Crime Prevention in the 21st Century

Crime Prevention in the 21st Century

Benoit Leclerc Ernesto U. Savona Editors Crime Prevention in the 21st Century Insightful Approaches for Crime Prevention Initiatives

Editors Benoit Leclerc School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Griffith University Brisbane, QLD, Australia Ernesto U. Savona Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Transcrime Milano, Italy ISBN 978-3-319-27791-2 ISBN 978-3-319-27793-6 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-27793-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016943526 Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland

Acknowledgements We would like to thank the contributors to this volume for assisting in the peer review process of the manuscripts included in this volume. We would also like to thank Peter Bell, Rick Brown, Jesse Cale, Ron Clarke, Marcus Felson, Mike Maxfield, Carlo Morselli, Janet Ransley, Danielle Reynald, and Clifford Shearing for their assistance in the peer review process. v

Contents 1 Crime Prevention in the Twenty-First Century... 1 Benoit Leclerc and Ernesto U. Savona Part I The Offenders Perspective on Crime Prevention 2 Learning from the Offenders Perspective on Crime Prevention... 9 Scott Jacques and Elizabeth Bonomo 3 Learning About Crime Prevention from Aborted Crimes: Intrapersonal Comparisons of Committed and Aborted Robbery... 19 Marie Rosenkrantz Lindegaard and Wim Bernasco 4 Learning from Offenders: Some Iatrogenic Effect of Crime Prevention Measures... 35 Martin Gill Part II Crime Script Analysis 5 Script Analysis and the SCRIPT Acronym... 49 Benoit Leclerc 6 An Examination of Sexual Offenses Against Women by Acquaintances: The Utility of a Script Framework for Prevention Purposes... 59 Yi-Ning Chiu and Benoit Leclerc 7 Expanding the Script Analytic Approach Using Victim Narratives: Learning About Robberies of Taxi Drivers from the Drivers Themselves... 77 Martha J. Smith vii

viii Contents Part III Crime Mapping and Spatial Analysis 8 Crime Mapping and Spatial Analysis... 101 Michael Townsley 9 Mapping Crime Prevention: What We Do and Where We Need to Go... 113 Martin A. Andresen Part IV Social Network Analysis 10 Social Network Analysis and Crime Prevention... 129 Giulia Berlusconi 11 Using Social Network Analysis to Design Crime Prevention Strategies: A Case Study of Methamphetamine Manufacture and Trafficking... 143 David A. Bright 12 Uncovering the Social Pecking Order in Gang Violence... 165 Jasmin Randle and Gisela Bichler 13 Static and Dynamic Approaches of a Drug Trafficking Network... 187 Andrea Giménez-Salinas Framis and Sonia Fernández Regadera Part V Agent-Based Modelling 14 Formal Models of the Crime Event: Agent-Based Modelling in Support of Crime Prevention... 215 Daniel Birks 15 Investigating Prevention by Simulation Methods... 235 Charlotte Gerritsen and Henk Elffers Part VI Crime-Proofing Legislations 16 Proofing Legislation Against Crime as Situational Prevention Measure... 247 Ernesto U. Savona 17 Crime Proofing of Legislation in Practice: The Case of the 2014 EU Tobacco Products Directive... 275 Stefano Caneppele 18 A New Victorian Era: Getting Crime Out of Commercial Sex... 293 Adam Masters and Adam Graycar Part VII Technologies of Crime Prevention 19 Technology, Opportunity, Crime and Crime Prevention: Current and Evolutionary Perspectives... 319 Paul Ekblom

Contents ix 20 Passive WiFi Radar: A New Technology for Urban Area Surveillance... 345 Kevin Chetty and Karl Woodbridge 21 Micro UAV Crime Prevention: Can We Help Princess Leia?... 359 Matthew Ritchie, Francesco Fioranelli, and Hervé Borrion 22 Technology for Crime and Crime Prevention: A Supply Side Analysis... 377 Graham Farrell and Nick Tilley Index... 389

Contributors Martin A. Andresen School of Criminology, Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada Giulia Berlusconi Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Transcrime, Milan, Italy Wim Bernasco Department of Spatial Economics, Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Gisela Bichler Center for Criminal Justice Research, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, USA Daniel Birks Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Elizabeth Bonomo Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA Hervé Borrion UCL Department of Security and Crime Science, London, UK David A. Bright School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Stefano Caneppele School of Criminal Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Kevin Chetty Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London, UK Yi-Ning Chiu School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Paul Ekblom Design Against Crime Research Centre, Central Saint Martins, University of the Arts London, London, UK Department of Security and Crime Science, UCL, London, UK Applied Criminology Centre, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK xi

xii Contributors Henk Elffers NSCR & VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Graham Farrell Center for Criminal Justice Studies, School of Law, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Francesco Fioranelli UCL Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, London, UK Andrea Giménez-Salinas Framis Instituto de Ciencias Forenses y de la Seguridad, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Charlotte Gerritsen NSCR & VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Martin Gill Perpetuity Research & Consultancy International (PRCI) Ltd, Kent, UK Adam Graycar School of Social & Policy Studies, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Scott Jacques Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA Benoit Leclerc School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Marie Rosenkrantz Lindegaard Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, Netherlands Adam Masters Transnational Research Institute on Corruption, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia Jasmin Randle Center for Criminal Justice Research, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, USA Sonia Fernández Regadera Instituto de Ciencias Forenses y de la Seguridad, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Matthew Ritchie UCL Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, London, UK Ernesto U. Savona Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Transcrime, Milano, Italy Martha J. Smith School of Community Affairs, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA Nick Tilley Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London, UK Michael Townsley School of Criminology and Criminal Justice and Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia Karl Woodbridge Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, UK

About the Editors Benoit Leclerc is Associate Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia. Before joining Griffith, he was involved in research and clinical work with adolescent and adult sex offenders at the Philippe- Pinel Institute of Montréal for 7 years and received his Ph.D. from the Université of Montréal, Canada. His research interests include script analysis, environmental criminology and situational crime prevention, and sexual offending. He is the lead investigator of a project funded by the Australian Research Council on the effectiveness of situational prevention to prevent sexual offenses. Key publications include articles in Criminology, Criminal Justice & Behavior, Child Abuse & Neglect, British Journal of Criminology, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency and Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment as well as books entitled Cognition and Crime: Offender Decision-Making and Script Analyses (co-edited with Richard Wortley Routledge) and Pathways of Sexual Aggression (co-edited with Jean Proulx, Eric Beauregard and Patrick Lussier Routledge). Ernesto U. Savona is Director of TRANSCRIME, Joint Research Centre of the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan. He is Editor-in-Chief of the European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research (Springer). Since 2003, he has been professor of Criminology at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Milan. From 1986 to 2002, he was professor of Criminology at the Faculty of Law at the Università degli Studi di Trento. From 1971 to 1986, he was associate professor at the Faculty of Statistical Sciences at the Università La Sapienza in Rome. He is Past President of the European Society of Criminology (2003/2004) and Chair for the term 2011 2012 of the Global Agenda Council on Organized Crime of the World Economic Forum. Professor Savona is a member of the European Commission experts group on policy needs for data on crime and criminal justice and of the expert group on Firearms. His research interests and key publications include books and articles on organized crime, money laundering, and corruption. He has developed for the 6th EU Research Framework Programme the crime-proofing approach aimed at preventing opportunities for crime inadvertently created by regulation. xiii