La Salle University La Salle University Digital Commons Art Museum Exhibition Catalogues La Salle University Art Museum 2-1979 Piranesi: Architectural Fact and Fancy La Salle University Art Museum Caroline Wistar La Salle University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/exhibition_catalogues Part of the Fine Arts Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation La Salle University Art Museum and Wistar, Caroline, "Piranesi: Architectural Fact and Fancy" (1979). Art Museum Exhibition Catalogues. 95. http://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/exhibition_catalogues/95 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the La Salle University Art Museum at La Salle University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Art Museum Exhibition Catalogues by an authorized administrator of La Salle University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact careyc@lasalle.edu.
tyovannibattista Tiranesi
P I R A N E S I : ARCHITECTURAL FACT AND FANCY La Salle College Art Gallery February - March, 1979
INTRODUCTION The Eighteenth Century was an age for the Grand Tour11 in Europe, especially to Italy with its abundance of classical ruins and Renaissance and Baroque structures. Rome clearly remained one of the major artistic centers of the world for artist, connoisseur, and tourist alike. It was also the century which witnessed the beginnings of scientific archaeology, the history of art as an academic discipline, and the revival of neo-classicism in the arts, which, in the visual arts, commenced in Rome in the 1750 s. It was an age of political unrest leading up to the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, and last but not least, an age which evidenced the earliest suggestions of the romantic temperament which would fully evolve in the art of the 19th century. It might be said that few artist-printmakers of the 18th century took more advantage (unconscious though it may have been in some areas) of such cultural currents than Giovanni Battista Piranesi (1720-1778). Although educated to become an architect, Piranesi at the age of twenty-three, albeit with some frustration and a lifetime of painful regret, reluctantly accepted the general slack in building activity and turned his artistic, poetic, and imaginative
2 talents to the art of etching. This profession became a lifetime pursuit for Piranesi, but one in which he was somewhat assured of the marketable aspect of his production; his topographical views were to be sold as tourist souvenirs, his archaeological and design illustrations to serve as factual records and guides of Roman remains. In all his works he was to vent his passion for classical antiquities and to employ his very vivid imagination in creating over one thousand plates, primarily of an architectural concern; the majority of a factual nature, the minority purely fanciful. While some of his publications were accompanied with text which has, both for its scholarship and authorship been questioned,^ the popularity and quality of his etchings then, as now, are undisputed. The evidence is simply their continuous printing up to the present moment. Indeed, Piranesi's technical virtuosity in the etching medium was seldom surpassed in the eighteenth century, and few would dispute his first biographer, G.L. Bianconi, who in 1779 called him the "Rembrant of ancient ruins." As Piranesi's very prolific output and other significant events of his time are listed in most publications in the selected bibliography, only brief mention of such material follows here; the exceptions are his two major print series, The Prisons and his large Views of Rome which are featured in the exhibition. An age of reason and enlightenment promoted historical research with almost scientific passion, and among the major pieces of scholarship which supported and paralleled or immed-
- 3 - lately followed Piranesi's career were: Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1778-1787), Johann Winckelmann's History of Ancient Art (1764), and reports of the excavations of the Roman cities of Herculaneum in 1738 and Pompeii a decade later. Although Piranesi was convinced of the Etruscan, rather than Greek origin, of Roman antiquities, a theory he staunchly defended throughout his lifetime, his efforts to record reality in his topographical prints such as The Views of Rome appear genuine. Arthur Hind, who published one of the foremost critical studies of Piranesi's work, states that in spite of Piranesi's vivid imagination, he never permitted such prints "to fall 2 into the false picturesque," and for the most part their value as documents has not been seriously disputed. A detailed account of Piranesi's working methods has yet to be fully documented, but a general pattern seems to have been agreed upon. A. Hyatt Mayor vividly describes Piranesi's initial examination of the site to be recorded. "He went at Rome's weedy lumps of ruin like an anatomist at a cadaver, stripping, sectioning, sawing, until he had established the 3 structure in all its layers and functions." In preparation for his etching designs Piranesi would first make quick sketches at the site. These preliminary drawings, if many of which appear on the verso of waste impressions, would then serve as outlines for his etched compositions on the copper plate. He would then proceed to fill in the details of the view
-indirectly on the plate based on his photographic memory. "He told Hubert Robert... The completed drawing may not be on the paper, I agree, but it is in my head and you will see it on the plate. To heighten the scale of his buildings and ruins, Piranesi nearly always included gesticulating figures busily engaged in a variety of everyday activities. Though dwarfed and overpowered by his architecture, the figures give a contemporary, humanizing and sometimes even satirical side to his prints. Although the majority of Piranesi's works are of a topographical nature based upon the factual, his purely imaginative etchings represent some of his most powerful and effective works. Aside from the "Prison Series," discussed separately, his four etchings entitled "Grotteschi" (Grotesques) published in 1750 in Opere Varie di Architettura deserve special mention (see reproduction in book). Stylistically they relate to the vibrant, light, rococo etched line of Giovanni Battista Tiepolo who, it is thought, greatly influenced Piranesi during his youth. The dramatic juxtaposition of classical fragments amongst the decaying bits of nature clearly reflect Piranesi's neo-classical and romantic sentiments. Piranesi's imagination is also revealed in the many etchings he executed for design publications, where again Roman antiquities were the basic ingredient used, in this case to design decorative objects such as mantels, urns, sarcophaghi, vases, lamps, and tripods (see reproduction in book). The influence of such
- 5 - design etchings is often acknowledged when considering the interior decorative styles of the English architect-designer, Robert Adam (Adamesque) and the French Empire style. In conclusion, it can be said that the appeal of Piranesi's works spoke to two tastes. As architectural fact they appealed to those searching for balance, logic, and harmony in an age of reason but also in an age of increasing political instability. As architectural ruins, arranged in either a fanciful or factual manner, they appealed to a mind just beginning to seek an emotional response in art. More specifically, they evoked a general feeling of nostalgia for the glory of a bygone era. With time, Piranesi's prints would be increasingly recognized as picturesque images to be contemplated and valued as works of art in their own right rather than simply as the useful references or momentoes Piranesi initially intended. While as an architect, therefore, a few structures survived which he remolded in the city, through the legacy of his graphic works he did even more to preserve the grandeur that was and is Rome. Caroline Wistar, Assistant Curator
TECHNICAL TERMS Etching: Long in use to decorate swords and armor, etching was not used as a print technique until after 1500. Instead of cutting directly into the metal plate, the artist covers it with acid-resistant ground such as wax, gum, or resin and then draws on the plate with a sharp etching needle, removing the ground where the design is to be. The plate is immersed into an acid bath which bites into the plate where the protective ground has been removed (the design). The bitten area when inked will print while the protected areas will not. Because it is much easier to create a design through acid-resistant wax rather than into a metal surface, the lines of an etching are characterized by greater freedom than the more regular, stylized line of an engraving. The engraved line tapers away as the graver is removed from the metal whereas the etched line ends abruptly. State: The term is generally used from the 15th through the 19th century to indicate how many times the printed surface (plate, woodblock, stone) has been changed by the artist in the course of its life, the last state, producing the image in its completed and final form. The information regarding the state is designated in catalogues as follows: ii/iv signifies that this impression is the second state out of a total of four. The later states of Piranesi's large Views of Rome, as catalogued by Hind, are usually posthumous impressions (generally referred to as "re-strikes11 today); the changes made were usually in the form of a price erased, or numbers added in the margins rather than any significant alteration in the image itself.
Editions: After his death Piranesi's sons, Francesco and Pietro, continued to publish his plates in Rome from 1779-1798. A bit later, the sons took all the plates to Paris where they were re-issued, c. 1800 1807- After 1807, impressions were printed on thick wove paper rather than laid. From 1835-1839, the publishers, Firman- Didot Frfcres, reprinted all of Piranesi's work, after which time they were purchased by the Camera Apostolica in Rome and subsequently the Calcografia Camerale (now called the Calcographia Nazionale), where they continue to be printed today for sale to collectors. The quality of the impression, the type of paper used (laid or wove), and the watermark employed (design impressed into the paper by a wire motif during the process of manufacture) must all be considered when determining the edition and the corresponding date of a Piranesi
CATALOGUE 1. Giuseppe Gal 11 Bibiena (1696-1756), Italian The Prison of A Palace Pen and brown ink with gray wash 73-D-36 It is thought that Piranesi studied under the Bibiena family, prominent stage designers, early in his career. His use of sharp diagonal perspective in his large views of Rome and the basic idea behind his Prison Series could have been inspired by designs such as this. 2. Giuseppi Vasi (1710-1782), Italian North Facade of St. John Lateran Etching 76-G-612 Although Vasi taught Piranesi the art of etching, the eventual superiority of the latter's works becomes obvious when comparing their views of Rome. Piranesi's attempt to murder Vasi whom he felt was withholding the secrets of his trade, exemplifies his impetuous character. The lateral north facade of St. John Lateran was designed by Domenico Fontana in the 16th century. To the left is the Lateran Palace. 3. Francois Philothee Duflos (c. 1710-17^6), French "Tempio di Banco" - vignette for the title page of Raccolte Dj Varie Vedute Di Roma, 1752 Etching k. Francesco Piranesi (c. 1758-1810), Italian Fianco del Tempio di Vesti in Tivoli, c. 1830 Etching 78-G-805 76-G-702
4. (Continued) Francesco continued to print his father's works after his death, often adding a number of his own etchings to his father's series. The Temple of Vesta, of the Corinthian order, now stands in ruins, dramatically situated near the edge of the high rock cliffs at Tivoli overlooking the waterfalls below. 5. Hubert Robert (1733-1808), French The Tomb of Virgil at Posilipo, Naples, 1784 Oil on canvas 76-P-199 Robert, like many artists of the 18th century, sought the classical sites of Italy both for instruction and inspiration. Piranesi became a sketching companion and generally close friend of Robert's during the latter's attendance at the French Academy in Rome from 1754-1765. The influence Piranesi had on Robert is obvious; the frequent incorporation of classical ruins both imaginary or real in Robert's works, along with the use of gesticulating figures engaged in daily activities, which give an heroic scale to his architectural structures. This painting is neo-classical in its choice of subject matter, costumes, and subdued colors. However, the misty shadows and decaying vegetation which encroach upon the crumbling ruins create a mysterious and poetic atmosphere which provides a romantic interpretation. The rest of the works in this exhibition are etchings by Giovanni Battista Piranesi (1720-1778), Italian. 6. "Chiesa del Gesu" 7. "S. Giovanni in Laterno" From Varie Vedute Pi Roma Antica... Ca; 1741-1745 The later edition of 1752 is entitled, Raccolte D? Var? Vedute di Roma... (See No. 4) 76-G-658-659 Piranesi executed forty-eight signed views for this work. A number of these were to appear later in guidebooks and other works on Rome published between 1741-1766. The topographical and descriptive quality of these small prints etched early in his career provide a sharp contrast to the much looser, dramatic, and experimental quality of his larger views of Rome. Chiesa del Gesu, the principal church of the Jesuits, typifies Baroque architecture in Rome. It was built by Vignola and his pupil, Giacoma della Porta from 1568-84.
8. Frontispiece, with Statue of Minerva (about 1748) v/vii H.2 Posthumous impression printed by Piranesi's son, for the first Paris edition (1800-1807). Lent by James Hanes This print with its profuse classical ruins, along with the title page, was the only imaginary composition in the entire series. Some of the elements, however, such as Minerva, the colossal foot of Constantine at the right foregfound and the Farnese Hercules at the upper left, depict actual excavated objects. 9 Veduta della Basilica, e Piazza de S. Pietro in Vaticano, 1748 i/vii H.3 Around 1503 Pope Julius II began the destruction of old St. Peter's basilica which the Emperor Constantine erected over the tomb of St. Peter. Taking 176 years to compete the present basilica, the better known architects to have worked on its plans were Bramante, employing a Greek cross plan, Michelangelo who designed the dome and Carlo Maderna who finally decided on a Latin cross plan for his central facade seen here. The very imposing colonnade and its statue decoration were the work of the great Renaissance sculptor, Giovanni Loronzo Bernini. The central obelisk (3) was designed by Domenico Fontana under Sixtus V in 1586. 10. Veduta della Basillica di S. Paolo Fuor della Mura, 1748 iv/vi H.6 72-G-366 One of the five patriarchal churches in Rome presided over by the Pope, the basilica of St. Paul's Outside the Walls was founded in 386 and erected over the tomb of the apostle. Although the church burned down in 1823, it was rebuilt to almost duplicate the 4th century early Christian basilica style of the original, including the mosaic facade. 11. Vedute della Basillica di S. Giovanni Laternno, 1749 i/vi H.8 74-G-485
Le Vedute Pi Roma (The Views of Rome) Spurred on by the tourist demand for souvenirs of Rome, Piranesi in 17**5/^8 began a series of large views of Rome, continuing throughout his lifetime to add to the series until his death in 1778. The result was a total production of 137 individual plates (135 by Piranesi and two by his son Francesco) available either singularly or bound together as a complete set. All of the prints, with the exception of the frontispiece and title page, both imaginary in concept, illustrate various views of Rome and its environs. The environs concentrate on the remains of the summer villas in Tivoli, the property of the Roman patrician class during The Imperial Age. The popularity and overall demand for these prints were so great that it was necessary to restore the plates by re-bitting and re-working them with the burin for subsequent publications. In 1751 they were used to illustrate part of Piranesi's Magnificenze di Roma,around 1756 they were published by Giovanni Bouchard, and in 1761 they were published by Piranesi himself. As these works were a lifetime project they enable one to observe a general unfolding and expression of Piranesi's romantic temperament. The more vibrant interplay of light and shades, the heightened depths of perspective, the more dramatic positioning of his ruins, and the generally darker etching of his plates, were all devices used to bathe his later views in a mysterious, almost surrealistic atmosphere; the result was the heightened exaltation of classical remains.
11. (Continued) St. John Lateran, the cathedral of the Pope and the mother church of Rome, was the first Christian basilica founded by Constantine The Great. Since its consecration in 324 it has been destroyed and rebuilt many times. The main facade depicted here was designed by the Florentine architect, Alexander Galilei in 1735 in the Renaissance style of Palladio. In 1763 Piranesi was commissioned to remodel the choir and apse and though the project was never executed, most of his drawings survive. The nave interior of this cathedral, seen in the Anonymous oil painting in the 18th century gallery, had at that time a gothic, ribbed vaulted ceiling, whereas today the ceiling is in the flat style of the original early Christian basi1ica. 12. Veduta d? Piazza di Spaqne, 1750 iv/viii H.18 - with Piranesi's address and price listed at lower right 72-G-368 The monumental staircase, built between 1723-26 by Francesco de Sanctis in the baroque style, is the central point of this very busy square. Between the 17th and 19th century it housed the residential quarters of the gentil tourists, and continues today to be a central meeting place for tourists, though less gentil; the steps filled with vendors hawking their goods, similar to the activity found in Picadilly Circus in London. At the top of the steps is SS. Trinitb del Monti, at the bottom left the Keats-Shel1ey Memorial House, and in the center the fountain of La Baraccia (1) in the shape of a war vessel, designed by Bernini's father, Pietro between 1627-29. 13. Veduta dell 'Avanzo del Caste!lo, Che Prendendo una Porzione dell 'Acqua Giulia dal Condotto Principale..., 1753 iii/vi H.34 - with Piranesi's studio address and price 72-G-367 This view of the remains of the Roman Castle of Acqua Giulia, showing a portion of the aquaduct, is an indication of Piranesi's fascination with the picturesque quality of ruins which he was to later treat in an increasingly dramatic and romantic fashion. 14. Veduta del Campidoglio di Fianco, 1775 iv/vi H.39 Given by Thomas Wistar, Jr. 78-G-802 The large, shallow central steps (Condonata), crowned by the imposing classical statuary and seen from the side with archaeologists excavating below, leads up to the Piazza del Campidoglio. (Capital Square, location of the chief government buildings.)
14. (Continued) This complex, considered one of the outstanding creations of the Renaissance, was designed by Michelangelo for Pope Paul III between 1534-49. The Palace of the Conservatori or Town Council (3), which now houses the municipal gallery of old master paintings, was built from the plans of Michelangelo. 15. Altra Veduta Interna della Villa di Macenate in Tivoli, 1767 i/iii H.84 73-G-483 The signature, "Cavalier Piranesi inc." was used by Piranesi after he was knighted by the Pope in 1765. Piranesi incorrectly identified these ruins as The Villa of Macenas, but they are actually the remains of the substructures under the Temple of Hercules Victor at Tivoli. His use here of highly contrasting diagonal patterns of light and shade and the overall darkening of his composition shows Piranesi's later tendency to deviate from the more essentially documentary quality of his earlier works, towards compositions where the haunting atmosphere which envelopes the ruins becomes the more important issue. 16. Veduta Interna della Basilica di S. Pietro in Vaticano Alla Tribuna, 1773 i/iii H.102 67-G-166 This central interior view beneath Michelangelo's dome is dominated by Bernini's baldicino of bronze built over the high altar above St. Peter's tomb. The four niches in between the pilasters that support the dome contain statues of the personages associated with the relics inside the chapels behind: From upper left to right: St. Veronica's veil, St. Helena's piece of the true cross, St. Andrew's head, St. Longinus's lance used to pierce the Savior's side. At lower right is the seated bronze statue of St. Peter. 17. Veduta del Palazzo Stopani, 1776 i/ii? H.128 - Posthumous impression from the First Paris edition, c. 1835. 76-G-780 This square, now called Palazzo Vidoni, is dominated by the Renaissance building designed by Raphael in 1515, and demonstrates Piranesi's dramatic use of diagonal perspective to heighten the grandeur of his building in the forefront.
Invenzloni Capfic Pi Carceri... (Capricious Inventions of Prisons) This hauntingly ambiguous series consists of fourteen plates of architectural fantasy, executed between 17^5 and 1750 and published by Giovanni Bouchard. The second edition of 1760-61, with two additional plates, was retitled Career? d 1Invenzione... and appears to have been published by Piranesi himself. In general, the first edition or state produced plates which were more lightly etched when compared with the second edition (state), which was greatly re-worked with many added details and entire areas burnished out. Thus, Piranesi altered his plates i in the second state to the extent that they are almost unrecognized from those in the first. Regardless which state, the entire series reveals a loose sketchy delineation of form where line is de-emphasized. The interior, made up of ambiguous space and massive, fortress-like structures, is shrouded in a nightmarish atmosphere suggesting alienation and spiritual torture. Perhaps these prints defy analysis, but their relevance to the arts of the 20th century as described by Aldous Huxley deserves special mention: "Considered from a purely formal point of view, The Pr?sons are remarkable as being the nearest 18th century
approach to a purely abstract art... Piranesi uses architectural forms to produce a series of beautifully intricate designs, which resemble the abstractions of the cubist in being composed of geometrical elements, but which have the advantage of combining pure geometry with enough subject matter, enough literature, to express more forcibly than a mere pattern can do, the obscure and terrible states of spiritual confusion 8 and acedia."
18. Title Plate iii/iv H.1 Lent by Dr. & Mrs. Herman S. Gundersheimer 19. A Vaulted Building with a Staircase Leading Round a Central Column with Barred Window in the Centre ii/iii H.3 Lent by Dr. & Mrs. Herman S. Gundersheimer 20. Round Arches Springing from a Square Column, Ornamented with Heads of Giants with Rings in Their Mouths ii/iii H.15 Lent by Dr. & Mrs. Herman S. Gundersheimer 21. A Vast Gallery, with Round Arches and a Group of Prisoners on a Projecting Stone in the Foreground ii/iii H.10 Lent by Dr. & Mrs. Herman S. Gundersheimer
FOOTNOTES 1. Hind, Arthur M. Giovanni Battista Piranesi - A Critical Study. (London, 1922; New York, Da Capo Press, 1967, Reprint, P- 2.) 2. Ibid, p. 17. 3. Mayor, A. Hyatt. Giovanni Battista Piranesi. (H. Bittner and Company, New York, 1952, p. 13). k. Stampfle, Felice. Giovanni Battista Piranesi Drawings in the Pierpont Morgan Library. (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1978, p. IX). 5. Hofer, Philip. Introduction, The Prisons /Le Careen/ by Giovanni Battista Piranesi. (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, p. IX. 6. Ivins, William M. Jr. Notes on Prints. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1920, p. 125). 7. Hind, op. cit., p. 7. 8. Mayor, op. cit., p. 29.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Baedeker, Karl. Italy From The Alps To Naples. Third Revised Edition, 192? /page torn_/. P. D. Colnaghi & Co. Ltd. Etchings by Giovanni Battista Piranesi, 1720-1778. (13 Dec., 1973-4 Jan., 197*0- Columbia University. Giovanni Battista Piranesi: Drawings and Etchings at Columbia University. Exhibition Catalogue, Low Memorial Library, March 21 - April 1*f, 1972. Trustees of Columbia University, New York, 1972. (H.) Hind, Arthur M. Giovanni Battista Piranesi - A Critical Study. London, 1922. (New York, Da Capo Press, 1967, Reprint). Hofer, Philip. (Introduction). The Prisons /Le Career// by Giovanni Batt?sta Piranesi. (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1973). Mayor, A. Hyatt. Giovanni Battista Piranesi. (H. Bittner and Company, Publishers. New York, 1952). Murray, Peter. Piranesi And The Grandeur of Ancient Rome. (Thames and Hudson, London, 1971). Robinson, Andrew. Giovanni Battista Piranesi: The Early Architectural Fantasies. (National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1978). Stampfle, Felice. Giovanni Battista Piranesi Drawings in the Pierpont Morgan Library. (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1978).
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