Notes and References. Peacekeeping (Enstone, Oxford: The Ditchely Foundation, 1969) pp Resolution, vol. I (December 1957) pp

Notes and References CHAPTER 1: SMAU STATES AND SECURITY 1. K. J. Twitchett, IntePnational SecuPity (London: Oxford University Press, 1971) pp. 1-19. 2. F. H. Hartman, The Relations of Nations (New York: Macmillan, 1967) p. 14. 3. K. J. Holsti, IntePnational Politics (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1967) p. 126. 4. Alan James, The Role of FoPce in IntePnational and U.N. Peacekeeping (Enstone, Oxford: The Ditchely Foundation, 1969) pp. 7-8. 5. J. F. Triska and D. D. Finley, Soviet FoPeign Policy (New York: Macmillan, 1968) p. 346. 6. Harold and Margaret Sprout, 'Environmental Factors in the Study of International Politics', JouPnal of Conflict Resolution, vol. I (December 1957) pp. 309-28. 7. Johan Galtung, 'East-West Interaction Patterns', JouPnal of Peace ReseaPch. vol. 3, no. 2 (1966) pp. 146-77. 8. David Vital, The SuPvival of Small States (London: Oxford University Press, 1971) pp. 2-5. 9. Trygve Mathisen, The Functions of Small States in the StPategies of the GPeat PowePs (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1971) pp. 17-21. 10. Karl w. Deutsch, The Analysis of IntePnational Relations (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1968) p. 22. 11. See Robert 0. Keohane, 'Lilliputians' Dilemmas: Small States in International Politics', IntePnational 0Pganizations. vol. XXIV (1969) among others. 12. Robert L. Rothstein, Alliances and Small PowePs (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968) p. l. 13. David Vital, The Inequality of States (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967) p. 8. 274

Notes and Refe~ences 275 14. Ibid. 15. Marshal 1 R. Singer, Heak States in a Ho~ld of Powe~s: The Dynamics of Inte~national Relationships (New York: Free Press, 1972) chapter 3 and 'The Foreign Policies of Small Developing States' in J. N. Rosenau et al. (eds), Ho~ld Politics (New York: Free Press, 1976) p. 263. 16. R. P. Barston (ed.), The Othe~ Powe~s: Studies in the Fo~eign Policies of Small States (London: Allen and Unwin, 1971) p. 15. 17. Vital, The Su~vival of Small States. pp. 7-8. 18. Ibid., pp. 8-9. 19. Ibid., p. 9. 20. Ibid., p. 9. 21. Rothstein, Alliances and Small Powe~s. pp. 4-8. 22. Ibid., p. 29. 23. James N. Rosenau, 'Pre-theories and Theories of Foreign Pol icy', in R. Barry Farrel (ed.), App~osches to Compa~ative and Inte~national Politics (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1966) pp. 27-92. 24. Jack Sawyer, 'Dimensions of Nations: Size, Wealth and Politics', Ame~ican Jou~nal of Sociology, vol. 72 (September 1967) pp. 145-72. 25. Stephen A. Salmore and Charles F. Hermann, 'The Effects of Size, Development and Accountability of Foreign Policy', Peace Resea~ch Society (International) Pape~s (1969) pp. 15-30. 26. Bruce M. Russett, Inte~national Regions and the Inte~national System (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1967). 27. Rudolph J. Rummell, 'Indicators of Cross-National and International Patterns', Ame~ican Political Science Review, vol. 63 (March 1969) pp. 127-47. 28. Maurice A. East, 'Size and Foreign Pol icy Behavior: A Test of Two Models', in Charles W. Kegley et al. (eds), Inte~national Events and the Compa~ative Analysis of Fo~eign Policy (Columbia: University of South Carolina, 1975) pp. 159-178. 29. Ibid., p. 177. 30. Mathisen, Functions of Small States. p. 246. 31. Vital, The Su~vival of Small States. pp. 3-4. 32. Johan Gal tung, 'A Structural Theory of Imperialism', Jou~nal of Peace Resea~ch, vol. 8 (1971) pp. 81-117. 33. Vital, The Su~vival of Small States, pp. 11-12. 34. Rothstein, Alliances and Small Powe~s. pp. 24-29. 35. Ibid., p. 28. 36. Gal tung, 'East-West Interaction Patterns', p. 146.

276 Notes and References 37. Erling Bjol, 'The Small State in International Politics', in August Schou and Arne 0. Brundtland, Small States in International Relations (Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1971) p. 34. 38. Ibid. 39. East, 'Size and Foreign Pol icy Behaviour' pp. 177-8. 40. Thomas G. Masaryk, The Nsking of B State (New York: F. A. Stokes, 1927) p. 412. 41. Arnold Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962) p. 111. 42. For a detailed analysis of this phenomenon see R. P. Barston, 'The External Relations of Smal 1 States', in Schou and Brundtland, Small States in International Relations. pp. 46-7. 43. Annette Baker Fox, The Power of Small States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959) pp. 187-8. 44. Ibid., p. 20. 45. East, 'Size and Foreign Policy Behaviour', p. 178. 46. Mathisen, Functions of Small States. p. 20. 47. East, 'Size and Foreign Pol icy Behaviour', p. 164. 48. For a good discussion of the roots of functionalism see Charles Pentland, 'Functionalism and Theories of International Political Integration' in A. J. R. Groom and Paul Taylor (eds), Theory and Practice in International Relations: Functionalism (New York: Crane, Russak, 1975) p. 16. 49. David Mitrany, A Harking Pesce System (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1966). 50. David Mitrany, 'The Functional Approach to World Organization', International Affairs. vol. XXIV (July 1948) p. 359. 51. Hans J. Morgenthau, 'Introduction', in Mitrany, A Harking Pesce System. p. 11. 52. Innis Claude Jr., Power and International Relations (New York: Random House, 1962) pp. 205-85; Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations (New York: Knopf, 1978) pp. 499-507. 53. Ernst B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1958) p. 16. 54. Leon N. Lindberg, The Political Dynamics of Economic Integration (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 196~ p. 6. 55. Amitai Etzioni, Political Unification (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967) pp. 4-5. 56. Karl w. Deutsch et sl., Political Community and the North Atlantic Area (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957) pp. 5-6.

Notes snd Refe~ences 277 57. Johan Galtung, 'A Structural Theory of Integration', Jou~nsl of Pesce Reses~ch. vol. 5. no. 4 (1968) p. 377. 58. Ernst B. Haas, Beyond the Nation State (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1964) p. 48 and E. B. Haas and P. L. Schmitter, 'Economics and Differential Patterns of Political Integration: Projections About Unity in Latin America'. Inte~nsUonsl o~gsnizsuon (Autumn 1964) pp. 707-10. In the latter work the two authors sought to find 'functional equivalents'. 59. Philippe C.Schmitter, 'A Revised Theory of Regional Integration', Inte~nstionsl o~gsnizstion. vol. 24, no. 4 ( 1970) p. 846. 60. Ernst B. Haas, 'Turbulent Fields and Theory of Regional Integration', Inte~nstionsl O~gsnizstion, vol. 30, no. 2 (1976) p. 184. 61. Ernst B. Haas, M. P. Wi 1 Iiams and D. Babai, Scientists snd Wo~ld O~de~: The Uses of Technical Knowledge in Inte~nstional o~gsnizstions (Berkeley: University of California, 1977) pp. 210-11. 62. Robert S. Keohane and Joseph Nye, 'Interdependence and Integration', in F. Greenstein and N. Polsby (eds), Mass.: Handbook of Political Science. vol. 8 (Reading, Addison-Wesley, 1975). 63. Lindberg, Political Oynsmics of Economic Integ~stion. pp. 286-8. 64. Karl w. Deutsch, F~snce. Ge~msny snd the Weste~n Alliance (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1967) pp. 218-20 and J. F. Dougherty and Robert Pfaltzgraff Jr., Contending Theo~ies of Inte~nstionsl Relations (New York: Harper and Row, 1981). 65. Carl J. Friedrich, Eu~ope: An Eme~gent Nation? (New York: Harper and Row, 1969) pp. 196-215. 66. Joseph s. Nye, Pesce in Ps~ts: Integ~stion snd Conflict in Regional O~gsnizsUon (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971) pp. 56-66. 67. Ibid., pp. 74-93 68. Deutsch et sl., Political Community snd the No~th Atlantic A~es (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957). 69. I b i d, p. 199 70. Ibid., pp. 68-70 and Dougherty and Pfaltzgraff, Contending Theo~ies of Inte~nstionsl Relations. p. 426. 71. Bruce M. Russett, Inte~nstionsl Regions snd Inte~nstionsl System: A Study in Political Ecology (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1967) pp. 171 and 188-9. 72. James A. Kuhlman, 'Eastern Europe', in Rosenau, Wo~ld Politics. p. 445.

278 73. 74. 75. 76. n. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. Notes and References See Johan Holst's suggestions in Schou and Brundtland, Small States ;n Internat;onal Relat;ons. pp. 218-19. See w. w. Kulski. The Sovjet Un;on ;n World Affajrs: A Documented Analys;s 1964-72 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1973) p. 117 for Soviet motives. Clive Archer, 'EFTA and the Nordic Counci 1' in K. J. Twitchett (ed.). European Co-operatjon Today (London: Europa Publications, 1980) pp. 102-6. Ibid., pp. 1 06-7. Nils Andren, 'Nordic Integration' Cooperatjon and ConfUct. no. 1, (1967) p. 17. Wi 11 iam H. Riker, The Theory of Poljtjcal Coal;t;ons (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962). D. R. Holsti, P. T. Hopmann and J. D. Sullivan, Unjty and o;s;ntegrat;on ;n Internat;onal All;ances: Compara Uve Studjes (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1973) p. 4. Robert Osgood, Alljances and Amer;can Fore;gn Pol;cy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1968) p. 19. S. Hoffman, 'Discord and Community: The North Atlantic Area as a Partial International System', InternaUonal OrganjzaUon. vol. 17 (Summer 1963) pp. 521-49 and Charles Pentland, 'International Organizations', in Rosenau, World Poljtjcs. R. 0. Keohane, 'Li 11 iputians' Dilemmas: Small States in International Politics'. Internatjonal Organjzatjons. vol. 23 (Spring 1969) p. 302. Rothstein, Alljances and Small Powers. pp. 170-219. Ibid., p. 218. Ibid., p. 171. Schou and Brundland, Small States ;n Internatjonal Relat;ons. p. 214. Rothstein, Alljances and Small Powers. p. 254. Ernest Lefever, 'Nehru, Nasser and Nkrumah on Neutralism', in Laurence Martin (ed.), NeutraUsm and NonaUgnment (New York: Praeger, 1962) p. 95. Rothstein, Alljances and Small Powers. pp. 246-56. R. o. Keohane and J. s. Nye, Power and Interdependence: World Poljtjcs ;n Trans;t;on (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977) cited inn. R. Richardson and C. W. Kegley Jr., 'Trade Dependence and Foreign Pol icy Compliance', Internatjonal Studjes Quarterly. vol. 24, no. 2 (June 1980) p. 192. Ibid., p. 193. Ibid., pp. 219-20.

Notes snd Refe~ences 279 CHAPTER 2:BILATERALJSM AND MUL TILA TERALISM IN THE BALKANS 1. New Yo~k Times. 26 October 1975. 2. New York Times, 11 February 1976. 3. Cal Clark and Robert L. Farlow, Comps~ative Patterns of Fo~eign Policy and T~ade (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976) pp. 3-4. 4. Ernst B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe (London: Stevens and Sons, 1958) Ch. 8. 5. R. F. Byrnes, 'Russia in Eastern Europe: Hegemony Without Security', Fo~eign Affairs (July 1971) pp. 686-7. 6. T. I. Geshkoff, Balkan Union (New York: Columbia University Press, 1940) p. 24. 7. Ibid., p. 19. 8. L. Kossuth, Souvenirs et ecrits de mon exit (Paris, 1880) pp. 254 f f., and T. Lengye 1, 'The Hungarian Exiles and the Danubian Confederation', The Hungarian Quarte~ly. vol. v (1939) pp. 450-61. 9. Tso 1 a Dr agoycheva, /tfscedon i a (Sofia: Sofia Press, 1979) 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. pp. 8-9. Vanco Apostol ski, Tsola Dragoicheva and her Nemoirs Based on Greater Bulgarian Nationalist Positions (Belgrade: Dour Jugoslovenska Revija, 1979) pp. 54-8. Dragoycheva, Nacedonia, p. 8. Apostol ski, Tsola Drsgoichevs, pp. 54-5. I b i d, p. 54. Ibid. Cyrus Sulzberger, 'Balkan Unification', Globe and Nail (Toronto), 11 September 1946. J. Birch, 'Albania- the reluctant puppet', Jouf'nal of Social and Political Studies. vol. 2, no.~. p. 277. Apostol ski, Tsola Df'agoichevs. pp. 52-3. M.G. Zaninovich, 'The Yugoslov Variation of Wayne S. Vucinich (ed.), Contemporaf'y Twenty Years Aftef' (Berkeley: University of Press, 1969) p. 294. Tf'ibuna Romsna (Bucharest), 15 July 1976, p. 7. Marx', in Yugoslavia: California lupta de Class (Bucharest), 1 Apri 1 1964, pp. 3-12. A. Borowiec, Yugoslavia Aftef' Tito (New York: Praeger, 1977) p. 59. 22. A. Braun, 'Yugoslav/Romanian Concept of Peoples War', Canadian Defence Quarterly (Summer 1977) p. 39 and Adam Roberts, Nations in Arms: The Theof'y and Pf'actice of Tef'ritorisl Defense (New York: Praeger, 1976) pp. 172-218.

280 Notes and Refe~ences 23. A. Braun, Romanian Fo~eign Policy Since 1964 (New York: Praeger, 1978) pp. 168-82. 24. Scinteia (Bucharest), 17 September 1957. 25. Scinteia, 7 June 1959 and New Yo~k Times, 4 June 1959. 26. New Yo~k Times. 1 October 1960. 27. Ch~i sti an Science Non ito~, 8 Apr i 1 1969. 28. VI Cong~es Unive~sel de la paix. Official Report, pp. 144-7 in Geshkoff, Balkan Union. p. 79. 29. Ibid., p. 96. 30. Ibid., pp. 101-2. 31. Ibid., p. 107. 32. Ibid., p. 108. 3 3. Ibid., p. 88. 34. Les Balkans II, no. 23 (1932) pp. 564-9 (98). 35. Les Balkans II, no. 23 (1932) p. 569 (98). 36. Les Balkans 11, no. 22 (1932) pp. 546-9 (98). 37. 'The Draft Balkan Pact of the Balkan Conference' reprinted in R. J. Kerner and H. N. Howard, The Balkan Confe~ences and the Balkan Entente (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1936) pp. 200-8. 38. Ibid. 39. A. Girard, 'La IVe Conference balkanique', Affai~es et~ange~es. vol. 111 (1933) pp. 612-21 (108). 40. 'The Four-Power Balkan Pact', reprinted in Kerner and Howard, The Balkan Confe~ences. pp. 232-3. 41. Ibid., p. 232. 42. New Yo~k Times. 26 Apri 1 1934. 43. Les Balkans v (1934) pp. 281-91 (217). 44. Kerner and Howard, The Balkan Confe~ences, pp. 166-7. 45. 'Balkan Entente between Turkey, Greece, Rumania and Yugoslavia 9 February 1934 and Bulgaria 31 July 1938', in J. A. s. Granville, Naja~ Inte~national T~eaties 1914-1973 (New York: Stein and Day, 1974) p. 126. 46. L. N. Ewer, 'The Balkan Alliance', Halifax Ch~onicle and He~ald, 19 August 1954. 47. Ibid. 48. The Times (London), 10 August 1959. 49. Ewer, 'The Ba 1 kan A 11 i ance'. 50. 'The Balkan Treaty', The Times (London), 10 August 1954. 51. Ibid. 52. New Yo~k Times. 29 June 1955. 53. The Times. 10 August 1959. 54. Ibid. 55. New Yo~k Times. 3 March 1955. 56. Ibid.

Notes snd Refe~ences 281 57. George w. Hoffman and B. W. Neal, Yugoslsv;s snd the New Commun;sm (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1962) pp. 422-3. 58. C. L. Sulzberger, 'How strong is the Balkan Alliance?', New Yo~k r;mes. 29 June 1956. 59. Ibid. 6o. The T;mes. 25 June 1960. 61. Geshkoff, Bslksn Unjon, p. 61. 62. T. Vladimiroff, 'Bulgaria's Novel ~ethod of Reconstruction', Cu~~ent Hjsto~y. vol. XIII 0920) pp. 217-22: 'Bulgaria's Future; An Interview with Premier Stambulisky', Uvjng Age, vol. CCCVI (1920) pp. 274-6 (62). 63. Sulzberger, 'Balkan Unification'. 64. David ~itrany, A Ho~k;ng Pesce System (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1966) p. 97. 65. David ~itrany, 'The Functional Approach to World Oganization', Internstjonsl Affsj~s. vol. XXIV (July 1948) p. 359 66. Ernst B. Haas, The Unitjng of Eu~ope (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1958) p. 16. 67. J. S. Nye, 'Comparing Common ~arkets: a revised neefunctionalist model', in L. L. Lindberg and S. A. Scheingoeld (eds), Reg;onsl Integrstjon: Theo~y snd Reses~ch (Cambridge, ~ass.: Harvard University Press, 1971) pp. 193-4. 68. E. B. Haas and P. C. Schmitter, 'Economic and differential patterns of political integration: projections about unity in Latin America', in Internstjonsl Poljtjcsl Commun;t;es: An Anthology (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1966) p. 278. 69. Nye, 'Comparing Common ~arkets', p. 218. ]0. ~. P. Gehlen, 'The Integrative Process in Eastern Europe: a Theoretical Framework', Jou~nsl of Poljtjcs (30 February 1968) pp. 90-113. 71. C. Clark, 'Foreign Trade as an Indicator of Political Interpretation in the Soviet Bloc', lnternstionsl Studies Qusrte~ly (15 September 1977) pp. 268-9. 72. Roger E. Kanet, 'Integration Theory and the Study of Eastern Europe', Inte~nstionsl Studies Quarterly, vol. 18 (September 1974) p. 389. 73. David ~itrany, 'The Possibilities of a Balkan Locarno' lnte~nstional Conciliation Series. no. 229 (1927) p. 162 in Geshkoff, Balkan Union. p. 70. 74. Lajos Lederer, 'A Balkan Alliance', Hinn;peg F~ee P~ess (Winnipeg), 15 September 1966. 75. Ibid.

282 Notes and References 76. Le Devoir, 23 January 1976. 77. The Times. 26 January 1976. 78. New York Times. 26 October 1975. 79. Scinteia, 19 December 1975. 80. Rabotnichesko Oelo (Sofia), 18 February 1970. 81. Suddeutsche leitung (Munich), 23 April 1971. 82. Le Nonde (Paris), 21 July 1973. 83. Ottawa Citizen. 24 February 1976. 84. The Times. 27 January 1976. 85. I bid. 86. New York Times, 11 February 1976. 87. Vjesnik (Zagreb), 8 February 1976. 88. The Nilitary Balance 1979-80 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1979) p. 27. 89. UN Yearbook of International Trade Statistics 1972-73. 1978, and 1979, vol. I (New York: United Nations, 1974, 1979) pp. 834, 924, 954 respectively. 90. Ibid. 91. Ibid. 92. UN Yearbook 1979. vol. I, p. 954. 93. UN Yearbook 1972-73 and 1977 pp. 834, 924 respectively; calculated on the UN figures. 94. UN Yearbook 1972-73. p. 834. 95. UN Yearbook 1977. p. 924. 96. Ticaret (lzmir, Turkey), no. 4, 1982, p. 26. 97. UN Yearbook 1977. p. 924. 98. UN Yearbook 1978. pp. 521, 1075. 99. Ticsret. no. 4, 1982, p. 26. 100. UN Yearbook 1979, p. 954. 101. Xenophon Zolotas, 'The Positive Contribution of Greece to the European Community', Bank of Greece Papers and Lectures. no. 40 (Athens, 1978) Table 1, p. 61. 102. The Europa Yearbook 1981, vol. I (London: Europa Publ i cations, 1981) p. xvi i. 103. UN Yearbook 1972-73 and 1979, pp. 318, 404 respectively. 104. Ibid., percentages calculated. 105. Ibid., percentages calculated. 106. Ibid., percentages calculated. 107. UN Yearbook 1979, percentages calculated, p. 404. 108. UN Yearbook 1977. p. 434. 109. UN Yearbook 1979, percentages calculated, p. 404. 110. Ibid. 111. Anuarul Statistic at RSR 1980 (Bucharest: Directia Centrala de Statistica, 1980) p. 686. 112. UN Yearbook 1972-73. p. 919.

Notes and Refe~ences 283 113. UN Yea~book 1977. p. 1002. 114. Statistical Pocket Book of Yugoslavia 1980 (Belgrade: Federal Statistical Office, 1980) pp. 112-13. 115. UN Yea~book 1972-73 and 1977. pp. 919 and 1002. 116. Ibid. 117. UN Yea~book 1977. p. 1002. 118. New Yo~k Times. 27 July 1980; Wall St~eet Jou~nal. 16 July 1980. 119. Statistical Pocket Book of Yugoslavia 1978 (Belgrade: Federal Statistical Office, 1980) p. 88. 120. Ibid. 121. UN Yea~book 1972-73 and 1977. pp. 919, 1002 respectively. 122. Ibid. 123. Statistical Pocket Book of Yugoslavia 1981. p. 111. 124. UN Yea~book 1977. p. 249. 125. UN Yea~book 1979. percentages calculated, p. 179. 126. Rabot-nichesko delo (Sofia), 30 January 1981. 127. Imports of $5,897,000 in 1970 to $6,831,000 in 1976 and exports of 5,299,000 in 1970 to $4,865,000 in 1976 and no record of exchange for 1977; exports of $5,688,000 in 1978 UN Yea~book 1972-73 and 1977, 1979, pp. 135, 249, 179 respectively. 128. UN Yea~book. 1972-73. p. 710. 129. UN Yea~book. 1977, p. 785. 130. Anua~ul Statistic al RSR 1980. pp. 500-5. 131. C. 1'\urgescu and Aurel Ghibutiu, 'Prezenta Romaniei in Circuitul Economic International si in sud-estul European' in Ins t i tutu 1 de stud i i sud-est Europene, Romani a in Sud-Estul Eu~opei (Bucharest: Editura Pol itica, 1979) p. 213. 132. Ibid. 133. Ibid., p. 216. 134. Ibid., pp. 214-17 and Anua~ul Statistic al RSR 1978 (Bucharest: Directia Centrala de Statistica, 1980) p. 446. 135. Anua~ul Statistical RSR 1978. pp. 446-51. 136. Ibid., p. 44 7. 137. Anua~ul Statistic al RSR 1980. pp. 500-5. 138. Anua~al Statistical RSR 1981. p. 527. 139. Tanjug News Agency (Belgrade), 30 /'\arch 1978 cited by Nicholas L. Pano, 'Albania', in R. F. Staar (ed.), Yea~book on Inte~national Communist Affai~s (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1979) p. 8. 140. Nilliyet (Istanbul), 22 October 1978. 141. The Times, 21 September 1978, and Ch~istian Science Nonito~. 22 November 1978.

284 Notes and Refe~ences 142. Murgescu and Ghibutiu, 'Prezenta Romaniei in Circuitul Economic International', pp. 204-20. 143. Ibid., p. 211. in which DAB coefficient of interdependence between zones A and B. rab value of export of zone A ~o zone B. ra - value of export zone A. ~~ value of import of zone A to zone B. GA - GNP of zone A. 144. Ibid., Table 1. 145. Ibid. 146. Judith Gurney, 'Energy Needs in the Balkans: A Source of Conflict or Cooperation?', The No~Td Today (February 1978) p. 46. 147. Mehmet Shehu, Repo~t on the o;~ectjves of the Seventh Cong~ess of the Pa~ty of labou~ of Alban;a fo~ the Sixth F;ve-Yea~ Plan (1976-80) (Tirana, 1976). 148. No~Td Ene~gy Supplies 1971-75, U.N. Statistical Papers, Series No. 20, 1977. 149. UN Yea~book 1979. vol. II, pp. 79, 80, 82. 150. Anua~ul Statjstjc at RSR 1980, p. 522 and Vassil Alexandrov and Peter Marinov, The Peoples Republjc of 8ulga~ia: Count~y. Economy, Fo~e;gn T~ade (Sofia: Bulgarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 1978) pp. 63-4. 151. Anua~ul Statjstjc at RSR 1980, p. 557. 152. Ibid., pp. 186-7. 153 Ibid., pp. 532-7. 154. Ibid., pp. 532-3. 155 Ibid., pp. 555-7. 156. Ibid., pp. 186-7. There was a slight recovery to 28,156 million cubic metres in 1980. 157. Ibid., pp. 548-9. 158. Christopher C. Joyner, 'The Energy Situation in Eastern Europe: Problems and Prospects', East Eu~opean Qua~te~ly, vol. X, no. 4 (1978) pp. 495-516.

Notes 1nd Refe~ences 285 159 The o;l Bnd GIS Jou~nBl. 17 ~ay 1976, p. 263. 160. Alexandrov and ~arinov, The Peoples Republ;c of BulgB~;,, pp. 50, 66. 161. StBt;st;cBl Pocket Book of YugoslBv;, 1981, pp. 86, 116. 162. UN Yes~book 1979, vol. II, p. 82. Purchases skyrocketed from $5.8 million in 1976 to $106.7 million by 1979. 163. Gurney, 'Energy Needs in the Balkans', p. 46. 164. StBt;st;c,l Pocket Book of Yugosl1v;, 1981. p. 86. 165. Pet~oleum Econom;st (~ay 1976) p. 181. 166. Gurney, 'Energy Needs in the Balkans', p. 45. 167. Zolotas, 'Positive Contribution of Greece to the European Commmunity', Table 9, p. 63. 168. ~arios L. Evriviades, 'Greece After Dictatorship' Cu~~ent H;sto~y (November 1979) p. 184. 169. Ibid. 170. Qus~te~ly Econom;c Rev;ew of G~eece. Annu1l Supplement 1978 (London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1978) pp. 11-12. 171. Tu~k;sh Economy 19B1: StBt;st;cBl Abst~1ct (Istanbul Chamber of Commerce, 1982) p. 15. 172. See World Bank, Tu~key: P~ospects 1nd P~oblems of sn Expsnd;ng Economy (Washington: 1975) p. 235. 173. The Association Counci 1 to the Parliamentary Committee of the Association, 13th Annual Report, Assoc;,t;on Between the Eu~ope1n Econom;c Commun;ty 1nd Tu~key (Brussels, 1978) Table All 3, p. 43. 174. Gurney, 'Energy Needs in the Balkans', p. 46. 175. F;nBnc;Bl T;mes, 23 February 1977. 176. Gurney, 'Energy Needs in the Balkans', p. 49. 177. Anus~ul StBt;st;c 11 RSR 1981, p. 204. 178. Ibid., pp. 556-7. 179. Stst;st;cBl Pocket Book of YugoslBv;, 19BO. p. 116. 180. Alexandrov and ~arinov, The Peoples Republ;c of Bulgs~;,, p. 50. 181. Ibid., p. 63. 182. Zolotas, 'Positive Contribution of Greece to the European Community', Table 9, p. 69. 183. Association Council to the Parliamental Committee, op. cit., Table All3 p. 43, $28,778 mil. in imports, Table AI 14 $29.58 million in exports and Tu~k;sh Economy 1981: StBt;st;csT Abst~Bct. p. 24. 184. New Yo~k T;mes. 9 February 1976. 185. ~urgescu and Ghibutiu, 'Prezenta Romaniei in Circuitul Economic International', p. 217. 186. Ibid.

286 Notes and Refe~ences 187. Ibid., pp. 217-18. 188. Anus~ul Statistic sl RSR 1981. pp. 534-5. 189. 1'1. M. Boll, 'Turkey's New National Security Concept: What It Means For NATO', O~bis (Fall 1979) p. 625. 190. Murgescu and Ghibutiu, 'Prezenta Romaniei in Circuitul Economic International', p. 218. 191. Ibid. 192. FUght Inte~nsUonsl (London) 4 August 1979, p. 363. 193. NiUts~y Techology. vol. Ill, Issue no. 7 (January- February 1979) p. 12. 194. NiUts~y Techology, vol. II, Issue no. 6 (November- December) p. 43. 195. New Yo~k Times. 12 Apri 1 1978. 196. Boll, 'Turkey's New National Security Concept', p. 624. 197. The Pulse (Ankara) 8 May 1978. 198. Jonathan Steele, 'The Balkans, a Defused Powder Keg', Gus~disn (Manchester) 13 October 1973. 199. John D. Bell, 'Bulgaria', in R. F. Staar, Yes~book on Inte~nstionsl Communist Affsi~s 1981. p. 229. 200. The Times. 26 January 1976. 201. Globe and Nail. 30 May 1979. 202. Vjesnik. 8 November 1980, and Slobodan Stankovic, 'Yugoslavia', in Staar, Yes~book on Inte~nstionsl Communist Affsi~s 1981. p. 341. 203. Hsshington Post. 13 January 1981. 204. Radio F~ee Eu~ope: Situation Repo~t. 22 May 1979. 205. Rsbotnichesko delo (Sofia), 12 July 1979. 206. Rsbotnichesko delo. 31 May 1981; Fo~eign B~osdcsst Info~mstion Se~vice (Washington), 3 June 1981. 207. Sofia Domestic Service, 20 October 1981; Fo~eign B~osdcsst Info~mstion Se~vice. 21 October 1981. 208. Rsbotnichesko delo. 28 Apri 1 1979. 209. Stankovic, 'Yugoslavia', p. 339. 210. Pano, 'Albania', p. 222. 211. Ze~i i Popullit (Tirana), 3 February 1981, cited by Nikolaos A. Stavrou 'Albania', in R.F. Staar (ed.), Yes~book on Inte~nstionsl Communist Affsi~s 1982 (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1982) pp. 373-4. 212. Gus~disn (Manchester Weekly), 13 October 1973. 213. Ibid. 214. The Eu~ops Yes~ Book 1981. vol I (London: Europa Publ i- 215. I bid. cations, 1981) p. 485. 216. Ibid., p. 1065. 217. I bid. 218. Ibid., p. 1200.

CHAPTER 3: CONSTRAINTS FROM THE EAST Notes snd Refe~ences 287 1. Rsndom House Dictions~y (New York: 1966). 2. Adam Bromke (ed.), The Communist Ststes st the C~oss~osds Between Noscow snd Peking (New York: Praeger, 1965); A. Bromke and Rakowska-Harmstone, The Communist Ststes in Diss~~sy 1965-1971 (New York: Praeger, 1972); Irwin Isenberg, Fe~ment in Esste~n Eu~ope (New York: H. w. Wilson, 1965); G. lonescu, The B~eskup of the Soviet Empi~e in Esste~n Eu~ope (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965). 3. Scinteis (Bucharest), Daily, Organ of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party, 13 November 1968. ~. Anatole Shub, An Empi~e loses Hope: The Retu~n of Stslin's Ghost (New York: Norton, 1970). 5. Edy Kaufman, The Supe~powe~s snd Thei~ Sphe~es of Influence: The United Ststes snd the Soviet Union in Esste~n Eu~ope snd lstin Ame~ics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1976) p. 195. 6. Joseph Kraft, 'Letter From Moscow', The New Yo~ke~ (New York) 16 October 1978, p. 12~. 1. Paul Marantz, 'Probing Moscow's Outlook', P~oblems of Communism (March-Apri 1 1979) p. 50. 8. John Erickson, 'The Czechoslovak Invasion', The Sundsy Times (London) 1 September 1968. g. K~asnsys Zvezds. 2~ January 1970. 10. See article on Marshal Grechko's position in The Economist. 21 February 1970. 11. Globe snd Nsil (Toronto) 29 November 1978. 12. R. A. Remington, The Ns~ssw Psct (Cambridge, Mass: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1971) p. 15. 13. z. K. Brzesinski, The Soviet Bloc: Unity snd Conflict (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 196 7) p. ~56. 1~. Remington, The Ns~ssw Psct, pp. 17-18. 15. Izvestis (Moscow) 27 May 1958. 16. The Nilits~y Bslsnce 1975-76 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1975) p. 11. 17. Globe snd Nsil, 27 November 1976. 18. A~mies snd Nespons (Zurich: lnterconair, February IS March 15, 1977) p. 21. 19. A. Braun, 'The Evolution of the Warsaw Pact', in Csnsdisn Defence Qus~te~ly (Winter, 1973-~) p. 31, figures B and C. 20. 'The Warsaw Treaty', New Yo~k Times, 21 May 1955.

288 Notes snd References 21. G. Ginsburg, 'Socialist Internationalism and State Sovereignty', in The Yeerbook of ttlorld Affeirs 1971 (London: Institute of World Affairs, 1971) p. 40. 22. 'The Warsaw Treaty', New York Times. 21 May 1955. 23. R. Garthoff, lest Europe. September 1975 and The Nili Ury Belence 1962-3, 1963-4; 1964-5. 24. T. W. Wolfe, Soviet Power end Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970) p. 150. 25. The Nilitery Belsnce 1980-81. pp. 15-17. 26. T. W. Wolfe, 'The Evolving Nature of the Warsaw Pact', Rend Nemorsndum R. M. 4835-PR (December 1965) p. vi. 27. Erickson, 'The Czechoslovak Invasion', op. cit. 28. The Nilitsry Bslence 1980-81. op. cit., pp. 15-17. 29. Erickson, 'The Czechoslovak Invasion'. 30. Paul R. Shirk, 'Warsaw Treaty Organization', Nilitery Review (May 1969) p. 36. 31. Christofer D. Jones, 'Just Wars and Limited Wars: Restraints on the use of the Soviet Armed Forces', ttlorld Politics. no. 28 (October 1975) pp. 44-68. 32. John Erickson, Soviet-ttlsrsew PBct Levels (Washington: United States Strategic Institute, 1976) pp. 65-7. 33. Lawrence L. Whetten (ed.) The Future of Sod et Ni litbry Power (London: Macdonald and Jones, 1976) p. 150. 34. le Rubezhom (Moscow), 7 May 1976. 35. A. Braun, 'The Yugoslav/Romanian Concept of People's War'. Cenedien Defence Querterly (Summer 1977) pp. 39-43. 36. Romenie - Documents Events. no. 46 (Bucharest: Agerpres, November 1978) p. 14. 37. Romenis- Documents -Events. no. 47, pp. 6-9. 38. RomeniB - Documents - Events. no. 46, p. 13. 39. M. MccGwire (ed.), Soviet Nevel Developments (New York: Praeger, 1975) p. 345. 40. Ibid. 41. New York Times. 13 April 1963. 42. MccGwire, Soviet Nevsl Developments. p. 345. 43. T. W. Wolfe, 'Soviet Naval Interaction with the U.S.' in ibid., p. 260. 44. lnestis. 26 Apri I 1967. 45. President Sadat's speech, Radio Cairo Domestic Service, 3 Apri 1 1974, in C. S. Dragnich, 'The Soviet Union's Quest for Access to Naval Facilities in Egypt Prior to the June War of 1967', in MccGwire, K. Booth and J. McDonnell (eds), Soviet NevBl Policy (New York: Praeger, 1975) p. 269. 46. The Times (London), 15 March 1973.

Notes snd Refe~ences 289 47. Barry Buzan, 'The Status and Future of the ~ontreux Convention', Su~vivsl (November-December, 1976) p. 242. 48. The Times. 9 November 1973. 49. Capt. W. H. J. ~anthorpe, 'The Soviet Navy in 1976', u.s. Nsvsl Institute P~oceedings (~ay 1977) p. 210. 50. See A.~. Kuzmock, 'Where Does the Navy Go From Here?', Ni Hts~y Review (February, 1972) p. 46. 51. A. Braun, 'Soviet Naval Policy in the ~editerranean; Yugloslavia and the Sonnenfeldt Doctrine', O~bis (Spring 1978) pp. 102-6. 52. Ibid. 53. The Nilits~y Bslsnce 1980-81. pp. 15-32. 54. St~stegic su~vey 1971 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1961) p. 32. 55. President Sadat's speech in ~ccgwire, Booth and ~cdonnel 1, Soviet Nsvsl Policy p. 269. 56. Sultzberger interview in New Yo~k Times, 22 April 1974. 57. Hsshington Post. 15 ~arch 1976. 58. Newsweek, 17 January 1977, p. 12. 59. The Times. 29 April 1975. 60. The ~ontreux Convention, Su~vivsl (November-December, 1976) pp. 267-9. 61. Robert P. Berman, 'Soviet Naval Strength and Deployment', in ~ccgwire, Soviet Nsvsl Developments. p. 129. 62. Reute~s. 9 July 1975. 63. Christopher Wren, New Yo~k Times. 20 August 1976. 64. Tsss. 18 ~arch 1977. 65. Jsne's Fighting Ships (London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1975) p. 596. 66. See Col Gen. T. Rajko (ed.), Totsl Nstionsl Defence in Theo~y snd P~sctice (Belgrade: Navodna Armija, 1975). 67. Teresa Rakowska-Harmstone, 'Socialist Internationalism and Eastern Europe, I su~vey II (Winter 1976). and B. Ladygin andy. Peksheve, 'Law of Gradual Rapprochement Among Socialist Countries', Kommunist (~oscow, ~arch 1977) pp. 20-31. 68. See J. F. Brown, Relstions Between the Soviet Union snd Its Esste~n Eu~opesn Allies. R-1742-PR (Santa ~onica: The Rand Corporation, 1975) p. 2. 6g. The Times (London), 27 June 1978. 70. P. J. D. Wiles, Communist Inte~nstional Economics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968) pp. 311-12. 71. ~. Kaser, Comecon. 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967) ch. 2. 12. Wiles, Communist Inte~nstionsl Economics. pp. 306-7. 73. John Pinder, 'Comecon, an East European C. ~.?', in semaine de Bruges, The People's Democ~scies sfte~ P~sgue (1970) p. 139.

290 Notes 1nd Refe~ences 74. Wiles. Communist Inte~n1tion1l Economics. pp. 1-2. 376. 75. 'Voprosy Ekonomiki ' reprinted in The Times. 7 January 1969. 76. P. ~. Alampiev, 0. T. Bogomolov, Y. S. Shiryaev, A New App~o1ch to Economic Integ~1tion (~oscow: Progress. 1974). 77. Ibid., pp. 82-3. 78. Ibid p. 83. 79. FinBnciBl Times (London). 19 ~arch 1975. 80. Fin1nci1l Times. 27 June 1975. 81. The Times. 3 January 1976. 82. Tsss. 28 September 1978. 83. The Times. 25 September 1978. 84. Finsnc; l Times. 18 ~ay 1976. 85. Nepsz1b1dS1g (Budapest). 23 February 1975. 86. David Shipler, 'In the Soviet Bloc, Economics is the Key to Unity'. New Yo~k Times. 16 ~ay 1979. 87. Globe 1nd NBil. 7 June 1982. 88. Business Heek. 15 December 1980. 89. Ch~jstjan Scjence Nonito~ (Boston). 17 November 1978. 90. Scinte;, (Bucharest). 17 October 1980. 91. The Times. 7 June 1977. 92. P~BVdl. 28 April 1980. 93. Fin.nciBl Times. 19 June 1981. 94. Globe 1nd NBil. 8 July 1981. 95. The Ch~jstiBn Science /llonito~ (Boston). 10 February 1982. 96. New Yo~k Times. 16 ~ay 1979. 97. fjn1ncibl Times. 23 June 1977. 98. AnuB~ul StBt;sr;c 11 Republic;; Socj1liste Rom1ni1 1981 (Bucharest: Directia Centrala de Statistica, 1981) pp. 530-1. 99. StstjsticBl Pocket Book of Yugosl1vi1 1981 (Belgrade: Federal Statistical Office, 1981) p. Ill. 100. See D. S. Papp, 'Dependence and interdependence in the Warsaw Pact'. P1~1mete~s. vol. VI, no. 2 (1978) p. 66. 101. Vassil Alexandrov and Peter ~arinov, The People's Republic of Bulgs~i = Count~y Economy T~1de (Sofia: Bulgarian Chamber of Commerce, 1978) pp. 25-6. 102. See Seymour E. Goodman, 'Soviet Computing and Technology Transfer: An Overview', Ho~ld Politics. vol. XXXI, no. 4 (July 1979) pp. 560-8. 103. Globe Bnd Ns;l, 9 August 1982. 104. National Foreign Assessment Center, 'Estimating Soviet and East European Hard Currency Debt'. June 1980. 105. New Yo~k Times. 27 September 1981.

Notes and Refe~ences 291 106. Nont~eal Sta~. 9 May 1977. 107. New Yo~k Times. 27 September 1981 estimated the debt at $10 bi 11 ion by the end of 1981 and western estimates in the Globe and Nail at $13 bi II ion by 1982. 108. Neue Zu~che~ Zeitung (Zurich). 6 November 1974. 109. New Yo~k Times. 16 May 1979. 110. Roger Boyes, 'Manpower Shortages Strain for Comecon', Aust~alian Financial Review. 2 August 1978. Ill. For an excel lent discussion of problems in assessing the 'ba 1 ance sheet' see Paul Marer, 'East European Economies: Achievements, Problems, Prospects', in T. Rakowska-Harmstone and A. Gyorgy (eds), Communism in Easte~n Eu~ope (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979) pp. 244-73 112. The Economist. 28 April 1979, p. 95. 113. Globe and Nail. 7 June 1982. 114. Marer, 'East European Economics' pp. 270-3. 115. Rakowska-Harmstone, 'Socialist International ism and Eastern Europe,' Su~vey II (Winter 1976), p. 47. 116. Scinteia (Bucharest), 28 June 1978. 117. Scinteia. 30 June 1978. 118. The Times. 5 July 1981. 119. Financial Times. 24 June 1975. 120. Financial Times. 21 February 1978. 121. See Paul lgnotus, Hunga~y (New York: Praeger, 1972) p. 277. 122. Aurel Braun, 'Council for Mutual Economic Assistance', in R. F. Staar (ed.), Yea~book on Inte~national Communist Affai~s 1982 (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1982) p. 376. 123. A. Ross Johnson, R. N. Dean, A. Alexiev, East Eu~opean Nilita~y Establishments: The Ha~sBw Pact's No~the~n Tie~ (Santa Monica: Rand Corporation R-2417/1 - AF/FF, December 1980) p. 174. CHAPTER 4: COMPLICATIONS FROM THE WEST 1. Edwin H. Fedder, NATO: The Dynamics of Alliance in the Postwa~ Ho~ld (New York: Dodd Mead, 1973) p. 2. 2. Ibid., p. 3. 3. George Liska, Nations in Alliance (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962) p. 40. 4. Karl W. Deutsch and Morton A. Kaplan, 'The Limits of International Coalitions', in James N. Rosenau (ed.), lnte~nstionsl Aspects of Civil St~ife (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969) pp. 170-1.

292 Notes and Refe~ences 5 William T. R. Fox and Annette Baker Fox, NATO and the Range of Ame~;can Chojce (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967) p. 252. 6. J. David Singer and Melvin Small, 'Formal Alliances, 1815-1939: A Quantitative Description', 1967 mimeo in Fedder, NATO. p. 40. 7. L. W. Martin, 'Europe', in R. E. Osgood et al., Ame~jca and the World: F~om the T~uman Ooctr;ne to v;etnam (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970) p. 334. 8. Fedder, NATO. p. 6. 9. NATO, NATO: Facts About the No~th Atlant;c T~eaty Organ; zau on (Paris: NATO Information Service, 1965) pp. 91-2. 10. Ibid., p. 105. 11. Phil Williams, 'NATO and the Eurogroup', in K. J. Twitchett (ed.), European Co-operat;on Today (London: Europa Publications, 1980) p. 27. 12. A. Buchan, NATO ;n the 1960s (New York: Praeger, 1963) quoted by Fox and Fox, op. cit., p. 252, fn. 1. 13. Fedder, NATO. p. 9. 14. Ibid., p. 9. 15. Andre Beaufre, NATO and Eu~ope (New York: Vintage Books, 1966) pp. 29, 32. 16. See W. c. Cromwell, The Eurogroup and NATO. Research Monograph Series No. 18 (Phi!adelphia, Foreign Pol icy Research Institute, 1974). 17. See Josef Joffe, 'European-American Relations: The Enduring Crisis', Fo~e;gn Affajrs (Spring 1981) p. 848. 18. David P. Calleo, 'Inflation and American Power', Fore;gn Affajrs (Spring 1981) p. 808. 19. Robert H. Guest, O~gan;zat;onal Change: The Effect of Leade~sh;p (Homewood I 11.: The Dorsey Press, 1962) pp. 151-2. 20. John Foster Dulles, 'Developing NATO in Peace', Department of State BulleUn, vol. 34 (30April, 1956) pp. 709-10. 21. 'The North Atlantic Treaty', in NATO Handbook (Brussels: NATO Information Service, March 1978) p. 9. 22. NATO, NATO Bas;c Documents (Brussels, NATO Information Service, March 1976) pp. 77-82. 23. Helmut Schmidt, 'A Policy of Reliable Partnership', Fore;gn Affa;~s (Spring 1981) p. 745. 24. NATO, NATO: fjnal Commun;ques 1949-1974 (NATO Information Service, 1974) pp. 156-9. 25. Ibid., p. 329.

Notes and References 293 26. NATO, NATO Basic Documents, pp. 83, 84. 2 7. Ibid., p. 86. 28. NATO Handbook. 29. 'Future Tasks of the Alliance Report of the Counci 1' (The Harmel Report, December 1967) ibid., p. 69. 30. Harold and Margaret Sprout, The Ecological Perspective on Human Affairs (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965) pp. 25ff. 31. Fedder, NATO. pp. 82-3. 32. Pierre Lellouche, 'Europe and Her Defence', Foreign Affairs (Spring 1981) p. 816. 33. See Eugene Kozicharow, 'NATO Emphasizing Political Cohesion', Aviation Week and Space Technology (3 March 1981) pp. 57-61. 34. Ibid., p. 59. 35. Lellouche, 'Europe and Her Defence', p. 813. 36. JohnS. Sanders, 'Health is not Valued Till Sickness Comes: A Report on NATO', Defense and Foreign Affairs (February 1981) p. 8. 37. New York Times. 2 November 1980. 38. Bruce M. Russett, What Price Vigilance? (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1970) p. 99. 39. Harlan Cleveland, NATO: The Transatlantic Bargain (New York: Harper and Row, 1970) p. 24. 40. Fedder, NATO. p. 64. 41. Hurriyet (Istanbul) 8 April, 1978; Tercuman (Istanbul) 9 April 1978 in Michael M. Boll, 'Turkey's New National Security Concept: What It Means For NATO', Orbis (Fall, 1979) p. 610ff. 42. NATO Is Fifteen Nations (Brusse 1 s' February-March 1979) p. 47. 43. Boll, 'Turkey's New National Security Concept', p. 610. 44. The Military Balance 1979-BO (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies) pp. 20-30. 45. See George S. Harris, Troubled Alliance: Turkish American Problems in Historical Perspective. 1945-1971 (Washington, AEI-Hoover Policy Studies, 1972) p. 238. 46. Marian Leighton, 'Soviet-Turkish relations on the eve of Ecevit's visit to Moscow', Radio Liberty Report, 12 June 1978. 47. Dankwart A. Rustow, 'Turkey's Travails', Foreign Affairs (Fall 1979) p. 95. 48. Hurriyet, 27 August 1978 (emphasis added) in Boll, 'Turkey's New National Security Concept', pp. 612-13. 49. The Pulse (Ankara) 21 June 1978. 50. Speech by lsik. on Turkish Domestic Radio, 30 Apri 1 1978 in Boll, 'Turkey's New National Security Concept', p. 619.

294 Notes and Refe~ences 51. NilUyet, 15 November 1978 (emphasis added) in ibid., p. 625. 52. Econom;st Fo~e;gn Repo~t. 26 March 1981, p. 8. 53. Istanbul Bay~am. 12 November 1978. 54. Boll, 'Turkey's New National Security Concept', p. 615. 55. NilHa~y Technology. vol. V, issue 21 (Bonn, February 1981) p. 62. 56. NilU yet, 12 June 1978. 57. N;l;ta~y Technology, p. 62. 58. fljght Inte~natjonal. 28 March 1981, p. 902. 59. Patrick Murphy, 'The Rise of the New Greece', Defense and Fo~e;gn Affaj~s (October 1980) p. 9. 60. Defense and Fo~e;gn Affaj~s. no. 2 (1980) p. 24. 61. Murphy, 'Rise of the New Greece', pp. 9 and 41. 62. Marios L. Evriviades, 'Greece After the Dictatorship', Cu~~ent H;sto~y (November 1979) p. 166. 63. NATO, fjnal Commun;ques 1949-1974. pp. 159-60. 64. Ibid., p. 162. 65. Ibid., p. 329. 66. Yiannis Roubatis, To Vjma. 10 September and 22 October, 1978; 20 May 1979; and 16 March and 10 August, 1980, in Evriviades, 'Greece After the Dictatorship', p. 230. 67. To~onto Sta~. 29 June 1980. 68. Nicholas Gage, 'Greece Says NATO Role Is Its Price for u.s. Bases', The New Yo~k T;mes. 5 September 1980. 69. Economjst Fo~e;gn Repo~t. 28 January 1981, p. ]. ]0. See also George E. Gruin, 'Ambivalence in the Alliance: U.S. Interest in the Middle East and the Evolution of Turkish Foreign Pol icy', O~bis (Summer 1980) pp. 365, 367. 71. Ibid., p. 364. 72. To~onto Sta~. 6 December 1981. 73. Economjst Fo~e;gn Repo~t. 28 January 1981, p. 8. 74. To~onto Sta~. 28 June 1981. 75. Econom;st Fo~e;gn Repo~t. 26 March 1981, p. 8. 76. Globe and Nan (Toronto) 19 May 1982. 77. J. A. s. Granville, The Najo~ Inte~natjonal T~eatjes 1914-1973 (New York, Stein and Day, 1974) p. 368. 78. Rad;o F~ee Eu~ope Backg~ound Repo~t. 12 December 1979. 79. See Slobodan Stankovic, 'Yugoslav-Soviet Polemics over Afghanistan', Rad;o F~ee Eu~ope Backg~ound Repo~t. 14 January 1980. 80. See Zdenko Antic, 'Vladimir Bakaric recalls Soviet hegemonism', Radjo F~ee Eu~ope Backg~ound Repo~t. 5 February 1980. 81. Norah Beloff, 'Yugoslavia One of the neutrals', NATO's Fifteen Nations (June-July 1982) pp. 50-1.

Notes and Refe~ences 295 82. M. George Zaninovich, 'Leadership and Change in Yugoslavia', Cu~~ent Histo~y. April 1981. 83. Globe and Nail (Toronto) 6 November 1980. 84. BBC, Summa~y of No~ld B~oadcasts. 1 December 1979, EE/5983/A2/4. 85. Zeri i Popullit (Tirana), 9 February 1979, Albanian Telegraph Agency in English, 9/2/79 86. Commission of the European Communities and the Canadian Department of External Affairs, Eu~opean Community: the Facts (Ottawa, Department of External Affairs, 1976) p. 6. 87. See E. Haas, The Uniting of Europe (Stanford: Stanford University Press 1968); M. Hodges (ed.), European Integration (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972); Leon Lindberg, The Political Dynamics of Eu~opean Economic Integration (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963); Charles Pentland, International Theory and European Integration (London: Faber, 1973). 88. Carol Cosgrove and K. J. Twitchett, 'Merging the Communities: a Milestone in Western European Integration,' Orbis (Fall 1969) pp. 848-64. 89. European Community: the Facts. p. 8. 90. Ibid., pp. 8-9. 91. Ibid., p. 9 92. See Hans Smit and Peter E. Herzog (eds), The law of the European Economic Community, Vol. I: A Commentary on the EEC Treaty (London: Matthew Bender) pp. 1-8. 93. Speech of Christopher S. Tugendhat to the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors, 'Community Decision Making', 26 September 1977. 94. Carol Cosgrove Twitchett, 'The EEC and The European Cooperation,' in K. J. Twitchett (ed.), European Cooperation Today (London: Europa Publications, 1980) p. 48. 95. William C. Cromwell, 'The European Community,' Current History (November 1979) p. 151. 96. European Community: the Facts, Supra. note 86, p. 12. 97. Globe and Nail. 30 June 1981. 98. European Community: the Facts, p. 21. 99 Ibid. 100. Delegation of Commission of the European Communities, 'European Council Launches EMS', European Community (Ottawa, Apr i I 1979) p. I. Hereafter referred to as European Community. 101. Eu~opean Community News Release 'Community Energy Policy, Prospects and Achievements' (Ottawa: European Press and Information Service, 6 August 1980).

296 Notes and Refe~ences 102. William Wallace and David Allen, 'Political Cooperation: Procedure as Substitute for Policy', in Helen Wallace and Carole Webb (eds), Poljcy Nakjng jn the Eu~opean Communjtjes (London: John Wiley, 1977) pp. 227-48. 103. Roger Morgan and David Allen, 'The European Parliament: direct elections in national community perspective', The Wo~ld Today (August 1978) p. 302. 104. Globe and Na;l, 26 March 1981. 105. The New Yo~k Tjmes. 29 May 1979. 106. One of the few works has been that of Phi lip Taylor, 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. Hhen Eu~ope Speaks w;th One vo;ce: The Exte~nal Relatjons of the Eu~opean Communjty (London: Aldwych, 1979) For an excellent discussion of these problems see Geoffrey Dennis, 'European Monetary Co-operation', in Twitchett, Eu~opean Co-ope~atjon Today. pp. 172-96. Ghita lonescu (ed.), The Eu~opean Alte~natjves: An lnqu;~y jnto the Pol;c;es of the Eu~opean Communjty (Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff and Noordhoff, 1979). 'Looking for Europe', Daedalus (Winter, 1979). S. Hoffmann, 'Fragments floating in the here and now' Daedalus (Winter 1979) p. 8. David Marquand, Pa~ljament fo~ Eu~ope (London: Cape, 1979). Giscard d'estaing, remarks, 21 November 1978, French Embassy, Press and Information Division 78/102 in Cromwell, 'The European Community', p. 151. Antonio Papisca, 'Economic and monetary union policy,' in lonescu, The Eu~opean Alte~natjves. p. 463. Globe and Najl, 30 June 1981. Norbert Kolhase, 'The Greco-Turkish Conflict from a European Community Perspective', The Wo~ld Today (April 1981) p. 128. Le Nonde O;plomatjque, October 1978. Opinion on Greek Application for Membership, Bulletjn, European Community, Supplement 2/76, pp. 6-7. Kolhase, 'The Greco-Turkish Conflict', p. 131. Globe and Najl, 30 December 1980. The Tjmes (London) 17 December 1980. F. Stephen Larrabee, 'Dateline Athens: Greece for the Greeks' Fo~ejgn PoUcy, no. 45 (Winter 1981-2) p. 165. Loukas Tsonkalis, 'Greece in Europe: the tenth member', The Wo~ld Today (Apri 1 1981) p. 123. Globe and Najl, 30 December 1980 and 30 January 1981. Eu~opean Communjty, April 1979.

Notes and Refe~ences 297 125. Eu~opean Community, 6 February 1979. 126. Globe and Nail, 30 December 1980. 127. Nilita~y Technology. February 1981, p. 62. 128. Kolhase, 'The Greco-Turkish Conflict', p. 132. 129. Mehmet Ali Birand, 'Turkey and the European Community', The Wo~ld Today (February 1978) pp. 52-61. 130. Rustow, op. cit., p. 102. 131. Kenneth Mackenzie, Turkey After the Storm, Conflict Studies, no. 43 (London: Institute for the Study of Conflict, 1974) pp. 10-12. 132. John Kifner, 'Turkish Coup Chiefs Make Vow to Bring Stabi 1 ity to the Nation', New Yo~k Times. 13 September 1980. 133. New Yo~k Times. 2 November 1980. 134. The Times. 6 June 1981. 135. Bol 1, 'Turkey's New National Security Concept', p. 622, table 1. 136. Time Nagazine. 14 January 1980, p. 40. 137. Rustow, op, cit., p. 97. 138. u.s. News and Wo~ld Repo~t. 8 June 1981, p. 53. 139. Globe and Nail. 2 May 1981. 140. Ibid. 141. Eu~opean Community. April 1979. 142. Globe and Nail, 2 February 1981. 143. New Yo~k Times. 21 January 1980. 144. Globe and Nail. 2 February 1981. 145. u.s. News and Wo~ld Repo~t. 8 June 1981, p. 53. 146. A. Yalein, 'View from Ankara', Nato's Fifteen Nations (Brussels) February-March 1982, p. 54 and supplement of Ban Review of Economic Conditions (Ankara: Turkiye Is kasi A.S.) pp. 1-2. 147. Quarterly Economic Report (Ankara: Union of the Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Maritime Commerce and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey, January-March, 1982) Table 10, p. 22. 148. Ibid. 149. Globe and Nail. 2 February 1981. 150. Eu~opean Community. News Release, 27 February 1980. 151. Ibid. and Keesing's Contempo~a~y A~chives 27 March 1981, p. 30773. 152. New Yo~k Times. 30 June 1982; Globe and Nail. 16 August 1982. 153. Indeke (Belgrade) no. 10, November 1979 in Radio F~ee Eu~ope Backg~ound Repo~t. 13 December 1979. 154. Globe and Nail. 23 March 1981. 155. Globe and Nail. 16 August 1982.

298 Notes and Refe~ences 156. lb i d. 157. Globe and Nail. 23 ~arch 1981. 158. Ratko Borojevic 'Yugoslavia's Economic Relations with Developed Western Countries', Yugoslav Su~vey, February 1979. pp. 42-3. 159. Eu~opean Community, News Release, 27 February 1980. 160. The Economist (London), 1 August 1981 p. 52. 161. Globe and Nail, 23 ~arch 1981. 162. Globe and Nail, 3 February 1982. 163. Ibid. 164. Globe and Nail. 23 ~arch 1981. 165. Borojevic, 'Yugoslavia's Economic Relations'. 166. Ibid. and Globe and Nail, 23 ~arch 1981. 167. Borojevic, 'Yugoslavia's Economic Relations', pp. 52-3 and Table XIV. 168. Keesing's 1981. p. 30773. 169. Eu~opean Community, News Release, 27 February, 1980. 170. Globe and Nail, 25 September 1980. 171. Facts of Fne. 10 Apr i 1 1981, p. 232. 172. Globe and Nai 1, 16 January 1982. 173. Anua~ul Statistical RSR 1979 & 1980 (Bucharest, Directia Centrala de Statistica, 1980 & 1981) pp. 492-9, pp. 526-31 respectively. 174. Keesing's 1981. p. 30774. 175. BBC Wo~ld Se~vice News, 25 November 1978. 176. Committee for Integrated Social Information System, Bulga~ia '78 (Sofia, 1978). 177. Economic Outlook P.R. Bulga~ia 1981 (Sofia: Bulgarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 1981) p. 19. 178. Frederick B. Chary, 'Bulgaria: The Solace of History', Cu~~ent Histo~y (April 1981) pp. 164-5. 179. Facts on Fne. 10 April 1981, p. 232. 180. Economic Outlook P.R. Bulga~ia, op. cit., p. 20. 181. 'Albania', Defence and Fo~eign Affai~s Handbook (1980) p. 31. 182. Nikolaos A. Stavrou, 'Albania' in R.F. Staar (ed.), Yea~book on Inte~national Communist Affai~s 1982 (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1982) p. 376. CHAPTER 5: THE BULGARIAN STUMBLING BLOCK 1. David Mitrany, The Effect of the Wa~ in Southeaste~n Eu~ope (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1936) p. 7. 2. David M. Lang, The Bulga~ians (London, Thames and Hudson, 1976) pp. 62-7.

Notes and Refe~ences 299 3. Nissan Oren, Revolution Administe~ed (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973) pp. 4-5. 4. E. M. Ham 'Education', in L. A. D. Dell in (ed.), Bulga~ia (New York: F. A. Praeger, 1957) p. 197. 5. Ibid. 6. Dellin, Bulga~ia. p. 23. 7. Peter Thrax, The Bulga~s. self-styled P~ussians of the Balkans (New York: Greek Government Office of lnformat ion, 1944) 8. Joseph Rothschild, 'Communism in Bulgaria', P~oblems of Communism (July 1975) p. 75. 9. Oren, Revolution Administe~ed. p. 2. 10. Charles Jelavich, Tsa~ist Russia and Balkan Nationalism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1958) pp. vii-i x. 11. Ibid., p. viii. 12. Oren, Revolution Administe~ed. p. 47. 13. Ibid., pp. 55-6. 14. Ibid., pp. 23-4 and J. Rothschild, The Communist Pa~ty of Bulga~ia: O~igins and Development 1893-1936 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959). 15. Dellin, Bulga~ia, p. 112. 16. R. V. Burks, 'National ism and Communism in Yugoslavia', in H. Birnbaum and S. Vryonis (eds), Aspects of the Balkans (The Hague: Mouton & Co., 1972) p. 400. 17. s. P. Ladas, The Exchange of Nino~ities: Bulga~ia, G~eece and Tu~key (New York: Macmillan, 1932) p. 13 and pp. 27-48. 18. Mitrany, The Effect of the Ha~. pp. 254-63. 19. Krishna Ahooja-Patel, The G~eco-Bulga~ian Dispute Befo~e the league of Nations 1925-1927 (Geneva: University of Geneva, 1974) p. 35 and pp. 223-40. 20. R. J. Kerner and H. c. Howard, The Balkan Confe~ences and the Balkan Entente 1930-35 (Berkeley: University of California, 1936) p. 31. 21. Ibid., p. 72. 22. Ibid., p. 33. 23. Ibid., p. 116. 24. Oren, Revolution Administe~ed. p. 54. 25. c. Clark and Robert L. Farlow, Compa~ative Patte~ns of fo~eign Policy and T~ade (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1976) p. 15. 26. Nissan Oren, Bulga~ian Communism: The Road to Powe~ 1934-1944 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971). 27. The Times (London) 27 April 1977. 28. Rabotnichesko Oelo (Sofia) 26 April 1978 in Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party, Info~mation BuT Teti n. vol. XXX II, no 5, 1978 (Henceforth referred