CLASSICAL THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

CLASSICAL THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

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Classical Theories of International Relations Edited by Ian Clark Department of International Politics University of Wales Aberystwyth and Iver B. Neumann Head of Foreign and Security Policy Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Oslo * in association with PALGRA VE MACMILLAN

* Published in Great Britain by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-333-74646-2 ISBN 978-1-349-27509-0 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-27509-0 Published in the United States of America by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. loolo ISBN 978-0-312-15931-3 clothbound ISBN 978-0-312-21926-0 paperback Library of Congress has cataloged the hardcover edition as follows: Classical theories of international relations I edited by Ian Clark and Iver B. Neumann. p. cm. - (St. Antony's) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-15931-3 (cloth) I. International relations-philosophy. II. Neumann, Iver B. JX1395.C54 1996 327.l'OI-dc20 I. Clark, Ian, 1949-95-51279 CIP Selection and editorial matter Ian Clark and Iver B. Neumann 1996 Chapters 1-12 inclusive Macmillan Press Ltd 1996 First edition 1996 Reprinted 1997, 1999 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.

Contents Foreword Notes on the Contributors Traditions of Thought and Classical Theories of International Relations Ian Clark 2 Hobbes, the State of Nature and the Laws of Nature Cornelia Navari 3 Grotius, Law and Moral Scepticism: Theory and Practice in the Thought of Hedley Bull Benedict Kingsbury 4 Kant: Theorist beyond Limits Howard Williams and Ken Booth 5 Vitoria and the Universalist Conception of International Relations Martin C. Ortega 6 Desperately Clinging to Grotian and Kantian Sheep: Rousseau's Attempted Escape from the State of War David P. Fidler 7 Adam Smith and the Liberal Tradition in International Relations Andrew Walter 8 Edmund Burke and the Commonwealth of Europe: The Cultural Bases of International Order Jennifer M. Welsh 9 Hegel, the State and International Relations 193 Andrew Linklater 10 Friedrich Gentz, Rationalism and the Balance of Power 210 Richard Little 11 Vattel: Pluralism and its Limits 233 Andrew Hurrell v vii viii 20 42 71 99 120 142 173

vi Contents 12 Conclusion 256 Ian Clark and Iver B. Neumann Index 263

Foreword During his time at Oxford University, 1986-89, John Vincent offered a course on classical theories in international relations which his students tended to see as the perfect forum for what he himself always referred to as the conversation about international relations. When his own spoken part in this conversation was cut short by his much too early death in 1990, it struck me that one way of continuing the conversation would be to fashion a book around his course syllabus. On the bus back to St Antony's College from a commemorative service in his honour held by the LSE I mentioned this to another of his former students, Geoffrey Wiseman. Together we contacted a number of John's students and colleagues. The current volume has grown and developed from this original idea. First drafts were presented at a panel organised by Timothy Dunne at the British International Studies Association's annual conference in Swansea, January 1992. At this time Geoffrey Wiseman had to withdraw from the project due to other commitments, and Ian Clark kindly stepped in as co-editor. A number of other people have offered advice and assistance along the way. The editors are grateful to the many people who have played a part in bringing the project to fruition. It is hoped that, in its small way, it will stand as another tribute to John Vincent's powerful influence upon all who had the good fortune to encounter him. Iver B. Neumann Oslo vii

Notes on the Contributors Ken Booth holds a personal chair in the Department of International Politics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth. He has been Scholar-in Residence at the US Naval War College, Senior Research Fellow in the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, Dalhousie University, Canada, and Visiting Fellow, Clare Hall, Cambridge. His books are Contemporary Strategy: Theories and Policies (co-author), Navies and Foreign Policy, Soviet Naval Policy: Objectives and Constraints (co-editor), American Thinking about Peace and War (co-editor), New Thinking about Strategy and International Security (editor) and International Relations Theory Today (co-editor). His latest book, edited with Steve Smith and Marysia Zalewski, is International Theory: Positivism and Beyond. Ian Clark is a Professor of International Politics in the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. Previously, he was Deputy Director of the Centre of International Studies, University of Cambridge. Since 1996, he has also been an annual Visiting Professor in the Graduate School of Economics and International Relations, Catholic University of Milan. His many publications include Limited Nuclear War (1982), Waging War: A Philosophical Introduction (1988), The Hierarchy of States (1989), The British Origins of Nuclear Strategy (co-author) (1989) and Nuclear Diplomacy and the Special Relationship: Britain's Deterrent and America (1994). His most recent work is Globalization and Fragmentation: International Relations in the Twentieth Century (1997). David P. Fidler is Associate Professor of Law at Indiana University School of Law, Bloomington. He is co-editor with Stanley Hoffmann of Rousseau on International Relations (1991). Many of his articles combine international relations theory and international law, including 'Caught Between Traditions: The Security Council in Philosophical Conundrum', Michigan Journal of International Law (1996), 'Challenging the Classical Concept of Custom: Perspectives on the Future of Customary International Law', German Yearbook of International Law (1996), and 'LIBERTAD v. Liberal Theory: An Analysis of the Helms-Burton Act from within Liberal International Relations Theory', Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies (1997). His forthcoming book International Law and InfectiOUS Diseases will be published by Oxford University Press. viii

Notes on the Contributors ix Andrew Hurrell is University Lecturer in International Relations and Fellow of Nuffield College. He is currently Director of Graduate Studies in International Relations at Oxford University. His major interests include international relations theory and the international relations of Latin America, with particular reference to the foreign policy of Brazil and US-Latin American relations. His publications include The International Politics of the Environment (co-editor with Benedict Kingsbury) (1992), and Regionalism in World Politics (co-editor with Louise Fawcett) (1995). He is currently completing a research project on Dimensions of Inequality in World Politics. Benedict Kingsbury is Professor of Law at New York University Law School. Previously he was Professor of Law at Duke University and University Lecturer in Law at Oxford University. His publications include Hugo Grotius and International Relations (ed. with Hedley Bull and Adam Roberts, 1990), The International Politics of the Environment (ed. with Andrew Hurrell, 1992) and United Nations, Divided World (2nd edn, ed. with Adam Roberts, 1993). A New Zealand citizen, he specialises in international law and human rights, and writes also on the connections between international law and international relations. Andrew Linklater is Professor of International Relations at Keele University and Dean of Postgraduate Affairs. He has published Men and Citizens in the Theory of International Relations (1982, 1990), Beyond Realism and Marxism: Critical Theory and International Relations (1990) and The Transformation of Political Community: Ethical Foundations of the Post-Westphalian Era (1998). Current research interests include the relationship between critical theory and the English school. Richard Little is Professor of International Politics in the Department of Politics at the University of Bristol. Before moving to Bristol, he taught at the Open University and Lancaster University. His recent publications include Perspectives on World Politics, co-edited with Michael Smith, and The Logic of Anarchy, co-authored with Barry Buzan and Charles Jones. Cornelia Navari is Senior Lecturer and Director of the Graduate School of the Department of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Birmingham. She has edited The Condition of States (1991) and Chatham House and British Foreign Policy during the Interwar Period (1994). Her work on the history of thought includes 'Hobbes and the Hobbesian Tradition in international Thought', Millennium: Journal of

x Notes on the Contributors International Studies, Vol. 11, No.3; 'The Great Illusion Revisited: The International Theory of Norman Angell', Review of International Studies (1989); and 'David Mitrany and International Functionalism', in D. Long and P. Wilson (eds), Thinkers of the 20 Years Crisis (1995). Iver B.Neumann heads the section for foreign and security studies at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Oslo but is presently on leave working in the Planning Staff of the Norwegian Foreign Ministry. He earned his doctoral degree at St Antony's College, Oxford, in 1992. His books are Russia and the Idea of Europe, 1800-1993: A Study in Identity and International Relations, Regional Great Powers in International Politics and The Soviet Union in Eastern Europe, 1945-89 (edited with Odd Arne Westad and Sven G. Holtsmark). His forthcoming book from Minnesota University Press is Uses of the Other: The 'East' in European Identity Formation. Martin C. Ortega is Lecturer in Public International Law and International Relations at the University of Salamanca. He is currently on leave for three years as a Research Fellow at the Institute for Security Studies of the Western European Union in Paris. He was senior associate member of St Antony's College, Oxford. His works include La legitima defensa del territorio del Estado (1991) and Hacia un gobierno mundial (1995). Andrew WaIter is Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the LSE and previously was Lecturer in International Relations and Fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford. He has held a number of visiting Professorships. His Publications include World Power and World Money (1993); 'Regionalism, Globalization, and World Economic Order' in L. Fawcett and A. Hurrell (eds), Regionalism in World Politics (1995); 'Globalization, Corporate Identity, and European Technology Policy', Journal of European Public Policy (1995); 'The United States and Western Europe: The Theory of Hegemonic Stability' in N. Woods (ed), Explaining International Relations Since 1945 (1996). He is presently working on a book on the international politics of capital mobility. Jennifer M. Welsh is a graduate of St Antony's College, Oxford. She worked as a consultant at McKinsey's and now runs her own company, 'd-code', and teaches part-time in peace and conflict studies at the University of Toronto. Her previous positions include: Cadieux Fellow with the Policy Planning Staff, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Canada;

Notes on the Contributors Lecturer, McGill University; Jean Monnet Research Fellow, European University Institute; and Lecturer, Central European University. She has published Edmund Burke and International Relations (1995). Howard Williams is Professor of Political Theory in the Department of International politics at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. He has published numerous books including Marx (1980), Kant's Political Philosophy (1983), Heraclitus, Hegel and Marx Dialectic (1988), Concepts of Ideology (1988) and Political Theory in International Relations (1991); He has edited Essays on Kant's Political Philosophy (1992). His most recent works are Political Theory and Limits of International Relations (1996) and, as co-author, Francis Fukuyama and the End of History (1997). xi