CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 15-27 1.1 What is Indian English Literature? 17 2. NOVEL 29-281 2.1 Indian English Origin and Development 31 2.2 Chatterjee (1838-1894) 41 2.2.1 Wife 41 2.2.1.1 Rajmohan's Wife as an Allegory for the Modern Indian Nation 41 2.2.1.2 Character sketches in Rajmohan's Wife 45 2.2.1.3 Social Realism in Rajmohan's Wife 49 2.2.2 Bibliography 53 2.3 Raj Anand (1905-2004) 54 2.3.1 Coolie 54 2.3.1.1 Anand as a Political Novelist with Particular Reference to Coolie 54 2.3.1.2 Indian Society in Coolie 59 2.3.1.3 Anand's in Coolie 65 2.3.1.4 The of Coolie 72 2.3.1.5 The Exploitation in Coolie 76 2.3.1.6 Coolie as a Novel 81 2.3.1.7 Coolie: Epic Prose 85 2.3.1.8 91 2.3.1.9 Anand's Caricature of British Characters in Coolie 97 2.3.2 103 2.3.2.1 Class Inequalities 103 2.3.2.2 The Colonial World as Envisaged by Anand in Untouchable 107 Datta, Ramendranath Indian English literature 2012 digitalisiert durch: IDS Basel Bern
2.3.2.3 Anand's Humanism in Untouchable 111 2.3.2.4 Social Criticism in Raj Anand's Untouchable 114 2.3.2.5 Indian Elements in Mulk Raj Anand's Untouchable 120 2.3.2.6 Bakha 126 2.3.3 Bibliography 131 2.4. R. K. Narayan (1906-2001) 133 2.4.1 The Guide 133 R. Narayan's Comic art in The Guide 133 Narayan's Language and Linguistic Devices in The Guide 139 Myth and Reality: A Representation in The Guide 148 2.4.1.4 The Guide as a Picaresque Novel 155 2.4.1.5 The Postcolonial Aspects of The Guide 163 2.4.1.6 Social Reality in The Guide 169 2.4.1.7 R. Narayan's Narrative in The Guide 174 2.4.1.8 Raju 180 Rosie 186 2.4.2 Bibliography 190 2.5 Raja Rao (1908-2006) 192 2.5.1 Kanthapura 192 2.5.1.1 Indianization of English Language and Raja Rao's Kanthapura 192 2.5.1.2 Gandhian Thought and Raja Rao's Kanthapura 198 2.5.1.3 Raja Rao's Kanthapura as a Sthala-Purana 202 2.5.1.4 Achakka as Narrator in Raja Rao's Kanthapura 207 2.5.2 Bibliography 213
2.6 Anita Desai (b. 1937) 214 2.6.1 Voices in the City 2.6.1.1 Calcutta: A City Voices 214 2.6.1.2 Voices in the City: A Study in Characterization, Symbols and Imagery 222 2.6.1.3 Nirode: A Journey from to Regeneration 228 2.6.2 ofday 234 2.6.2.1 Human Relationships 234 2.6.2.2 238 2.6.2.3 Clear Light as a Modernist Text 242 2.6.3 Bibliography 246 2.7 Rushdie (b. 1947) 248 2.7.1 Midnight's Children 248 2.7.1.1 Midnight's Children: A Bildungsroman or its Parody? 248 2.7.1.2 Midnight's Children: Symbols as Meaning 252 2.7.1.3 Midnight's Children as a Postmodern Novel 257 2.7.1.4 Characters in Midnight's Children 262 2.7.2 Bibliography 266 2.8 Ghosh (b. 1956) 268 2.8.1 The Lines 268 2.8.1.1 The complexities of belonging and unbelonging in The Shadow Lines 268 2.8.1.2 The Role of the Narrator in The Shadow Lines 272 2.8.1.3 Women Characters in The Shadow Lines 276 2.8.2 Bibliography 281
3. POETRY 283-418 3.1 Indian English Poetry: Origin and Development 285 3.2 Henry Derozio (1809 296 3.2.1 India' 296 3.2.1.1 Study in Derozio's Romantic Heritage 296 3.2.1.2 A Critique of Harp of India' 301 3.2.2 Bibliography 304 3.3 Toru Dutt (1856 306 3.3.1 Casuarina Tree' 306 3.3.1.1 A Critique Casuarina Tree' 306 Bibliography 311 3.4 Rabindranath Tagore (1861 312 3.4.1 312 3.4.1.1 Accuracy versus A Note on Gitanjali as a Work of Translation 312 3.4.1.2 A Critique of 'Where the Mind is without A Song from Gitanjali 317 3.4.1.3 Philosophical Strain in the 50th Song of Gitanjali 321 3.4.1.4 Religious Elements Tagore's Gitanjali 325 3.4.1.5 Empire versus Tagore's Spiritual Humanitarianism in Gitanjali 330 3.4.2 Bibliography 334 3.5 Ezekiel (1924-2004) 344 3.5.1 A Review of Ezekiel's Life and Achievement 344 3.5.2 'Enterprise' 348 3.5.2.1 'Enterprise' as a Confessional Poem 348 3.5.2.2 Assessing Nissim Ezekiel as a Poet: A Critical Study of 'Enterprise' 356 3.5.3 'Night of the Scorpion' 361 3.5.3.1 Indian in Nissim Ezekiel's 'Night of the Scorpion' 361 3.5.4 Lover, 366 3.5.4.1 Nissim Ezekiel's Craftsmanship in 'Poet, Lover, 366
3.5.5 Bibliography 371 3.6 A.K. (1929 374 3.6.1 Grace' 374 3.6.1.1 'Another View of Grace': An Expression of the 374 3.6.2 Another View of Grace' 381 3.6.2.1 A Critique of 'Still Another view of Grace' 381 3.6.3 Bibliography 385 3.7 Das (1934-2009) 387 3.7.1 The Poetry of Kamala Das: An Overview 387 3.7.2 'An Introduction' 391 3.7.2.1 'An Introduction' as a Confessional Poem 391 3.7.3 'My Grandmother's House' 397 3.7.3.1 A Thematic and Linguistic Evaluation of 'My Grandmother's House' 397 3.7.4 Playhouse' 401 3.7.4.1 Theme and its Treatment in Old Playhouse' 401 3.7.5 Eise's Song' 406 3.7.5.1 Philosophy as Poetry in 'Someone Eise's Song' 406 3.7.6 'Words' 410 3.7.6.1 Kamala Das"Words': A Critique 410 3.7.7 Bibliography 415 4. SHORT-STORY 419-475 4.1 Indian English Short Story: Origin and Development 421 4.2 Raja Rao (1908-2006) 425 4.2.1 Fable' 425 4.2.1.1 Indian Elements Fable' 425 4.2.1.2 Rao's Narrative Technique in 'India-A Fable' 430
4.2.2 Bibliography 436 4.3 Nayantara Sahgal (b. 1927) 439 4.3.1 439 4.3.1.1 Complex Human Relationships in 'Martand' 439 4.3.1.2 Refugee 'Martand' 445 4.3.2 Bibliography 449 4.4 Jayanta Mahapatra (b. 1928) 451 4.4.1 'Eyes' 451 4.4.1.1 Language as Poetry in 'Eyes' 451 as a Tale of Pain and Pity Unsentimental 457 4.4.2 Bibliography 463 4.5 Ruskin Bond (b. 1934) 464 4.5.1 Eyes are not Here' 464 4.5.1.1 Title Eyes are not Here' 464 Eyes are not Here' as a Short Story 469 4.5.2 Bibliography 474 5. DRAMA 477-541 5.1 Indian English Drama: Origin and Development 479 5.2 Girish Karnad (b. 1938) 487 5.2.1 Tughlaq 487 5.2.1.1 Treatment of History in Girish Tughlaq 487 5.2.1.2 The Concept of Three Unities and Girish Karnad's Tughlaq 495 5.2.2 Bibliography 500 5.3 Mahesh (b. 1958) 502 5.3.1 Bravely Fought the Queen 502 5.3.1.1 Construction 502 5.3.1.2 Theme of Patriarchal Repression and Female Resistance 510
5.3.1.3 Symbolism 521 5.3.1.4 Title 529 5.3.1.5 Dattani's Stage Craft 534 5.3.2 Bibliography 540 N.B. 1. are arranged chronologically by year of birth. 2. Works cited in 'Notes and References' section have not been included in the bibliography in order avoid repetition.