Advances in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Advances in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Advances in Lithium-Ion Batteries Edited by Walter A. van Schalkwijk SelfCHARGE, Inc. Redmond, Washington Department of Chemical Engineering University of Washington Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. and Bruno Scrosati Department of Chemistry University of Rome La Sapienza Rome, Italy KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW

ebook ISBN: 0-306-47508-1 Print ISBN: 0-306-47356-9 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Print 2002 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers New York All rights reserved No part of this ebook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: and Kluwer's ebookstore at: http://kluweronline.com http://ebooks.kluweronline.com

Acknowledgment Dr. Scrosati would like to acknowledge his wife, Etta Voso, for her patience and continuous support of his work. The many exchanges with chapter authors were appreciated, as were the helpful suggestions of Mark Salomon. The contribution on fuzzy logic battery management from Professor Pritpal Singh of Villanova University and the rapid turn of some artwork by Liann Yi from his lab was greatly appreciated. Thank you also to Brad Taylor and Kevin Talbot for reworking some of the more complicated figures. Lastly, Dr. van Schalkwijk wishes to acknowledge the support of his co-editor, and the hospitality of his institution and research group during his visit to Rome. Walter van Schalkwijk Seattle, Washington Bruno Scrosati Rome, Italy v

Contributors Caria Arbizzani University of Bologna, Dip. Chimica G. Ciamician, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy Doron Aurbach Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel George F. Blomgren Blomgren Consulting Services Ltd., 1554 Clarence Ave., Lakewood, Ohio 44107, U.S.A. Ralph J. Brodd Broddarp of Nevada, Inc., 2151 Fountain Springs Drive, Henderson, Nevada 89074, U.S.A. Michael Broussely SAFT, F-86060 Poitiers, France Robert M. Darling International Fuel Cells, South Windsor, Connecticut, U.S.A. John B. Goodenough Texas Materials Institute, ETC 9.102, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, U.S.A. Mary Hendrickson U.S. Army CECOM RDEC, Army Power Division, AMSEL-R2- AP-BA, Ft. Monmouth, New Jersey 07703-5601, U.S.A. H. Ikuta Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552, Japan Minoru Inaba Department of Energy & Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan Hsiu-ping Lin MaxPower, Inc., 220 Stahl Road, Harleysville, Pennsylvania 19438, U.S.A. Marina Mastragostino University of Bologna, UCA Scienze Chimiche, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy John Newman Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley; and Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, Berkeley, California, U.S.A. Yoshio Nishi Sony Corporation, 1-11-1 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, 141-0032 Tokyo, Japan Zempachi Ogumi Department of Energy & Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan vii

viii Contributors Edward J. Plichta U.S. Army CECOM RDEC, Army Power Division, AMSEL-R2-AP- BA, Ft. Monmouth, New Jersey 07703-5601, U.S.A. Mark Salomon MaxPower, Inc., 220 Stahl Road, Harleysville, Pennsylvania 19438, U.S.A. Bruno Scrosati Department of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy Francesca Soavi Univeristy of Bologna, UCI Scienze Chimiche, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy Robert Spotnitz Battery Design Company, Pleasanton, California, U.S.A. Kazuo Tagawa Hoshen Corporation, 10-4-601 Minami Senba 4-chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka 542-0081, Japan Karen E. Thomas Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley; and Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, Berkeley, California, U.S.A. Y. Uchimoto Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552, Japan Walter A. van Schalkwijk SelfCHARGE, Inc., Redmond, Washington; and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. M. Wakihara Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552, Japan Andrew Webber Energizer, 23225 Detroit Rd., P.O. Box 450777, Westlake, Ohio 44145, U.S.A. Jun-ichi Yamaki Institute of Advanced Material Study, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan

Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Introduction B. Sacrosati and W.A. van Schalkwijk The Role of Surface Films on Electrodes in Li-Ion Batteries D. Aurbach Carbon Anodes Z. Ogumi and M. Inaba Manganese Vanadates and Molybdates as Anode Materials for Lithium- Ion Batteries M. Wakihara, H. Ikuta, and Y. Uchimoto Oxide Cathodes J.B. Goodenough Liquid Electrolytes J-i. Yamaki Ionic Liquids for Lithium-Ion and Related Batteries A. Webber and G. E. Blomgren Lithium-Ion Secondary Batteries with Gelled Polymer Electrolytes Y. Nishi Lithium Polymer Electrolytes B. Scrosati Lithium-Ion Cell Production Processess R.J. Brodd and K. Tagawa 1 7 79 103 135 155 185 233 251 267 10. Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Cells B. Scrosati ix 289

x 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Temperature Effects on Li-Ion Cell Performance M. Salomon, H-p. Lin, E.J. Plichta and M. Hendrickson Mathematical Modeling of Lithium Batteries K.E. Thomas, J. Newman, and R.M. Darling Aging Mechanisms and Calendar-Life Predictions M. Broussely Scale-Up of Lithium-Ion Cells and Batteries R. Spotnitz Charging, Monitoring and Control W.A. van Schlakwijk Advances in Electrochemical Supercapacitors M. Mastragostino, F. Soavi and C. Arbizzani Index Contents 309 345 393 433 459 481 507