Critical Discourse Analysis

Critical Discourse Analysis

Critical Discourse Analysis Theory and Interdisciplinarity Edited by Gilbert Weiss and Ruth Wodak

Individual Chapters Palgrave Macmillan Ltd 2003 Selection and editorial matter and Introduction Gilbert Weiss and Ruth Wodak 2003 S o f t c o v e r r e p r i n t o f t h e h a r d c o v e r 1 s t e d i t i o n 2 0 0 3 9 7 8-0 - 3 3 3-9 7 0 2 3-2 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2003 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basignstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. I S B N 9 7 8-1 - 3 4 9-4 2 9 2 6-4 I S B N 9 7 8-0 - 2 3 0-5 1 4 5 6-0 ( e B o o k ) D O I 1 0. 1 0 5 7 / 9 7 8 0 2 3 0 5 1 4 5 6 0 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Critical discourse analysis: theory and interdisciplinarity/edited by Gilbert Weiss and Ruth Wodak. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Discourse analysis. 2. Interdisciplinary approach to knowledge. I. Weiss, Gilbert. II. Wodak, Ruth, 1950 P302.C6858 2002 401.41 dc21 2002030260 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03

Contents Preface by Gilbert Weiss and Ruth Wodak Acknowledgements Notes on Contributors vii viii ix 1 Introduction: Theory, Interdisciplinarity and Critical Discourse Analysis 1 Gilbert Weiss and Ruth Wodak Part I Critical Critical Critical 2 Critical Discourse Analysis and the Rhetoric of Critique 35 Michael Billig 3 Critical Discourse Analysis and the Development of the New Science 47 Carlos A.M. Gouveia 4 Reflexivity and the Doubles of Modern Man: The Discursive Construction of Anthropological Subject Positions 63 Marianne W. Jørgensen Part II Debating and Practising Interdisciplinarity 5 The Discourse-Knowledge Interface 85 Teun A. van Dijk 6 Critical Discourse Analysis and Evaluative Meaning: Interdisciplinarity as a Critical Turn 110 Phil Graham 7 Texts and Discourses in the Technologies of Social Organization 130 Jay L. Lemke 8 Identities in Flux: Arabs and Jews in Israel 150 Marcelo Dascal 9 Political and Somatic Alignment: Habitus, Ideology and Social Practice 167 Suzanne Scollon v

vi Contents 10 Voicing the Other : Reading and Writing Indigenous Australians 199 Jim R. Martin Part III From Theory to Social and Political Practice 11 Activist Sociolinguistics in a Critical Discourse Analysis Perspective 223 Patricia E. O Connor 12 Discourse at Work: When Women Take On the Role of Manager 241 Luisa Martín Rojo and Concepción Gómez Esteban 13 Cross-Cultural Representation of Otherness in Media Discourse 272 Carmen Rosa Caldas-Coulthard 14 Interaction between Visual and Verbal Communication: Changing Patterns in the Printed Media 297 Christine Anthonissen Index 313

Preface Gilbert Weiss and Ruth Wodak This volume was inspired by a stimulating conference in Vienna in July 2000. Most of the contributors to this volume and some other colleagues discussed intensively problems and issues of Critical Discourse Analysis and Interdisciplinarity for three days. However, many issues remained unresolved. This fact triggered the idea to request the contributors to revise their papers and to reflect their positions. Moreover, we invited several other colleagues in the field to discuss the central notions of inter/trans/multidisciplinarity in the Social Sciences with us as well. The possibility of publishing this volume gave us a chance to frame this discussion more broadly, to set it into a long development of theory and empirical work in the Social Sciences. The questions which arise lead us from abstract reflections on theory building to aspects of application of empirical results and to political practice. We would like to thank all the contributors to this volume for their contributions. We would also like to thank the publishers for their support and patience. We are very grateful to Lieselotte Martin for her help in organizing the conference in July 2000. Heidemarie Markhardt checked the non-native English papers and translated some of our work in a most efficient and remarkable way. Lastly, we would like to thank the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF) for awarding the Wittgenstein Prize to Ruth Wodak which made the work on this book, the conference and our teamwork possible. Vienna, March 2002 vii

Acknowledgements We are grateful to the following copyright holders for permission to reproduce material. In Chapter 13, Abril Editoras, Sao Paulo, Brazil for the use of illustrations and page layouts from issues of the magazine Veja and to the Daily Mail, London, for permission to reproduce the text of the article on José. In Chapter 14, Cape Argus, South Africa, for permission to reproduce the list of detainees and a cartoon, and the Mail and Guardian, South Africa, for permission to reproduce page layouts and a letter from the Weekly Mail. The authors have attempted to clear use of all copyright material reproduced in the volume. In the event that any copyright holder has inadvertently been overlooked, the publisher will make amends at the earliest opportunity. viii

Notes on Contributors Christine Anthonissen is an Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics at University of Western Cape (South Africa). Her research interests include media language use, multilingualism and linguistic variation. She is co-author of the book Communicating across Cultures in South Africa Toward a Critical Language Awareness (together with R.H. Kaschula, Johannesburg, 1995). Michael Billig is Professor of Social Sciences at Loughborough University. He is the author of numerous books and articles, which reflect his parallel concerns with theory and with studying ways of thinking, especially ideological thought. Among his recent book publications are Freudian Repression: Conversation Creating the Unconscious (Cambridge, 1999) and Rock n Roll Jews (Nottingham, 2000). Carmen Rosa Caldas-Coulthard, formerly Professor of English Language and Applied Linguistics at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil, is now Senior Lecturer in the Centre for English Language Studies, Department of English, at the University of Birmingham. She has published widely in the areas of Critical Discourse, Media and Gender Studies. She is the author of News as Social Practice (UFSC, 1997) and editor of Texts and Practices: Reading in Critical Discourse Analysis (London, 1996). Marcelo Dascal is a Professor of Philosophy at Tel Aviv University. His research interests include the philosophy of language, pragmatics, the history of modern philosophy (especially Leibniz), and the role of controversies in the evolution of knowledge, as well as in sociopolitical conflicts. He is the editor of Pragmatics & Cognition, published twice a year in Amsterdam. He has authored and edited about 25 books. Concepción Gómez Esteban is Associate Professor in Sociology, Faculty of Political Science and Sociology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. She has carried out research in the fields of Sociology of Knowledge, Sociology of Death and, since 1993, she has dedicated most of her research work to fields related with women and their labour situation, especially when holding positions of management and leadership. Carlos A.M. Gouveia is an Assistant Professor at the Department of English, Faculty of Letters, University of Lisbon, and a researcher at the Centre for English Studies of the same University. His research areas are Discourse ix

x Notes on Contributors Analysis, Critical Discourse Analysis and Systemic Functional Grammar. His published work includes, among several articles in these areas, both in Portuguese and in English, a co-edited book on current issues in General and Portuguese Linguistics and a co-authored one on Language and Linguistics. Phil Graham is a Senior Lecturer in Communication at the Business School of the University of Queensland. He has written articles for Discourse & Society, TEXT, and numerous other journals and books. He is on the International Advisory Board of New Media & Society, and is interested in critical social theory, new media research, economic history of Communications, and discourse analysis methods. He is currently writing two books for Peter Lang, The Digital Dark Ages and Hypercapitalism. Marianne W. Jørgensen, MA in Cultural Sociology, is Acting Lecturer in the Department of Thematic Studies, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, Sweden. She is currently finishing her PhD thesis on reflexivity in social constructionist research. She is the co-author with Louise Phillips of Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method (London, 2002). Jay L. Lemke is Professor of Education and Executive Officer for the PhD programme of Urban Education at the City University of New York. His research interests include Discourse Linguistics, Social Semiotics, Language in Education and Science Education. He has published numerous books and articles in these fields, including Textual Politics: Discourse and Social Dynamics (London, 1995). Jim R. Martin is currently Professor in Linguistics at the University of Sydney. His research interests include systemic theory, functional grammar, discourse semantics, register, genre, multimodality and critical discourse analysis, focusing on English and Tagalog. Publications include English Text: System and Structure (Amsterdam, 1992) and Reading Science: Critical and Functional Perspectives on Discourses of Science (edited with R. Veel, London, 1998). Luisa Martín Rojo is Associate Professor in Linguistics, Faculty of Philosophy, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. She is also senior researcher in various research projects in gender studies and in multilingual and multicultural education. She is a member of the editorial boards of Discourse & Society and Language and Politics. Patricia O Connor is Associate Professor in the Theory and Practice of Writing in the Department of English at Georgetown University. Her major research interests include theory and practice of learning and teaching, especially in regards to new technologies, as well as prison research.

Notes on Contributors xi Most recently she published the book Speaking of Crime: Narratives of Prisoners (Lincoln, 2000). Suzanne Scollon is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Linguistics at Georgetown University. She has published widely in the fields of discourse analysis and intercultural communication, including Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach (together with R. Scollon, Oxford 2001, revised edition). Teun A. van Dijk is Professor of Discourse Studies at the University of Amsterdam and, since 1999, Visiting Professor at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain, where he also lives. He has published some 30 monographs and edited books, and more than 150 scholarly articles. He also founded four international journals, POETICS, TEXT, Discourse & Society, and most recently Discourse Studies, the latter two of which he still edits. Gilbert Weiss, PhD in Social and Economic Sciences, is a Research Associate at the Research Centre for Discourse, Politics and Identity at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Recent publications include European Union Discourses on Un/employment. An Interdisciplinary Approach to Employment Policy-Making and Organizational Change (together with Peter Muntigl and Ruth Wodak, Amsterdam, 2000). Ruth Wodak is Professor of Applied Linguistics at the University of Vienna and Director of the Research Centre for Discourse, Politics and Identity at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Most recent publications include Discourse and Discrimination. Rhetorics of Racism and Antisemitism (together with Martin Reisigl, London, 2001), and Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (together with Michael Meyer, London, 2001).