Index A Accountability, 39, 117, 124 Administrative region, 10, 13, 20, 23 25, 28, 163 Administrative traditions, 33 35, 37, 47, 50, 65 ANMP, 15 21, 27 Archipelagos, 10, 11, 23 Austerity policies, 9, 28, 29, 40 Autonomous region, 10, 17, 20, 23 B Ballot, 5, 233 240, 244, 245, 247 253 Bonding, 153, 156, 161 163, 240 Bridging, 153, 161 163, 167 C Capitalism, 49 Catholic Church, 13 CCDR, 19, 21, 23 25, 27 Central government, 2, 10, 15, 16, 18, 20, 23, 24, 26, 33, 35, 38, 41, 45 47, 49, 56 66, 76 78, 84, 118, 120, 127, 138, 146, 147 Central-local partnerships, 15 Central-local relationships, 18 Centre-left governments, 61 Centre-rights governments, 57, 59, 61 Charter of Athens, 194 Cities, neighborhoods, municipalities, and other places Antwerp, 140, 141 Bari, 95 Belfast, 139 Berlin, 140 Bilbao, 141 Bologna, 95, 102 Bordeaux, 140 Bregenz, 4, 5, 233, 242, 245, 254 Bremen, 144 Brianza, 95 Brussels, 140 Cagliari, 95 Catania, 95 Copenhagen, 140 Dublin, 138, 139, 141 Florence, 95 Genoa, 95, 141 Lecce, 171 175, 177, 188 190 Lisbon, 11, 17, 20 22, 26, 27, 97, 121 London, 102, 136, 138, 140 Los Angeles, 4, 5, 242, 246 249, 254, 255 Lyon, 102, 134, 136 140 Madrid, 140 Messina, 95 Milan, 3, 4, 90, 93 97, 99 103, 173, 181 190 Naples, 95 Novara, 96 Palermo, 95 Pécs, 149, 150, 154 161, 164, 166, 167 Piacenza, 96 Porto, 11, 22, 26, 27 Potenza, 4, 193, 195, 198, 199, 201 Riga, 213, 215, 217, 220 222, 224, 227 Roma, 95 Rotterdam, 118, 138, 140 Salamanca, 139 Swansea, 139 Taranto, 173, 178, 179, 180, 181, 188, 189 Toulouse, 140 Turin, 95, 102 Turku, 4, 150, 154 162, 163, 164, 167 Venice, 95, 140 Vienna, 4, 102, 242 244, 254 Citizen participation, 4, 117, 124, 211 Citizens engagement, 4, 195 City government, 118, 243, 246, 249 Communist party, 12, 24 Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 C. Nunes Silva and J. Buček (eds.), Local Government and Urban Governance in Europe, The Urban Book Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-43979-2 261
262 Index Communist regime, 49, 60, 63, 64 Competitiveness, 15, 51, 103, 121, 123, 125, 150 Contracting out, 39 Council of Europe, 3, 5, 28, 51, 72, 114 116 Countries Austria, 142, 147, 242, 243, 245 Belgium, 147 Croatia, 3, 5, 114, 115, 125, 126, 129 Czech Republic, 51 Finland, 4, 150, 154, 163, 164, 168 France, 137, 142, 145, 147 Germany, 34, 91, 142, 147 Greece, 135 Hungary, 3 5, 51, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 80, 150, 154, 166, 168 Ireland, 39, 134, 142 Italy, 3 5, 34, 90 92, 94, 96, 101, 104, 105, 134, 172 174, 178, 190, 194, 195, 197, 198, 201 Latvia, 4, 210, 211, 213 221, 224, 226 228, 230 Poland, 51 Portugal, 2, 3, 5, 10 13, 18 20, 21, 24, 51, 135 Slovakia, 3, 5, 34 36, 43, 47 51, 55, 59, 61, 63, 65, 66 Spain, 34, 135, 147 United Kingdom, 142 USA, 4, 91, 234 County, 73 76, 85, 126, 137, 164, 247 Crisis, 2, 3, 25, 28, 29, 34, 40, 43, 45, 50, 52, 54, 59, 63, 66, 73, 81, 104, 182, 187, 195 D Decentralization, 2, 10, 12, 15, 21, 22, 23, 29, 34, 36, 40, 41, 45, 54, 61, 66, 72, 116, 117, 123, 128 De-concentration, 23, 53, 57 De-industrialization, 134 Democratization, 25, 27, 39, 42, 49, 54, 66 Design, 94, 98, 100, 101, 105, 115, 116, 129, 137, 138, 144, 146, 183 186, 188, 190, 196, 199, 203 205, 235, 246, 248, 255 E Economic crisis, 34, 40, 45, 50, 54, 55, 59, 63, 73, 86, 195 Effectiveness, 76, 84, 85, 91, 96, 114, 116, 117, 119, 121, 123, 135, 146, 172 E-government, 39, 47, 50, 60 Elections, 4, 10, 43, 54, 72, 74, 81, 94, 96, 116, 125, 128, 210, 211, 213, 215 218, 227 230 Electoral participation, 4, 210, 211 Electorate, 75, 234 236, 238, 240, 241, 247 Elite, 37, 41, 57, 65, 184 Empowerment, 195, 198 ERDF, 135 137, 140, 143, 146, 180 EU Commission, 20 EU financing, 15 EU policies, 3, 5, 124 European capitals of culture (ECOC), 4, 150 158, 160 168 European Central Bank, 20 European charter of local autonomy, 20 European Charter of Local Self-Government, 51, 72, 86, 90 European Community, 15, 134 European funds, 128 Europeanization, 38, 114, 122, 128, 143, 145 European Parliament, 4, 74, 135, 210, 211, 213, 216 218, 230, 231 European Union (EU), 3 5, 15, 20, 34, 35, 38, 43, 47, 55, 60, 102, 114, 117, 121, 125, 129, 134, 142, 147, 168, 174, 215, 217 European Union initiatives, 3 F Financial autonomy, 2, 10, 17, 55, 86 Fiscal decentralization, 40, 45, 54, 58, 116, 123, 128 Fundamental law, 73 75, 78 80, 84, 86 G German-Austrian local government tradition, 50 Global trends, 35 Governance of cities, 1, 5 Great urban areas, 11 H Heritage, 117, 128, 174, 175, 177, 178, 196, 197, 201 Hierarchical public administration, 2 I Income tax, 46, 84, 85, 219 221, 227, 230 Inequality, 104, 182, 183, 211 Informed citizens, 236, 237, 239, 242 244, 246, 247, 248, 251 Innovations, 3, 36, 39, 51, 105, 181, 255 Inter-municipal cooperation, 11, 13, 22, 26, 27 Inter-municipal enterprises, 18
Index 263 International Monetary Fund, 20 INTERREG, 146 Intra-municipal, 96 L Land use plan, 101 Land use planning, 19 Left Bloc, 12 Legality, 72, 74 76, 79, 85 Leipzig Charter, 102, 118 Local administration of the state, 2 Local autonomy, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 28, 29, 36, 71, 74, 86 Local democracy, 12, 21, 25, 212, 213, 234, 247 Local direct democracy, 4, 243, 254 Local elections, 4, 12, 72, 116, 128, 209 211, 213, 215 218, 228 231, 243 Local finance system, 16, 28 Local governance, 4, 10, 113 115, 117 120, 129 Local government, 1 5, 9 22, 26, 28, 29, 39 40, 71, 72, 74, 76, 79, 80, 86, 89 92, 94 97, 105, 113, 114, 117, 118, 123 129, 133, 134, 136, 142, 145, 149, 171, 193, 209 211, 213 217, 219 223, 226, 227, 229, 230, 233, 235 240, 242, 243, 246, 247, 253 255 Local government elections, 4 Local government reform-spatial planning, 90 Local public administration reforms, 33 36, 38, 41, 44, 47, 56, 61, 63, 66 Local public debt, 41 Local self-government, 2 5, 9 11, 28, 43, 45, 46, 48, 54, 56, 59, 61 63, 65 67, 71 86, 90, 98, 115, 123, 128, 129 M Maastricht Treaty, 91, 145 Macroeconomic, 35, 37, 39, 40, 51, 53, 54, 56, 64, 65, 121, 135 Market economy, 49, 51 Mayor, 62, 74, 75, 79, 80, 93, 95, 96, 97, 100, 136, 137, 139, 242 246, 254 Mega-events, 4, 149 151, 153, 154, 166 168 Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), 3, 9, 15 21, 25, 28, 29 Merger reform, 11, 20, 21 Metropolitan areas, 20 22, 25 27, 93, 94, 96 98, 100, 102 104, 183 Metropolitan cities, 89, 90, 92 99, 102, 105 Metropolitan government, 11, 26, 27, 74, 76, 85, 92, 93 Modernization, 33 35, 37, 39, 42, 45, 47, 49, 50, 55, 59, 60, 65, 66, 75 Multi-level governance, 42, 147, 177 Municipal associations, 26, 27 Municipal debt, 17, 18 Municipal enterprises, 18 Municipality, 4, 10, 13 15, 20, 22, 26, 76, 77, 84, 85, 92 94, 137, 166, 185, 186, 1953, 198 200, 212, 213, 215 217, 220, 221, 225 227, 243, 254 N National referendum, 24 NATO, 51, 178 Neo-liberal, 39, 49 Networks, 2, 4, 16, 46 48, 97 100, 103, 104, 122, 123, 127, 129, 142, 144, 145, 149 169, 176, 181, 183, 195 Neutrality, 233, 241, 244, 245 New public management, 39, 49, 114 NGO, 63, 65, 121 Non-communist, 34 Non-discrimination, 116, 123 NUT-II, 23, 24, 26 NUT-III, 26 O OECD, 35, 47, 50 53, 55, 64, 71, 102 Opinion polls, 252 Own revenues, 76, 78, 82, 84, 85 P Parish, 10 15, 17, 18, 19 22, 27, 28, 215, 216 Participatory democracy, 114, 127, 129 Partnership, 116, 118, 119, 121 124, 126, 128, 129, 138, 142 145, 150, 156, 163, 165 167, 171, 185, 189, 242 Personal income tax, 22, 84, 85, 219 221, 227, 228, 230 Planning regions, 23, 24, 213 Policy diffusion, 256 Political elites, 33, 65, 234 Political legacies, 35 Political participation, 211, 212, 230, 231 Political parties, 9, 22, 24, 28, 33, 35, 38, 40 42, 46, 56 58, 61, 62, 65, 66, 123, 210 Polity, 122, 234 Popular party, 24, 25 Portugal 2020, 15, 18
264 Index Post-communist reforms, 36 Post-socialist, 34, 40, 42, 43, 51, 61, 62 Privatization, 18, 22, 39, 49, 55 Provinces, 89, 92, 94 97, 99, 102, 105, 173, 177 Post-industrial, 182 Public debt, 17, 40, 41, 50, 54, 55, 64 Public deficit, 29 Public finance consolidation, 40, 46, 54 56 Public procurement, 39, 49 Public services, 10, 18, 19, 21, 34, 39, 71, 73, 77, 79, 84, 86, 98, 103, 117, 120, 124, 152, 187, 195, 253 Public-private partnerships, 39, 49, 125 R Referendum, 10, 20, 24, 93, 101, 106, 125, 128, 238, 243 247, 253 Region, 1, 3, 9, 10, 13, 17, 19, 20, 23 28, 40, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 54, 62, 90 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 103, 104, 106, 114, 119 122, 126, 134 137, 146, 152, 153, 156, 163, 164, 167, 168, 173, 183, 189, 209, 213 215, 217, 220, 222 224, 226, 227, 230, 231 Regions, provinces, islands, continents, areas Azores, 10 12, 16, 23, 24 Balkans, 156, 177 Baltic sea region, 163 Basilicata, 4, 178, 193, 198, 201 California, 238, 242, 246 249, 252, 253 Central and Eastern Europe, 2, 3, 38, 41 Emilia Romagna, 96 Europe, 1 5, 21, 28, 51, 65, 72, 97, 102, 113 116, 121, 133, 135, 145, 147, 163, 164, 172, 178, 195, 212, 231 Lombardy, 92, 95, 99, 101, 104, 187 Madeira, 10 12, 16, 23, 24 Piedmont, 96 Pieriga, 213, 217, 220, 222 224, 226, 227, 230 Reggio Calabria, 95 Salento, 173, 175 Southern Europe, 1 3 Vidzeme, 213, 215, 224, 226 Zemgale Latgale, 213, 215, 224 Regional planning, 3, 23, 25, 90, 94, 98, 101, 105, 172 Regional tier, 23 S Segregation, 183 Self-building, 195 Serpentone Reload, 192, 201, 204, 205 Single Act, 133, 145 Single market, 134 Slogans, 60, 156, 239, 253 Social capital, 4, 151, 153 Social chart, 15 Social inclusion, 15, 121, 122, 176, 205 Social isolation, 236 Social networks, 151, 152, 154, 162, 167 Social Democratic Party, 24, 59 Socialist Party, 12, 24, 25 Soviet-type council systems, 72 Stakeholder, 2, 118, 119, 120, 126, 127, 138, 151, 153, 155, 161, 195, 233 State subsidies, 71, 73, 84, 85 Strategic plan, 93, 98, 10 103, 106, 114, 123, 126 129 Structural funds, 128, 133, 141, 142, 146, 147 Sub-national, 9 11, 113 116, 120, 126 Sub-national tiers, 9, 10 Subsidiarity, 10, 51, 91, 116, 123, 124, 145 147, 195 Suburb regeneration, 193 Suburbs, 93, 174, 176, 182, 184, 186, 187, 197, 198, 201 Sustainability, 114, 116, 117, 120, 123, 124, 149, 151, 153, 162, 163, 167, 172, 177 T Tax revenues, 220, 221 Taxpayer, 183, 236, 238 Third sector, 62 Trade unions, 62 Transition to democracy, 1 3, 10 Transparency, 39, 49, 116, 117, 120, 123, 124, 128 Treaty of Lisbon, 97 Trust, 153, 205, 210, 227, 254 Twinning, 51, 123, 128 U Unemployment, 40, 53, 59, 64, 136, 144, 174, 175, 178 180 UPP, 136 144, 146 URBACT, 120, 143 146 URBAN, 138, 142 147, 173, 174, 176, 177, 179, 181, 189 Urban acquis, 115, 116, 118, 119, 123, 125 Urban agenda, 3 Urban Agenda Europe, 102 Urban communities, 11, 198 Urban design, 94, 98, 100, 101, 196 Urban governance, 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 29, 34, 67, 71, 73, 89, 90, 105, 113, 114, 129, 133,
Index 265 134, 147, 150, 166, 171 173, 188, 189, 191, 195, 204, 205, 211, 231, 254 Urban initiative, 3, 4, 134, 146, 171, 174, 189 Urban planning, 90, 98, 99, 100, 117, 122, 182, 190, 193 195, 204, 205 Urban regeneration, 4, 151, 171 174, 177, 179, 191, 195, 196, 204 Urban space, 101, 194 199, 205 V Velvet Revolution, 34 Voter information, 5, 233, 235, 236, 238 243, 245, 246, 248 251, 253 256 Z ZMOS, 60, 62, 66 Zoning, 194