Urbanization
Public Transit
Public Transportation Public Transportation: also known as public transit or mass transit, is a shared passenger transport service which is available for use by the general public. Public transport modes include buses, trolleys, trams (or light rail) and passenger trains. Distinct from modes such as taxicab, carpooling or hired buses which are not shared by strangers without private arrangement.
Suburban Sprawl Expansion of human populations away from central urban areas into low-density, usually car-dependent communities. Environmental problems include habitat loss, reduction in biodiversity, and flooding. Leads to increased driving, which leads to air pollution from vehicle emissions. May reinforce class and racial divides through residential segregation.
Suburban Sprawl
Slums Characterized by: substandard housing inadequate housing miserable living conditions overcrowded lack reliable sanitation services lack of municipal services may be built on land that the occupant does not have a legal claim to (squatter)
Slums
Slums
Slums
Slums
Public Housing Form of housing in which property is owned, managed, or subsidized by the government. The aim of providing affordable housing. Social housing can also be seen as a potential remedy to housing inequality.
Public Housing
Public Housing
Public Housing
Ghetto/Urban Decay Section of a city inhabited predominantly by members of an ethnic or other minority group, often as a result of social or economic restrictions, pressures, or hardships. Process where a city, or part of a city, falls into disrepair; characterized by abandoned buildings, local unemployment, political disenfranchisement, crime, etc.
Ghetto/Urban Decay
Ghetto/Urban Decay
Ghetto/Urban Decay
Ghetto/Urban Decay
Commuting Commuting: recurring travel between one's place of residence and place of work, or study, and in doing so exceed the boundary of their residential community.
Commuting
Income Inequality Income inequality is sometimes called economic inequality, wealth inequality, or the wealth gap. Difference found in economic well-being among individuals in a group, or among groups in a population.
Income Inequality
Income Inequality
Gentrification Renovating and reviving (urban renewal) deteriorated urban neighborhoods which attracts more affluent residents.
Positive Negative Higher incentive for property owners to increase/improve housing Increased property values Increased local fiscal revenues Reduction in crime Stabilization of declining areas Reduced vacancy rates Encouragement further development Reduced strain on local infrastructure and services Displacement through rent/price increases Loss of affordable housing Commercial/industrial displacement Unsustainable property prices Displacement and housing demand pressures on surrounding poor areas Community resentment and conflict Homelessness Increased cost and charges to local services
Gentrification
Gentrification
Gentrification
Food Desert A food desert exists when particularly nutritious food is difficult to obtain due to availability, affordability, distance, or number of procurement points typically operationalized as supermarkets in a given area, urban or rural.
Concentric Zone Model
Sector Model
Multiple-Nuclei Model
Edge Cities These edge cities are suburban areas that are almost totally self-sufficient in terms of shopping, leisure activities, and workplaces. Examples in Houston area include: League City-Nasa Area The Woodlands Medical Center-West University Sugarland-Richmond-Rosenburg
World Cities These cities are the dominant economic cities in the world. They have a large concentration of global companies and business centers. Dominant sectors include law, banking, insurance, accounting, advertising, and the stock market.
World City Hierarchy