Design of Structures ARK-A3001 Design of Structures_Basics Toni Kotnik Professor of Design of Structures Aalto University Department of Architecture Department of Civil Engineering Design Strategy Organizational Units Livio Vacchini: Office Locarno, Switzerland, 1985 2 1
Design Strategy Organizational Units archive archive (introverted) studio parking exterior interior studio (extroverted) parking parking parking parking parking column & beam column & plate Livio Vacchini: Office Locarno, Switzerland, 1985 3 Design Strategy Organizational Units Christian Kerez: Leutschenbach School Zurich, Switzerland, 2009 4 2
Design Strategy Organizational Units sport hall teacher community classroom circulation community classroom community 5 Design Strategy Organizational Units Christian Kerez: Leutschenbach School Zurich, Switzerland, 2009 6 3
Design Strategy Organizational Units Christian Kerez: Leutschenbach School Zurich, Switzerland, 2009 7 Design Strategy Organizational Units Christian Kerez: Leutschenbach School Zurich, Switzerland, 2009 8 4
Design Strategy Organizational Units Shigeru Ban: Picture Window House Shizuoka, Japan, 2002 9 Design Strategy Organizational Units Shigeru Ban: Picture Window House Shizuoka, Japan, 2002 10 5
Design Strategy Organizational Units vertical space in-between space horizontal space covered space Shigeru Ban: Picture Window House Shizuoka, Japan, 2002 11 Design Strategy Organizational Units Rem Koolhaas: Villa dall Ava Saint-Cloud, France, 1991 12 6
Design Strategy Organizational Units main spine along which building is organized living kitchen/ dinning entrance secondary elements frame circulation spatial zones Rem Koolhaas: Villa dall Ava Saint-Cloud, France, 1991 13 Design Strategy Organizational Units Rem Koolhaas: Villa dall Ava Saint-Cloud, France, 1991 14 7
Design Strategy Organizational Units Rem Koolhaas: Villa dall Ava Saint-Cloud, France, 1991 15 Design Strategy Organizational Units Rem Koolhaas: Villa dall Ava Saint-Cloud, France, 1991 16 8
Design Strategy Organizational Units Rem Koolhaas: Villa dall Ava Saint-Cloud, France, 1991 17 Design Strategy Organizational Units Rem Koolhaas: Villa dall Ava Saint-Cloud, France, 1991 18 9
Design Strategy Construction Details Mies van der Rohe: Farnsworth House Plano, USA, 1951 19 Design Strategy Construction Details Mies van der Rohe: Farnsworth House Plano, USA, 1951 20 10
Design Strategy Construction Details Mies van der Rohe: Farnsworth House Plano, USA, 1951 21 Design Strategy Construction Details Mies van der Rohe: Farnsworth House Plano, USA, 1951 22 11
Design Strategy Construction Details Mies van der Rohe: Farnsworth House Plano, USA, 1951 23 Design Strategy Construction Details Mies van der Rohe: Farnsworth House Plano, USA, 1951 24 12
Design Strategy Construction Details Mies van der Rohe: Farnsworth House Plano, USA, 1951 25 Design Strategy Construction Details Mies van der Rohe: Farnsworth House Plano, USA, 1951 26 13
Design Strategy Construction Details Peter Zumthor: Chapel Sogn Benedetg, Switzerland, 1989 27 Design Strategy Construction Details Peter Zumthor: Chapel Sogn Benedetg, Switzerland, 1989 28 14
Design Strategy Construction Details Peter Zumthor: Chapel Sogn Benedetg, Switzerland, 1989 29 Design Strategy Construction Details Carlo Scarpa: Fondazione Querini Stampalia Venice, Italy, 1963 30 15
Design Strategy Construction Details Carlo Scarpa: Fondazione Querini Stampalia Venice, Italy, 1963 31 Urban Life in the Iron Age Tel Kinrot / Tell el- Orēme Israel, 1995 32 16
Urban Life in the Iron Age Tel Kinrot / Tell el- Orēme Israel, 1995 33 Urban Life in the Iron Age when is a stone a stone and when is a stone part of a wall? Tel Kinrot / Tell el- Orēme Israel, 1995 34 17
ta mathēmata Imagine the purely physical world. This would have to be a giant aggregate composed of all the physical stuff in the universe. There is nothing nonphysical in this, but most philosophers prefer a less amorphous characterization; they begin with all physical objects, or all particles, or all spacetime points.... To add even this small amount of structure - the differentiation of the amorphous mass into individuals of some kind - is already to broach the mathematical. Penelope Maddy similarity proximity continuation closure symmetry periodicity 35 basic principles of Gestalt Theory ta mathēmata this genuine learning is an extremely peculiar taking, a taking where one who takes only takes what one basically already has. The mathemata, the mathematical, is that about things which we already know. Therefore we do not first get it out of things, but, in a certain way, we bring it with us. Martin Heidegger Mathematics is the science of patterns based on bodily or mental perception of the surrounding world. Mathematics is a construct of the human brain! Kasimir Malevich Eight Red Rectangles, 1915 36 18
when is a stone a stone and when is a stone part of a wall? 37 Structuralism sociology design freedom economy culture perceive DIGITAL generate conceptual mathematics science of pattern & order materialized form technology form DIGITAL matter physical science formed material physical necessity engineering 38 19
When all functional, structural and economic requirements of a structure or building have been satisfied there is still something left to do call it to create beauty, to give aesthetic satisfaction, to impart character, unity or integrity to our physical environment, to express our civilization or our cultural values. Ove Arup Jørn Utzon: Sydney Opera House, 1957-73 (Eng.: Ove Arup) 39 No matter how good an architect you are, if you have no chance of expressing your poetic idea in structures, you lack the very foundation of architecture. The structure is a language, a way of expressing yourself, and there should be a balance between thought and language. Every story has a structure. Sverre Fehn Sverre Fehn: Nordic Pavilion Venice, Italy, 1962 40 20
Design of Structures is not about calculation but rather about design thinking! is about using structural principals to enhance the design idea! Counterpoise Conference Table Zurich, Switzerland, 2010 41 design freedom perceive DIGITAL generate form mathematics science of pattern & order materialized form DIGITAL matter formed material physical necessity 42 21
design freedom perceive DIGITAL generate form mathematics science of pattern & order materialized form DIGITAL matter formed material physical necessity 43 Design of Structures twisting material accumulation Formal Design Studio, 2015 Urban park, Student: Hanna Jahkonen 44 22
Design of Structures geometric stiffening spatial network Formal Design Studio, 2015, Cliff Diving Platform, Student: Salvador Hernandez Gazga & Laura Zubillaga 45 Collaborative Structural Systems basic elements of a grid rule-based logics of interaction performative differentiation & articulation contextual adaptation physical experimentation (bodily experience) geometrization (formalized description) structural analysis (rationalization of experience) parametric variation (synthesis) Rhinoceros Grasshopper Karamba 3d 46 23
Collaborative Structural Systems Study of Material System EmTech, AA London, 2009-11, 47 Collaborative Structural Systems Study of Material System EmTech, AA London, 2009-11, 48 24
Study of Material System experimental design 49 Study of Material System experimental design 50 25
Study of Material System experimental design 51 Study of Material System experimental design 52 26
Study of Material System experimental design 53 Study of Material System experimental design 54 27
Study of Material System experimental design 55 Study of Material System experimental design 56 28
Study of Material System experimental design 57 Study of Material System experimental design 58 29
Study of Material System experimental design 59 Study of Material System experimental design 60 30
Study of Material System experimental design 61 Study of Material System experimental design 62 31
Study of Material System experimental design 63 Study of Material System experimental design 64 32
Study of Material System experimental design 65 End of Year Exhibition EmTech, AA London, 2011 Studio Hadid, Die Angewandte, Vienna Architecture Biennale, Venice, Italy, 2012 66 33
Design of Structures designing with forces force material redistribution metabolic process funicular shape form & matter activation of matter amount of material variablity of form spectra of possible shapes amount of material variablity of form activation of form principles of redirection & distribution 67 Distribution of forces F F F move R R R R R R increasing risk of buckling 68 34
Distribution of forces F F F move R R R R R R reducing risk of buckling by increasing the structural height of the arch 69 Distribution of forces F F F move R R R R R R or by distibuting the forces in surrounding space reducing risk of buckling by increasing the structural height of the arch 70 35
Distribution of forces surface/volume material efficiency: economic use of material if maximal allowable stresses are distributed uniformly at available material F1 F1 point z efficient distribution pattern for forces z α y Volume F2 x F2 α < 120º F2 x F2 x & z fixed y variable z y z fixed α variable 71 Distribution of forces Gerkan, Marg & Partners: Airport Stuttgart, Germany, 2004 72 36
Distribution of fluids 73 Continuum Thermomechanics Field Equations system of equations conservation of mass balance of linear momentum conservation of energy (first law) conditions balance of angular momentum Clausius-Duhem inequality (second law) Solid Mechanics Heat and Mass Tranfer Rheology Plasticity Theory Elasticity Theory Aeroelasticity Fluid Mechanics Turbulence Theory Strength of Material Stress Waves Hydrodynamics Aerodynamics Kinematics Theory of Vibration Hydrostatics Hypersonic Flows Statics Viscoelasticity Fluid Stability Fracture Mechanics Lubrication Theory Composite Materials 74 37
From Force to Energy 75 From Force to Energy 76 38
From Force to Energy courtyard development Kerameikos District, Athens, 2010 77 Inner Force Flow inner force flow in wall according to Edward Allen & Waclaw Zalewski Form and Forces, Wiley, 2010 78 39
Inner Force Flow inner force flow in wall according to Edward Allen & Waclaw Zalewski Form and Forces, Wiley, 2010 79 Inner Force Flow stress distribution in wall as model for modulation of wind speed and direction 80 40
Distribution of wind N Courtyard Development Competition, 1. Prize Athens, Greece, 2010 81 Holistic Systemic Perspective clean energy Active Systems engineering energy saving Passive Systems Building Configuration Science of Energy architecture hierarchy of strategies towards sustainable built environment by Stefan Behling lecture,iit Chicago, 2004 82 41
design freedom form perceive DIGITAL mathematics science of pattern & order materialized form DIGITAL formed material generate physical necessity matter structure is an universal notion principles of design of structure are active on all scales of architecture the division between architecture, urban design and landscape design is arbitrary and obsolete urban system building system material system 83 Thanks! 42