Parallel Lines : Railway Infrastructure Development and its interaction with Urban Growth in Hong Kong Ir Enoch LAM Deputy Secretary (Works)2, Development Bureau The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
CONTENT 01 OVERVIEW OF URBAN GROWTH AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN HONG KONG 02 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT 03 INTERACTION BETWEEN URBAN GROWTH AND RAILWAY INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
Hong Kong 01 01 OVERVIEW OF URBAN GROWTH AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT
Intensified high-rise building + Heavy traffic + High proportion of public transport
Urban Growth Land Population Maximum Building Height Population Density 1966 1,030 km 2 3.7 million 76 m 3,600/km 2 2012 1,100 km 2 7.1 million 484 m 6,400/km 2 Transportation Road Length Private Vehicles Public Transport Vehicles Railway Length Public Transport Usage 900 km 87,000 No. 5,600 No. 34 km 70% 2,090 km 650,000 No. 30,500 No. 218 km 90%
A High Density Vertical City Taxi Tram Franchised bus A Diversity of Public Transport Public light bus Ferry Railway
Average Daily Public Transport Passenger Journeys 12.1 Million in 2012 Minibus (15%) Taxi (8%) Ferry (1%) Franchised Bus : 51% in 1966 32% in 2012 Residents services & Rail feeder bus (3%) Rail : 12% in 1966 41% in 2012 7
Population Growth vs Railway Length/Road Length POPULATION (million) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7.1 6.7 6.9 7.6 6.4 218 7.4 204 5.5 5.7 5.1 4.4 148 49 34 72 109 274 257 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 300 200 100 RAILWAY LENGTH (km) / LENGTH OF ROAD (x10 km) Urban Suburb Population Railway Length Road Length
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT 02
Legend Pre-1970s settlement Central Business District Hong Kong 1960s SHENZHEN
Urban Growth and Railway Infrastructure (1st Generation New Town in 1970s) Legend Pre-1970s settlement New town (1970 s) Central Business District SHENZHEN LO WU CONTROL POINT FANLING SHEUNG SHUI East Rail Line N YUEN LONG NEW TERRITORIES TAI PO TUEN MUN TSUEN WAN SHA TIN Tsuen Wan Line KOWLOON Kwun Tong Line LANTAU ISLAND HONG KONG ISLAND Island Line
Urban Growth and Railway Infrastructure (2nd Generation New Town in 1980s) Legend Pre-1970s settlement SHENZHEN N New town (1970 s) New town in 1980s Central Business District TIN SHUI WAI YUEN LONG LO WU CONTROL POINT FANLING SHEUNG SHUI TAI PO East Rail Line West Rail Line (2003) NEW TERRITORIES MA ON SHAN Ma On Shan Line (2004) TUEN MUN TSUEN WAN SHA TIN KOWLOON Kwun Tong Line (1979) Tsuen Wan Line (1982) TSING YI TSEUNG KWAN O Tseung Kwan O Line (2002) Island Line (1985) LANTAU ISLAND HONG KONG ISLAND
Urban Growth and Railway Infrastructure (3rd Generation New Town in 1997) Legend Pre-1970s settlement New town (1970 s) New town in 1980s New town in 1997 SHENZHEN Lok Ma Chau Spur Line (2007) LOK MA CHAU CONTROL POINT LO WU CONTROL POINT SHEUNG SHUI FANLING East Rail Line N Central Business District West Rail Line (2003) TIN SHUI WAI YUEN LONG NEW TERRITORIES TAI PO MA ON SHAN Ma On Shan Line (2004) TUEN MUN Tsuen Wan Line (1982) TSUEN WAN SHA TIN KOWLOON Kwun Tong Line (1979) Airport Express (1998) TSING YI Disneyland Resort Line (2005) TSEUNG KWAN O Tseung Kwan O Line (2002) TUNG CHUNG Tung Chung Line (1998) Island Line (1985) LANTAU ISLAND HONG KONG ISLAND
1999 Hong Kong Moving Ahead Railway Development Strategy 2000 Better use of railway as the backbone of our passenger transport system. Railway Lines (under construction) Express Rail Link Shatin to Central Link West Island Line
Railway Network SHENZHEN N Lok Ma Chau Spur Line (2007) SHEUNG SHUI East Rail Line (1910) YUEN LONG TAI PO Hong Kong Section of Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link West Rail Line (2003) TUEN MUN Tsuen Wan Line (1982) TSUEN WAN NEW TERRITORIES SHA TIN KOWLOON MA ON SHAN Ma On Shan Line (2004) Shatin to Central Link Kwun Tong Line (1979) Airport Express (1998) TSING YI Kwun Tong Line Extension Disneyland Resort Line (2005) Tseung Kwan O Line (2002) Tung Chung Line (1998) TSEUNG KWAN O TUNG CHUNG West Island Line Island Line (1985) LANTAU ISLAND South Island Line (East) HONG KONG ISLAND Kowloon Southern Link (2009)
New town Airport railway Shatin to Central Link Mass transit railway Lok Ma Chau Spur Line Guangzhou Shenzhen Hong Kong Express Rail Link Hong Kong Express Rail Link 03 INTERACTION BETWEEN URBAN GROWTH AND RAILWAY INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
Transit Oriented Development (TOD) Railway Station + High-density Multi-functional Development + Sympathetic Urban Design
Railway Stations with TOD concepts Kowloon Station Topside high-density development (property + commercial) Open space / Green belt High density development (property) Tung Chung Station Open space / Green belt
Sustainable and Livable City vs Railway Infrastructure Development Review Statutory Town Plans to incorporate Building Heights and other development restrictions Impose Air Ventilation Assessment Requirement Promote Sustainable Building Design Guidelines - Building Separation and Permeability - Building Setback - Site Coverage of Greenery
A number of questions to ask to explore about : - Role of railway development in enhancing the sustainability and livability of a city Integration between urban design / urban growth and railway infrastructure development Mode of railway led development or development led railway
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