Theory of Modernism Architecture An overview of early 20th century Architecture trends Dr. Mohammed Al-Shabander
Objectives Understand why the Industrial Revolution, and sociopolitical changes altered ideas about the nature and subject matter of art and architecture in the later 19 th century. Examine the meanings of Modernism philosophically and in the appearance of art and architecture. Examine experiments in materials and form in art and architecture at the turn of the century.
Historical Background Architecture in the Later 19 th Century Understand the new technology and changing needs of urban society and their effects on architecture. Examine new materials use in architecture and the forms made possible as a result. Understand how architects were able to think differently about space as a result of new technology and materials. Examine the remarkable work and theories of Louis Sullivan.
Modernism Age
Louis Sullivan, the Father of Modernism Architecture, 1856-1924 Louis Henry Sullivan was an American architect, has been called the "father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism". That form ever follows function. This is the law.
The Architecture of Louis Sullivan LOUIS SULLIVAN, Guaranty (Prudential) Building, Buffalo, 1894 1896.
Modernism in Architecture The defining feature of modernism architecture is the modern aesthetic which may be summarized as plain geometric forms. Modernism Architecture takes its roots from the Industrial Age when architects are exploring new materials such as steel and reinforced concrete. The design of buildings are not anymore influenced by religion nor classicism, but rather architecture is inspired by the machine.
Modernism A break from the past and a search for new expression. A faith in new technology and aesthetics to solve problems of society.
ART NOUVEAU
What is Art Nouveau? Art Nouveau is a French of (New Art) or(new Style). The name 'Art Nouveau' derived from the name of a shop in Paris, Maison de l'art Nouveau, that showcased objects that followed this approach of design. Art Nouveau characterized by highly-stylized, flowing, curvilinear designs often incorporating floral and other plant-inspired motifs (Organic Forms). Art Nouveau represents the beginning of modernism in design (Modern Art & Architecture).
Art Nouveau Architecture We can divide Art Nouveau Architecture into two main tendencies that could broadly termed: 1- The Organic Hector Guimard, Victor Horta, Van de Velde, Antonio Gaudi 2- And the Rationalist Louis Sullivan, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Otto Wagner, Auguste Perret
Casa Vicens, 1878-1880 Barcelona Antonio Gaudi (Spanish Architect, Barcelona) (25 June 1852 10 June 1926)
La Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, Spain 1882-1926
The Light House Glasgow, Scotland Completed in 1895 Charles Rennie Mackintosh (British Architect, Interior Designer) (1868 1928)
Mackintosh school,glasgow, Scotland 1897-1909
Organic Architecture
What is organic architecture An architecture idea which promotes harmony between man-made structure and the nature around. The buildings and surroundings become part of a unified & interrelated composition. The term "Organic Architecture" was invented by the great architect, Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959). Organic architecture not only addresses environmental concerns but also expresses individuality. Each building is related to the variables like man, site & time so every resulting structure is unique & unrepeatable.
Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright was born in June 8, 1867 Was an American architect, draftsman, interior designer, writer and educator, He designed more than 1,000 structures and completed 500 works. Wright believed in designing structures which were in harmony with humanity and its environment He was a popular lecturer in U.S & Europe He died in Arizona at the age of 92 Never retired from his profession
Falling - Water House
Guggenheim Museum
Frank Lloyd Wright in Baghdad 1957
What is Deutscher Werkbund Deutscher Werkbund (German Workforce Federation) German association of artists, architects, designers, and industrialists aiming to refine human craft,and in which spanned the gap between Arts and Crafts movement. Founded in 1907 in Munich by Peter Behrens, Josef Hoffman, and Richard Riemerschmid.
TURBINE FACTORY PETER BEHRNES, 1910
Characteristics In 1924, the Werkbund published (Form without Ornamentation). This milestone publication praised industrially produced design work that showed brutally plain surfaces lacking in any form of ornamentation or decoration. The road was set irreversibly towards Functionalism.
FAGUS FACTORY WALTER GROPIUS, 1911-13
The Bauhaus The Bauhaus movement was the turning point in the history of Art and Architecture where design is of importance. The Bauhaus was founded in 1919 in Weimar, Germany by Walter Gropius and was a school for combined fine arts and 'applied arts, to teach design principles for life.
The Bauhaus School 1919-1933 The teaching methods of the Bauhaus school are adapted in many design schools today, all around the world.
Walter Gropius
Walter Gropius Gropious designed the Bauhaus building at Dessau, the most emblematic construction of the movement. The first important work made by Gropius was the Fagus factory in 1911. It was conceit as a beautiful combination of iron and glass, but its main work is the Bauhaus building in which teachers and students collaborated. The plan of the Bauhaus building is formed by three sections that expand freely and multiply the points of view. The walls are of concrete and glass.
Walter Gropius in Baghdad 1958
The Bauhaus School 1919-1933 Bauhaus was considered to be the first design school in the modernist style. It influenced the art and architectural trends in the whole world. The school existed in three German cities (Weimar,Dessau and Berlin), under three different architect-directors: Walter Gropius, Hannes Meyer and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe until 1933, when the school was closed by its own leadership under pressure from the Nazi regime.
The Big Three of Modernism Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius By the 1920s the most important figures in modern architecture had established their reputations. The big three are commonly recognized as Le Corbusier in France, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius in Germany.
END OF THE 19 th CENTURY (1840-1900) Historicism + Industrial Revolution History of Modern Architecture POST MODERN MOVEMENT (AFTER 1945) High Tech + Post Modernism + De Constructivism Art + craft movement William Morris Art Nouveau Movement Victor Horta Henry van de Velde The Chicago School Louis Sullivan Form follows function! HIGH TECH POST MODERNISM DE CONSTRUCTIVISM Renzo Piano Richard Rogers Norman Foster Robert Venturi Michael Graves Richard Meier Philip Johnson Coop Himmelblau Zaha Hadid Frank O Gehry Bernard Tschumi Rem Koolhaas REGIONAL ARCHITECTURE Iraqi Modern + Regional Modern Architecture Iraqi MODERN ARCHITECTURE REGIONAL MODERN Neoclassicism Peter Behrens Auguste Perret MODERNISM Expressionism Eero Saarinen (TWA Flight Center) Erich Mendelsohn (Einstein Tower) Amsterdam School MODERN MOVEMENT(1900-1945) Modernism + International Style Futurism Antonio Sant Elia Cubism Josef Chochol Josef Gocar Constructivism Vladimir Tatlin INTERNATIONAL STYLE De stijl Piet Mondrian Theo Van Doesburg Gerrit Thomas Rietveld The Bauhaus Walter Gropius Marcel Breuer MASTER BUILDER Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe Eero Saarinen Le Corbusier Frank Lloyd Wright