Index 1 A Agglomeration, 367, 368, 377 Akkuyu, 340, 343, 351, 353 AK Party, 10, 18, 20, 27, 32, 40, 42, 43, 54, 64, 70, 78, 88, 97 98n26, 102, 111, 214, 217, 218, 220, 221, 359 Atoms for Peace (AFP), 341 B Banking, 5 7, 16, 52, 152, 155, 157, 158, 160, 161, 163 165, 165n2, 171 189, 193 199, 201 204, 206 209, 214 219, 224, 226, 234, 256, 266, 290, 291, 363 Branding, 309 Brazil, 24, 26, 30, 33n11, 124, 177, 300, 305, 366 Build-Own-Operate (BOO), 343, 353 Business expenditure on R&D (BERD), 267 C CAMELS, 6, 193 209 Capital inflows, 6, 7, 52, 153, 155, 157, 161, 162, 164, 171 189, 207, 209, 374 China, 24, 26, 29, 30, 33n11, 130, 132, 289, 299 301, 305, 366 Closed innovation, 279 Clusters, 48, 132, 139, 140, 279, 367 Coalitions, 3, 4, 16, 59 91, 215 Comparative advantage, 30, 266, 363, 367, 371 Competitive advantage, 30, 32, 132, 279, 280, 284, 309, 405 1 Note: Page numbers followed by n refer to notes. The Author(s) 2018 A. F. Aysan et al. (eds.), Turkish Economy, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70380-0 411
412 Index Competitiveness, 8, 122, 125, 141, 157, 264, 266, 272, 276, 278, 299, 307, 312, 368, 371, 376, 380, 381 Concentration, 78, 122, 183, 208, 280, 299, 307 308, 363, 365, 368 Corruption, 15 17, 23, 24, 218, 248 Coups, 4, 17, 24, 33n4, 40, 59 91, 162, 291, 292 Credit, 7, 21, 26, 29, 44, 47, 51, 52, 153, 161, 162, 172, 173, 175 178, 181 183, 187, 188, 195, 197 201, 204 206, 216, 228, 229, 232 234, 243, 247, 255 257 Crisis, 2, 5, 16 18, 21, 24, 47, 130, 152 155, 157, 158, 161, 163, 164, 173, 175, 178 180, 187, 193 196, 202, 203, 207, 215, 216, 245, 256, 264, 292, 319, 320, 363 Cross-border banking liability, 6, 173, 176 178, 182, 187, 189n1 Current account deficit, 2, 9, 10, 16, 28, 29, 131, 153, 157, 161, 162, 172, 175, 179, 187, 257, 295, 338, 352 D Deindustrialization, 361 365, 373, 374, 376, 378, 380 Demographic Trends, 103, 108, 114, 115, 145, 243, 338, 379 Development, 5, 15, 40, 102, 122, 151, 173, 194, 213 235, 247, 263 284, 289, 322, 339, 359, 389 Development based public procurement, 310 Development plan, 131, 137, 291, 293, 311, 342 Direct funding, 276, 277 Direct tax, 22, 23, 242, 247, 249 Disadvantaged group, 47, 278, 281, 282, 284, 332 Distribution of power, 121 Doing Business Index, 273 Do-it-yourself (DIY), 282 Dynamics of family businesses fear of losing control, 389 390 founder-entrepreneur issues, 388 393 succession, 388, 390 392, 395 396, 400, 402 trust for professionals, 392 393 E Economic development, 3, 8, 10, 24, 31, 32, 45, 47, 128, 154, 155, 163, 264, 290, 359, 377 Economic liberalism, 39, 48 Economic liberalization, 363 Economic performance, 4, 31, 60 63, 83, 89, 94n3, 97n18, 239, 275, 278, 283, 374 Economic planning, 296, 371 Education, 5, 7, 16, 20, 21, 32, 50, 102, 104, 105, 108 109, 112, 113, 122, 123, 125 138, 140, 143, 144, 157, 228, 233, 241, 251, 253 255, 263, 267 269, 274 276, 278, 281 283, 290,
Index 413 313, 322, 327 332, 344 346, 365, 377 378, 380, 381, 391, 404 Effective number of parties, 78, 79, 82, 84 Elections, 19, 54, 59, 63, 64, 66 72, 74, 75, 77 79, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 95n8, 96n15, 97n24, 97n25, 98n26, 98n28, 104, 110, 181, 182, 214, 217, 218 Emerging country, 6, 152, 171, 177, 207, 266, 278, 283 Energy dependence, 9, 338 Energy supply security, 9 Entrepreneurship, 23, 24, 140 144, 272, 273, 276, 278, 283, 332, 368, 369, 385, 404 Environmental performance, 272, 275 Erbakan, Necmettin, 40, 50, 215, 293, 294 European Commission (EU), 280, 346 European Union (EU), 8, 17, 28, 55, 56, 117, 125, 180, 195, 265, 272 277, 315n1, 324, 325, 331, 357, 365 Exchange rate volatility, 178, 188, 368, 374, 376 Export sophistication, 289, 299 300, 308 Exports, 1, 8 10, 16, 17, 19, 27 29, 32, 125, 129 131, 153, 162, 163, 175, 215, 266, 273, 292, 295, 296, 298 300, 306, 309, 310, 313, 356 359, 361, 363 374, 376, 378, 379 F Factor endowments, 355, 371, 377 Factor mobility, 361 Family, 4, 10, 103 107, 112, 113, 115 117, 131, 215, 218, 227, 235, 272, 273, 324, 325, 385 406 Family culture, 393 398, 400 Fatih Project, 275 Financial markets, 6, 7, 47, 51, 153, 180, 188, 209, 257 Financial openness, 5, 6, 10, 151 165 Financial stability, 5, 6, 151 165, 200, 203, 206, 229 Fiscal policy, 16 23, 161, 179 Foreign direct investment (FDI), 24, 29, 30, 158, 165n1, 174, 176, 291, 368, 380 Foreign trade, 9, 129, 130, 355 381 Foreign trade regime, 356, 368, 369 France, 25, 129, 299 301, 343, 360, 361, 366, 374 Full-time equivalent (FTE) R&D personnel, 267, 268 Funding, 176, 177, 182 184, 186, 187, 189, 201, 202, 206, 207, 229, 274, 276, 279 281, 283, 284, 332, 348 G General welfare, 104 Geographic proximity, 280, 284 Gini coefficient, 21, 22, 33n11, 157 Global Competitiveness index, 273, 277
414 Index Green productivity, 275 Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD), 267 270, 275 Growth, 15, 46, 59, 115, 123, 151 163, 171, 194, 214, 239, 263 284, 287, 320, 338, 386 H Health, 7, 16, 19 21, 95n9, 101, 102, 104, 106 108, 111 112, 115, 125, 131, 141, 157, 233, 241, 242, 251 255, 263, 276, 281, 308, 310, 381, 401 Higher education reform, 143, 144 High-income country, 144, 164, 282, 299, 300, 374, 377 High-tech export, 28, 122, 131 Housing, 102, 108, 113 114, 176, 199 Human capital, 122, 123, 125, 127, 131, 132, 137, 139, 141, 241, 254, 280, 282, 328, 331, 344 348, 350, 353, 377 I Import, 8, 16, 19, 29, 47, 51, 175, 279, 291, 292, 294 296, 338, 339, 352, 359, 361, 363, 365, 366, 368, 379 Import dependency, 292, 295, 365 Incentives, 17, 28, 29, 32, 47, 51, 94n3, 112, 131, 134, 137, 138, 226, 231, 233, 234, 273, 277, 279, 284, 291, 295, 311, 312, 333, 380 Inclusive growth, 8, 263 284 Income inequality, 17, 21, 22, 32, 144, 157, 266 India, 24, 25, 30, 299, 300, 305, 340, 366 Indirect funding, 276, 277 Indirect tax, 17, 22, 23, 242, 248, 249 Industrial development, 291, 313, 355 381 Industrial inclusiveness, 278, 279, 281, 284 Industrialization, 9, 10, 16, 28, 46, 50, 54, 289 307, 310, 311, 313, 356, 361 365, 368, 371, 373, 374, 378 380 Industrial layer, 307 310, 313 Industrial policy, 3, 9, 15, 27 32, 278, 287 314, 361, 374, 375, 378 Industrial transformation, 380, 381 Industrial upgrade, 361, 378, 380 Industry, 17, 50, 122, 152, 176, 193 209, 213, 255, 270, 290, 343, 350 352 Infrastructure, 16, 19 21, 23, 29, 31, 32, 49, 104, 109, 116, 125, 127, 128, 138 139, 220, 222, 225, 233, 263, 271, 274, 277, 291, 332, 348, 351, 352, 359, 376, 377 Innovation, 5, 8, 23, 24, 28, 122, 125, 127, 128, 131 133, 135, 137, 139 144, 153, 188, 232, 263 284, 289, 303, 310, 365, 371, 381
Index 415 Innovation ecosystem, 122, 123, 141 Institutions, 96n14, 109, 114, 228, 375 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), 274 Intelligent customer, 9, 353 Intermediate goods, 309, 359, 367, 371 373, 376, 381 International Atomic Energy, 339, 348 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 18, 19, 33n5, 152, 155, 158, 165, 257, 288, 297 Internationalization, 136, 172, 279, 283 Investment, 1, 3, 7, 19 21, 23, 24, 28, 29, 31, 32, 49, 51, 52, 54, 56, 122, 127 129, 153, 157, 158, 161, 162, 164, 165, 165n1, 171, 174, 181, 185 187, 189n2, 194, 195, 198, 204, 206, 216, 219, 220, 223, 224, 227, 229, 232, 233, 240, 241, 244, 251, 252, 254, 255, 267, 268, 270, 273 275, 280, 281, 290 296, 311, 340, 352, 356, 367, 368, 376, 377, 380, 385 Investment Support and Promotion Agency (ISPAT), 270 Islamic banking, 214 219, 223, 229 231, 234 Islamic capital markets, 7, 219 224, 231 233, 235 Islamic finance, 7, 213 235, 256 Issues Related to Business Management board of directors, 401 403 corporate governance, 401 403 life cycle of firm, 398 400 non-family members, 401, 403 ownership and management, 400 401 Issues Related to Family Culture family conflicts, 397 398 gender issues, 395 396 nepotism, 396 role confusion, 394 395 socioemotional wealth, 393 398 succession and employment, 395 396 J Japan, 29, 129, 130, 132, 133, 137, 139, 140, 145, 269, 300, 301, 305, 312, 340, 343, 353, 371, 374 K Knowledge-based economy, 264, 272, 273 Knowledge economy, 4, 5, 121 145 L Labor market, 9 Labour market reforms, 320, 327 333 Liquidity, 6, 7, 17, 163, 173, 177, 179, 180, 183, 186, 188, 189, 194, 196, 203 204, 207, 209, 216, 229, 232, 256
416 Index M Manufacturing, 28, 31, 32, 51, 125, 126, 131, 133, 276, 287 290, 292, 293, 295, 298 299, 304, 306 308, 310, 315n1, 351, 363, 365, 368, 371, 374, 376, 378, 379, 381 Market, 21, 42, 65, 105, 127, 151, 172, 196, 204 206, 214, 219 224, 257, 264, 292, 319 333, 352, 359, 399 Mersin, 294, 340 Mexico, 24, 33n11, 124, 174, 182, 300, 301 Middle income country, 124, 125, 127, 264, 273, 283, 379, 381 Middle-income trap, 1 11, 24, 27, 31, 122 128, 131, 144, 264 266, 278, 283, 289, 296, 306, 313, 379 381 Military coup, 3, 16, 62, 78, 195, 342 Multidimensional inclusive policy, 264 MUSIAD, 3, 40, 53 56, 215 N National competence, 8, 338 353 National Science, Technology and Innovation (NSTI), 8, 265, 266, 272 278, 283, 284 National Science, Technology and Innovation Strategy (NSTIS) 2011-2016, 131, 266, 271, 277 283 Non-Proliferation, 342 Not in My Backyard (NIMBY), 350 Nuclear energy, 338 353 Nuclear materials, 347 Nuclear power plant (NPP), 9, 340 343, 345, 347 351, 353 Nuclear safety, 340, 347 349 Nuclear waste, 349 O Open innovation, 279, 284 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 8, 20, 21, 103, 107, 108, 110 113, 122, 123, 132 136, 140, 153, 157, 265, 269, 272 278, 282, 322, 324, 325, 330, 331, 345, 348, 380 Özal reforms, 48 P Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), 273 Patronage, 104, 106, 116 Performance, 3 6, 8, 24, 27 29, 31, 32, 60 63, 83, 89, 91, 94n3, 95n9, 97n18, 122, 128, 132, 133, 151 165, 173, 176, 178, 179, 193, 196, 201 202, 215, 216, 233, 239, 265, 267 269, 271 278, 280, 283, 284, 296, 297, 306, 328, 347, 356, 359, 363, 374, 386, 387, 391, 393, 395 398, 400 403 Performance based funding, 277 Planning, 9, 16, 62, 131, 137, 138, 145, 218, 234, 296, 330, 340, 344, 349 352, 355 381, 388, 404 Policies, 272
Index 417 Populism, 48, 102, 104, 106, 110, 116 Private funding, 276 Private saving rate, 244 252, 254 Product differentiation, 309 310 Productivity, 8, 29, 32, 122, 123, 125 127, 137, 143, 145, 164, 187, 256, 264, 266, 275, 281, 284, 303, 305, 307, 326, 328, 329, 368, 375 378 Property rights, 15, 23, 26, 165 Public, 17 23, 44, 62, 102, 123, 164, 179, 206, 215, 243, 266, 307, 310, 311, 331, 348, 371 Public debt, 17, 18, 22, 33n4, 157, 179, 248, 250, 251 Public funding, 276, 277 Public-private-partnership (PPP), 19, 20, 126, 279 Public-University-Industry Partnership Strategy and Action Plan, 274 R R&D, see Research and Development R&D personnel, 129, 266 268, 280 Red tape, 15, 17, 23, 27 Reform, 1 3, 5, 7 9, 16, 18, 23, 24, 27, 29, 31, 43, 56, 65, 66, 69, 71, 90, 91, 96n13, 96n14, 102, 108, 109, 111, 115, 116, 122, 128, 143, 144, 164, 171, 179, 187, 195, 196, 200, 207, 230, 264 266, 273, 275, 277, 278, 289, 320, 327, 333 Region, 19, 24, 52, 53, 104, 107, 108, 129, 139, 140, 157, 172, 187, 230, 272, 278 280, 284, 295, 311, 329, 341, 350, 356, 401 Regional development, 280, 284, 293, 311 313 Re-industrialization, 10, 361, 365, 368, 371 380 Relative wages, 359, 361, 375 Research and Development (R&D), 17, 24, 27, 28, 30, 32, 123, 127 129, 131, 134, 140, 141, 241, 251 253, 255, 264, 266 274, 276 280, 283, 303, 307, 309 312, 314, 342, 345, 347 348, 350, 353, 359, 365, 378 Research institutions, 129, 137, 307, 348 Resource allocation, 356, 369, 375 377 Rosatom, 343 Russia, 133, 137, 300, 301, 340, 343, 353, 359 S Saving behaviour, 7, 239 257 Saving definition, 251 Saving rate, 239, 240, 242 257 Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), 8, 263 284, 309, 314 Science, technology and innovation policies, 8, 266 268, 271, 272, 276 280, 283, 284, 289, 309 310, 314
418 Index Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), 123, 131, 134, 142, 143, 267, 269 271, 274, 309, 312, 347, 351 Scientific publications, 267 269, 272 Sector targeting, 292, 295, 296, 308 309, 313 Sinop, 340, 343, 353 Small and medium sized enterprise (SME), 46, 50 55, 270, 271, 273, 279, 310, 312, 314, 359, 385, 392, 401 Smart specialization, 280, 284 Social cohesion, 282, 284 Social expenditure, 4, 19, 20, 101, 103, 106 108, 117, 239, 246 251, 255 Social inclusiveness, 55, 278, 279, 281, 282, 284 Social policy, 3, 4, 32, 101 117, 380 Social security, 21, 26, 102, 106, 108, 111, 115, 226, 242, 243, 247, 248, 311, 326, 328 Social services, 48, 102, 104, 106 108, 111 113 Social spending, 21, 102, 108 Sociology of economics, 41, 50, 141 South Korea, 29, 124, 127 133, 136 140, 145, 296, 297, 306, 340, 344, 350 Start-up, 270, 273, 274, 279, 390, 399 State, 2 5, 15 32, 40, 64, 104, 106 114, 121, 180, 194, 214, 256, 264, 291, 341, 359, 397 State Planning Organization, 46, 60, 81, 291, 311 STI, see Science, Technology and Innovation Supreme Council for Science and Technology (SCST), 131, 267 Sustainability of family and business constitution, 405 continuity and sustainability, 404 fairness, 404 strong board, 405 T Takaful, 7, 224 227, 234, 235 Tax, 17, 19, 22 24, 26, 29, 31, 47, 139, 153, 187, 222, 230, 232, 233, 242, 247 249, 251, 273, 277, 282, 311, 326, 329 Technology, 8, 10, 17, 22, 30, 31, 122, 129, 131, 134, 139 141, 143, 185, 263 284, 291, 295, 303, 305, 307, 311, 331, 341, 344, 347, 350 352, 355, 359, 361, 369, 371, 380, 381, 399 The Technology Development Foundation of Turkey (TTGV), 274 Technology development regions (TDR), 280, 284 Tenth Development Plan 2014-18, 266, 275 277 Terms of trade, 243, 359 361, 368, 371 Territorial inclusiveness, 278 280, 282, 284 Tertiary education expenditure, 274 Trade agreements, 368 Trade policy, 51, 155, 311, 363, 365, 371, 375, 378, 380
Index 419 TUBITAK National Research Infrastructure Information System (TARABIS), 270 Turkey, 1 11, 15 32, 39 56, 59 91, 101 117, 121 145, 151 165, 171 189, 193 209, 213 235, 239 257, 265 278, 280, 282, 284, 287 314, 319, 338 353, 355 381, 400 402 Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEK), 350 Turkish banking industry, 6, 173, 179 183, 185, 193 209 Turkish capital structure, 3 Turkish family business, 10, 11, 385 406 Turkish labour market, 9, 319 333 Turkish National Researcher Information System (ARBIS), 270 Turkish Research Area (TARAL), 266 TUSIAD, 3, 19, 40, 53 56, 326 328 University, 20, 109, 123, 127, 131, 132, 134 138, 140 144, 229, 231, 270 274, 276, 277, 303, 307, 310, 312, 313, 346, 377 V Value added, 26, 242, 275, 276, 278, 287 289, 298 299, 310, 320, 361, 362, 365, 368, 371 Voter behaviour, 87 Vulnerable employment, 275 W Welfare state, 2, 15, 44, 102, 103, 106 108, 117 World Bank, 21, 24, 113, 123, 124, 127, 128, 139, 155, 156, 159, 264, 265, 273, 288, 291, 299, 300, 322, 327, 369 World Nuclear Association (WNA), 339, 342, 349 U Underemployment, 281, 324, 325 Unemployment, 9, 21, 22, 110, 111, 162, 163, 275, 319 324, 326 333, 334n1