, for Albanians and Macedonians 56 4.12 Support for state egalitarian policies by urban versus rural residence, for Albanians and Macedonians 57 ix

x List of Illustrations 4.13 Religious attendance by age, for Albanians and Macedonians 57 4.14 Religious attendance by years of education, for Albanians and Macedonians 58 4.15 Religious attendance by urban versus rural residence, for Albanians and Macedonians 58 8.1 Ethnic composition of Macedonia 139 Tables 9.1 The growth of civil society organizations in Macedonia, 1954 2011 159 9.2 Associational membership in Macedonia, ex-yugoslav countries, seven EU countries, and Nordic countries ( Do you belong to the following kinds of organizations...? ) 160 9.3 Growth of CSOs in the Republic of Macedonia, 1990 98 163 9.4 Number of CSOs receiving financial support from the government, 1994 2005 166

Preface This volume is the fifth in a series of volumes devoted to civic and uncivic values in the Yugoslav successor states. The previous volumes are Democratic Transition in Slovenia: Value Transformation, Education, and Media, edited by Sabrina P. Ramet and Danica Fink-Hafner (2006); Democratic Transition in Croatia: Value Transformation, Education, and Media, edited by Sabrina P. Ramet and Davorka Matić (2007); Civic and Uncivic Values: Serbia in the Post-Milošević Era, edited by Ola Listhaug, Sabrina P. Ramet, and Dragana Dulić (2011); and Bosnia-Herzegovina since Dayton: Civic and Uncivic Values, edited by Ola Listhaug and Sabrina P. Ramet (in production). The chapters included in this volume were first presented at the Peace Research Institute in Oslo on 28 29 October 2011. The conference was sponsored by the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU). We are grateful to Andrew Feltham and Marianne Dahl for logistical support prior to and during the conference. The publication of this volume is supported by a grant from the Centre for the Study of Civil War, PRIO. Sabrina P. Ramet Ola Listhaug Albert Simkus 30 January 2012 xi

Contributors Editors SabrinaP.Rametis Professor of Political Science at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, and a senior researcher with the Centre for the Study of Civil War, PRIO, Oslo. She is the author of 12 scholarly books and editor or co-editor of 27 volumes. Her latest book is Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two, co-edited with Ola Listhaug (2011). She obtained her PhD in political science from UCLA in 1981. Ola Listhaug is Professor of Political Science at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, and a senior researcher with the Centre for the Study of Civil War, PRIO, Oslo. He is co-author of Losers Consent: Elections and Democratic Legitimacy (2005). His latest book is Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two, co-edited with Sabrina Ramet (2011). He obtained his PhD in political science from the University of Trondheim in 1989. Albert Simkus is Professor of Sociology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim. He was Director of the South- East European Social Survey Project, funded by the Norwegian Research Council, from 2001 to 2006. Early findings were published in a special issue of the International Journal of Sociology (Fall 2007), which he edited. He obtained his PhD in sociology from the University of Wisconsin- Madison. Authors Stefano Bianchini is Professor of East European Politics and History at the University of Bologna, Forlì campus, and President of the Centro per l Europa Centro-Orientale e Balcanica. He is the author of Le sfide della modernità, Idee, politiche e prcorsi dell Europa Orientale fra XIX e XX secolo (2009) and Partitions: Reshaping States and Minds, co-authored with xii

Notes on Contributors xiii Sanjay Chaturvedi, Rada Iveković, and Ranabir Samaddar (Frank Cass, 2005). Maja Bojadzievska is Professor of Comparative Literature at the University of Skopje, where she also obtained her PhD in comparative literature in 1993. She is the author of The Androgyne, Utopia of the Perfect Sex: A Mythocritical Essay (1999) and co-editor (with Slavica Srbinovska) of The Novel: Status, Interpretations, Perspectives (2004). Bashkim Iseni is a researcher at the Swiss Forum for Migration and Populations Study at the University of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. He obtained his PhD in political science at the University of Lausanne in 2005. He is the author of La question nationale en Europe du Sudest. Genèse, émergence et développement de l identité nationale albanaise au Kosovo et en Macédoine (2008). He is also a director of the Swiss Albanianophone news agency www.albinfo.ch. Hasan Jashari is an associate professor and Director for Doctoral Studies at the South East European University in Tetovë, Macedonia. He is the author of Konteksti sociologjik i shkollës (1999), Sociologija na pretprijatijata vo uslovi na tranzicija, (2000), Sociologjia e arsimit (2005), Familja dhe bashkësia (2006), and Ese të filozofisë politike (2010). He was also a member of the team that prepared the National Program for Development of Education in Macedonia 2005 15. He obtained his PhD in sociology from the University of Skopje. Dejan Marolov is an assistant professor at Goce Delcev University in Stip, Macedonia. He obtained his master s degree in political science (thesis topic: EU Relations with Macedonia) from IEHEI (Nice, France) in 2008. He served as coordinator of the project Practicing Democracy organized by the NGO ANI Stip in cooperation with the European center for minority issues. He obtained his PhD at the European Center for Peace and Development in Belgrade in 2011. Kristen Ringdal is Professor of Sociology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, and a senior researcher with the Centre for the Study of Civil War, PRIO, Oslo. He is the Norwegian National Coordinator for the European Social Survey. His latest book is The Aftermath of War: Experiences and Social Attitudes in the Western Balkans (2012), which he co-edited with Albert Simkus. He obtained his PhD in sociology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in 1991.

xiv Notes on Contributors Andrew Rossos is Professor of History at the University of Toronto. He received his PhD from Stanford University. He is the author of Macedonia and the Macedonians (2008), and has contributed chapters to National Character and National Ideology in Interwar Eastern Europe, edited by Ivo Banac and Katherine Verdery (1995), and Yugoslavia and Its Historians: Understanding the Balkan Wars of the 1990s, editedbynorman M. Naimark and Holly Case (2003). His scholarly articles have appeared in journals such as The Slavonic and East European Review, Slavic Review, The Journal of Modern History, andeast European Politics and Societies. Iso Rusi is a journalist. He started his professional career with Mlad borec in 1971, and was later associated with Danas (Zagreb), Delo (Ljubljana), Teleks (Ljubljana), and Naša borba (Belgrade). He was a reporter and columnist for Koha and Koha Ditore, Pristina. He was the editor of the weekly Fokus (1996 2000) and was one of the founders and editorin-chief of the Albanian-language weekly Lobi. He served as Interim President of Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Republic of Macedonia (2007 11). Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova is Professor of Constitutional Law and Political System at the Law Faculty Iustinianus Primus in Skopje. She is Head of the Institute for Juridical and Political Sciences, member of the Venice Commission, and Vice President of the Group of Independent Experts for the Charter for Local Self-Government in the Council of Europe. She is co-author (with S. Skaric) of Ustavno pravo (2009). She is also author of Presidentialism and/or Parliamentarism: Dillemas and Challenges, posted at http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/ wccl/ponencias/14/266.pdf. She obtained her PhD in law from the University of Ljubljana in 1993. Vesna Šopar is Professor of Public Relations at the University of Tourism and Management Skopje, Macedonia. She is the author of The Media System in the Republic of Macedonia: Between Theory and Practice (2002), Education of Journalists in Macedonia in A Step Closer to Professionalism (2002), and Public Broadcasting Sector in Macedonia (2008), among others. Katerina Spasovska is an assistant professor in the Department of Communication at Western Carolina University. She teaches journalism classes and serves as faculty advisor for The Western Carolina Journalist, a student-run news website. Her research interest is in media

Notes on Contributors xv development, minority media, and journalism in South East Europe. She received her PhD from the University of Tennessee in 2011. Irena Stefoska is Assistant Professor of Ancient and Medieval History at the Institute of National History, University of Skopje. She is the author of Slavs on the Territory of Macedonia, Between VIIth and the Early Xth Century (2002, in Macedonian). She obtained her PhD in history from the University of Skopje in 2007. Ilo Trajkovski is Professor of Political Sociology at the University of Skopje and served as the national project director of the European Values Survey in 2007. His most recent book is Globaliziranjeto, individualnosta i opstestvovo [Globalization, Individuality and Society: Contemporary Sociological Theories] (2006). He obtained his PhD in sociology from the University of Skopje in 1995. Frances Trix is Professor of Linguistics and Anthropology at Indiana University. Her latest book is The Sufi Journey of Baba Rexheb (2009). She has conducted fieldwork in Turkey, Lebanon, Yemen, Albania, Taiwan, Kosova, and Macedonia. She obtained her PhD in linguistics from the University of Michigan in 1988. Biljana Vankovska is Professor of Political Studies and Head of the MA in Peace and Development at the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje. She is a faculty staff member at the European Peace University in Austria. She was a senior fellow at the Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces (Geneva) (DCAF) in Geneva and a guest senior research fellow at Copenhagen Peace Research Institute (COPRI). Her most important book (co-authored with Håkan Wiberg) is Between Past and Future: Civil- Military Relations in the Postcommunist Balkans (2003). She obtained her PhD in political science from Ss Cyril and Methodius University in 1992. Andrew Wachtel is Dean of the Graduate School and the Bertha and Max Dressler Professor of the Humanities, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. His most recent books are The Balkans in World History (2008) and Russian Literature, co-authored with Ilya Vinitsky (2009). He obtained his PhD in Slavic languages and literature from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1987.