G \ ozo Vörös M ac h a erus II Introduction @04 1
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STUDIUM BIBLICUM FRANCISCANUM Collectio Maior 55 G \ ozo Vörös Machaerus II The Hungarian ARChaeoloGICAL MISSIon IN the light of the AmeRICAN-BapTIST and ITALIAN- FRANCISCAN ExCAVATIoNS and SURVe s Final Report 1 9 6 8 2 0 1 5 supported b\ Milano, 20ı 5 Introduction @04 3
20ı5 Fondazione Terra Santa Milano Edizioni Terra Santa Milano G\ó zó Vörös Budapest Publications of the STUDIUM BIBLICUM FRANCISCANUM sponsored by the Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land: Liber Annuus (LA) ı95 ı 20ı 4 Collectio Maior 55 volumes Collectio Minor 45 volumes Analecta 8 ı volumes Museum ı7 volumes MACHAERUS II Series Editor: G\ ó zó Vörös Archaeo-architectural and building-archaeological plans: Tamás Dobrosi Photographs (2009 2014), and digital-architectural modeling: Tamás Dósa Papp Artistic drawings made by hand: Imre Balázs Arnóczki and D\lan Karges Book design, typography, prepress: István Ó ri Kiss and Andrea Sík Archive photo and colour handling: Kata Ács and Bence Vajda Architectural rendering: Levente G\ulai Printing and binding by Dürer Printing House Front cover: Based on the original June ı968 excavation photograph of the southern part of the Machaerus citadel with the Dead Sea in the background, view from the east ( Cobb Institute of Archaeology, Mississippi State University). Back Cover: The untouched, virgin archaeological site of the Machaerus citadel, taken on the first day of the archaeological mission of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, on 5 June ı968 ( Cobb Institute of Archaeology, Mississippi State University). Edizioni Terra Santa Via Gherardini 5 20ı45 Milano (Italy) tel.: +39 02 34592679 fax: +39 02 3ı80ı980 http://www.edizioniterrasanta.it e-mail: editrice@edizioniterrasanta.it ISBN: 978-88-6240-168-5 All rights reserved. Fig. 1 (page 10): Hypothetical architectural reconstruction of Machaerus in the first rays of the rising Sun, with the Dead Sea and Jerusalem in the background ( Jane Taylor, aerial photograph from the east, 2004). 4 402 Introduction
Introduction @04 5 To Noémi and our Children, Alexander and Salome Alexandra
Contents ıı.... ı2.... ı 6.... ı 8.... 20.... Machaerus Research Project 20ı3 20ı4 Foreword b\ H.R.H. Prince El Hassan Bin Talal, Chairman, Royal Scientific Society of Jordan Dedication b\ G\örg\ Fekete President of the Hungarian Academy of Arts, Budapest Preface b\ Joe D. Seger, Director of the Cobb Institute of Archaeology, Mississippi State University Introduction 24.... Part I. New Achievements on the Field in 20 ı 3 and 20 ı 4 : Steps Towards a Prospective Machaerus 26.... 38.... 44.... 80.... 90.... ı00.... The Discover\ of the Herodian Column Drums Reconstructing the ı 979 and ı 980 I n S i t u Ph\sical Status of the Herodian Column Bases The Anast\losis Re-Erection of Two Complete Herodian Columns in the Ro\al Palace The Gabbatha of Saint John the Baptist New Roads to Machaerus New Discoveries in the Machaerus Necropolis, where Saint John the Baptist was Buried 6 402 Introduction
ıı0.... ıı2.... ı 24.... ı 34.... ı 42.... ı 54.... ı 56.... ı 70.... ı 78.... 208.... 226.... 2 28.... 234.... 242.... 264.... Part II. New Discoveries in the Research Histor DURING 2 0 ı 3 and 20ı4: Excavating Machaerus in Mississippi and in Jerusalem A Forgotten Machaerus Excavation in June ı 968 The American Baptist Archaeological Surve\s, ı 965 ı968 Via Luxemburg to Machaerus, Ma\ ı 968 The Excavation and Identification of the Aqueduct and the Water-Harvesting S\stem The Excavations and Discoveries on the Citadel in Five Archaeological Areas Area A (Mississippi Machaeriaca Boxes Nos. 1, 2, 3) Area B (Mississippi Machaeriaca Boxes Nos. 5, 6, 7) Area CP (Mississippi Machaeriaca Box No. 9) Area CV (Mississippi Machaeriaca Boxes Nos. 10, 11, 12) Area D Topographical and Architectural Surve\ of the Roman Circumvallation The Jerusalem Reports of Vardaman on his Machaerus Excavation and Surve\ (March ı 969) Out of Jordan The Discover\ of the Jerusalem Machaerus Archive in the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum 272.... Part III. The Lost Excavation Boxes: The Rediscovered ı 968 Machaerus Archaeological Objects in Mississippi 274.... 276.... 282.... 288.... Introduction to the ı 968 Machaeriaca Catalogue ı. Ostraca 2. Coins 3. Potter\ Introduction @04 7
302.... 3 ı 2.... 3 ı 8.... 326.... 332.... 336.... 338.... 360.... 368.... 4. Stone Vessels 5. Glass Objects 6. Metal Objects 7. Ballistic Missiles (Mississippi Machaeriaca Box No. 8) 8. Opus Sectile 9. Opus Tesselatum ı 0. G\psum Mouldings ıı. Colored Stucco ı 2. Miscellaneous Objects (Mississippi Machaeriaca Boxes Nos. 4, 13) 374.... Part IV. The 20 ı 5 Retrospective Interpretation of the Re Constructed ı 968 Final Report and Machaerus Objects, in the Light of the Subsequent Italian-FRANciscan and Hungarian Excavation and Surve Results 376.... 402.... 4 ı 4.... 4 ı 8.... 426.... 458.... 472.... 478.... 492.... 498.... 502.... The Identification and Localization of the ı 968 Excavation Areas and Archaeological Sections The Aqueduct and the Water-Harvesting S\stem The Citadel excavations Area A Area B Area CP Area CV Area D The Interpretation of the Jordan, Mississippi and Jerusalem Machaeriaca The Surve\ of the Roman Circumvallation The Archaeological and Architectural Stratigraph\ 8 402 Contents Introduction
5 ı 4.... 5 ı 6.... Part V. The Machaerus Archaeological Site in October 2 0 ı 4: An Aerial Archaeological Surve Gustave Flaubert: Hérodias. Details about Machaerus 528.... Epilogue 534.... Appendix I: Specification on the Materials, Used During the Restoration 538.... Process (Ueli Bellwald) Appendix II: Informal Notes on Surface Remains in the Vicinit\ of Qasr El-Mishneqeh (Anson F. Raine\) 544.... 546.... 548.... 550.... 552.... Acknowledgements Illustration Credits 2 0 ı 3 20ı4 Academic Lectures on Machaerus 2 0 ı 3 20ı4 Bibliograph\ About the Author 554.... The Complete Bibliograph\ of the Collectio Maior Academic Monograph Series of the Pontifical Studium Biblicum Franciscanum in Jerusalem Introduction Contents @04 9
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Machaerus Research Project (Excavations, Surve\s, Anast\loses, Aerial and Landscape Archaeolog\) Founders in 2009 Prof. Imre Makovecz (ı 935 20ıı), President (Hungarian Academy of Arts) Prof. Fawwaz Al-Khra\sheh (ı 955 20ıı), Director General (Jordanian Department of Antiquities) Academic Supporters Prof. Em. G\örg\ Fekete, President (Hungarian Academy of Arts, Budapest) Prof. Monther Jamhawi, Director General (Jordanian Department of Antiquities) Prof. Massimo Pazzini, Dean (Pontifical Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Jerusalem) Prof. Joe D. Seger, Director (Cobb Institute of Archaeology, Mississippi State University) Project Director (2009 ) Dr. G\ó zó Vörös, Academician (Hungarian Academy of Arts) Members during the 20ı 3 and 20ı 4 seasons Core Members (2009 ) Tamás Dobrosi (Hungarian Academy of Arts) Tamás Dósa Papp (Hungarian Academy of Arts) Imre Balázs Arnóczki (Hungarian Academy of Arts) István Ó ri-kiss (Kissík Studio) American Members in Mississippi State Universit\ (20ı 3) D\lan Karges, Graphic Artist, Archaeological Illustrator Christofer Howell, Research Assistant, Archaeological Photographer Lauren Boudreaux, Laboratory Assistant Tim Fr ank, Research Assistant Swiss, Jordanian and American Members in Machaerus (20ı 4) Ueli Bellwald, Senior Restorer Abdullah Al-Bwareed, Representative (Jordanian Department of Antiquities) Khader Apsi, Crane-man (Jordanian Department of Antiquities) Ahmed Talal Al-Aqtash, Construction Foreman Munther Khaled Kharouf, Civil Engineer Maher Mahfouz Ghannam, Civil Engineer D\lan Karges, Archaeological Graphic Artist Introduction @04 11