Incorporating Sustainable Development Objectives into ICT Enabled Land Administration Systems Australia s International Science Linkages Program Expert Group Meeting 9-11 November 2005 Geomatics The University of Melbourne Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land Administration Research Report Sustainability Accounting in Land Administration Jude Wallace
Research was a journey to : identify a National Vision for LAS in Australia, and show our European visitors the Australian achievements in web based solutions. Notice: The innovations of Australian land administrators will be clear from their presentations. technological solutions to problems of size, low value land, difficult environmental problems use of the Internet use of cooperation to overcome federal divisions
NATIONAL VISION FOR AUSTRALIAN LAND ADMINISTRATION Sustainability accounting in land administration Comprehensive integrated land management built on digital information about land and the way we use it and cooperative public/private sector arrangements Components: Integrated land management paradigm Comprehensive land policies Flexible tenure systems Authentic registers for valuable commodities Information policies: Spatially enabled government using modern ICT iland?? Framework for land use regulation and management RRRs (current)?? Integrated with water and resource management (in contemplation) Monitoring and evaluation systems (in contemplation)
The national vision is not final. The EGM will examine and modify the vision.
The research story Simple research aims met technology issues (Wow! how computers change.) institutional issues (But institutions remain the same) epistemological issues (Law meets Engineering) The story is organised because of our partners and their contributions, particularly Professor Stig Enemark. Professor Ian Williamson and the researchers at the Centre are the key to success of this project. It has been a joint intellectual and administrative exercise.
Starting point - 2003 Explain how modern land markets work. Why can some countries run successful markets? Half the story : De Soto The Mystery of Capital We passport land: we give it an identity. PS, we do not passport land, but abstract rights in land. Other half of the story: We also need - Cognitive capacity Trust and confidence in government Mutually reasonable arrangements in public and private sectors
First, explain how modern land markets build wealth out of land.
Explain we encourage invention of new commodities
Economic Analysis of land markets - costs
The World Bank, Doing Business in 2005, Removing Obstacles to Growth,, figures 3.7. and 5.8
The case study countries did comparatively well in the global comparisons of LAS registration systems, but still show remarkable divergences. # Procedures Time: # days Cost: % of value Australia 5 7 4.5 Denmark 6 42 0.6 Germany 4 4.1 4.2 Netherlands 4 5 6.4 Switzerland 4 16 1.4 Table: Registering Property WB Report Doing Business in 2005: Removing Obstacles to Growth, pp92-94
Complex property markets require additional tools The land market capable of wealth acceleration must provide: Corporatisation - ability of business to separate risk from capital, debt from equity for protection of creditors Securitisation - ability to convert balance sheet asset into liquid funds and create another layer of commodities Separation - ability to separate ownership and management, benefit entitlement from capital input, layers of interests in same land or resources These capacities mix private and public sectors. The LAS is the essential foundation of their success. The more streamlined the LAS, the better the wealth acceleration capacity of the complex property market.
Dale s Three Pillars Diagram - modified
Market issues in land administration are familiar territory. But we are claiming land administration delivers triple bottom line sustainability economic social??? environmental???
Differences in approach Law = text and concepts Engineering = organisation of information Vitality of the Cadastre in LAS must be communicated
GRI Indicators: Environmental: an organisation s impact on living and nonliving natural systems including eco-systems, land air and water Social: an organisation s impact on social systems in which it operates How many LAS organisations can sign off on these indicators?
SOCIAL VALUES Housing bubble doubled household wealth between 1998 and 2004. Predictions for market correction are common in 2005. ABN AMRO's research found that almost twothirds of Australian household wealth is now in housing, with a market value of $3.2 trillion -almost six times households' annual income. Over the past 45 years, the value of housing has, on average, been just three-and-a-half times household income, and for much of that period interest rates were as low as now or lower. While 64 per cent of Australian households' wealth was in real estate, just 6 per cent was in ownership of shares, the bank said. Another 18 per cent was in superannuation, 8 per cent in cash or bank deposits, and 3 per cent in cars and other durables. Graphic Nathaneal Scott, Tim Colbatch, The Age, 4 July 05.
Environmental sustainability? Saying is not doing
The Land Management Paradigm (Enemark and others 2005)
Basic Basic tool tool kits kits Announcements Announcements (laws and standards) (laws and standards) Tenure Tenure varieties varieties Organisations Organisations Spatial Spatial identification identification Repeatability Repeatability Stability Stability Controls Controls and and systems systems disputes disputes Open-ended Open-ended opportunities opportunities for for owners owners decisions decisions Government Government roles roles - - Control Control and and restrict restrict non-owners non-owners use use Protect, Protect, control control and and restrict restrict owners owners use use Withdraw Withdraw from from decisions decisions about about land land LAND AND RESOURCE TENURES IN MATURE MARKETS
Describe Describe interests interests in in the the tenure tenure system.. system.. Length Length of of time time Source Source Relationship Relationship with with possession possession Vocabulary Vocabulary of of opportunities opportunities Constitutional Constitutional limitations limitations Eminent Eminent domain domain Compulsory Compulsory acquisition acquisition Land Land planning, planning, services services Regulation Regulation of of land land uses uses Land Land tax tax Organise Organise competitions competitions among among interests, interests, eg eg by by Date Date order order Type Type of of formality formality used used Registration Registration order order Knowledge Knowledge of of next next owner owner Good Good faith faith of of next next owner owner Publicity Publicity by by owner owner Articulate Rights Identify Interests Restrict Layer Prioritise Risk Manage Evidence Evidence Procedures Procedures Publicity Publicity Settle Settle and and integrate integrate interest interest type type among among all all other other types.. types.. Reliable Reliable administration administration Government Government insurance/guarantee insurance/guarantee Private Private insurance insurance Risk Risk transfer transfer to to next next owner, owner, borrower, borrower, lender lender Risk Risk absorption absorption by by original original owner owner CAPACITIES OF MATURE TENURE SYSTEMS
Development of Land Administration Phase 1 Building Instrumentalities Phase 2 Land Building registration and markets Phase 3 survey Supporting Private rights focus Valuation Cadastre focus Sharing capacity Computerisation Development Sustainability Poverty reduction Planning Land titling adaptation Multi-discipline SDIs Broad land policies Interoperability Regulation Phase 4 Contingency planning with spatial integration Gender equity Complex commodities Land management tools Restrictions and responsibilities Themes Economic Paradigm Environment Social Justice Governance & Information Society WWII 1975 1990 2003 2010
Land information databases for Australian Government Agency Database Purpose ATO ABARE APRI Centrelink ARB ABS Land transactions since 1999 Non-arable land Risks and claims Land ownership Australian property markets House price indices To facilitate the collection of CGT and GST To facilitate land management To better manage insurance business sector To administer pension entitlements Australian Property Monitors was commissioned to provide timely and complete information about the property markets in major capital cities. Release of 3 June 05 contained price information to December quarter 2004.
Source focused LAS Land administration activities Basic spatial information Registration Valuation Building control Development Land Tax Utility management Land market support Restrictions.the rest Parcels Properties Buildings Values Zones/uses Addresses
Spatially enabling government Basic spatial information Registration Valuation Spatial administration activities Building control Development Land Tax Utility management Land market support Restrictions.the rest Parcels Properties Buildings Values Zones/uses. Addresses - People/time/place/activity/interest
Land administration activities Basic spatial information Registration Valuation Building control Development Land Tax Utility management Land market support Restriction s.the rest Parcels Properties Buildings Values Zones/uses Addresses - People times places activities interests. SPATIALLY ENABLING GOVERNMENT Mesh blocks 60 parcels Analytical geocoded spaces Properties and their geo-coded addresses - GNAF Digital definition of WHERE is now possible EMERGING LAND ACCOUNTING ENGINE Accounting system goes into our Land Management Paradigm
Modern governments create new kinds of information about land Traditional land information Stable, objective, scientifically proveable, observable Relative land information Socio/legal constructs, aspatial, abstract, dispersed, volatile, invisible, but visualisable
Meanwhile, resource sectors are driving technological innovation, not waiting for the perfection of the new products SEE Grid of CSIRO, a web community aimed at creating an innovative new data exchange network Making the top kilometre of Australia transparent https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/twiki/bin/view/infosrvices/mcaprojecttop
iland presupposes competencies in LAS iland involves: Spatially enabling public and private sectors Managing land by appropriate regions and areas, not agencies and jurisdictions Integrating information (SDI) Evaluating as we go.
Evaluation and monitoring
UNEP Global Reporting Principles, Sustainability Reporting Guidelines, 2002
GRI Reporting principles
Highlights of publications Markets land administration perspective Privacy nature of spatial information and need to free it from limitations of purpose restraints Registration systems differences between systems for managing work activities and systems for tracking transactions Cadastres to service complex commodity markets Tenures using markets to measure security of tenure Tenures using remedies (not rights) to regularise land Spatial Information the emerging opportunity for government Relative Information incorporating the expanding realm of information used by government into LAS
Questions?????