IJIFR SPEC IAL ISSUE, MARCH 2015 Dr. J.J Magdum Institute of Engineering & Technology-Maharashtra International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 Slum Rehabilitation Scheme: Problems in Implementation and Their Remedies- A Case Study Of Paper ID IJIFR/ MH/2015/SI-I/009 Page No. 062-071 Research Area Key Words Slum, Slum Dwellers, Dwell Units, Scheme, Beneficiaries Construction & Management Sanjay M. Bagade 1 Prof. A. K. Gupta 2 D. B. Desai 3 M.E. II. Scholar Department of Civil Engineering Dr. J. J. Magdum College of Engineering Jaysingpur- Maharashtra Professors & Principal Department of Civil Engineering Dr. J. J. Magdum College of Engineering Jaysingpur- Maharashtra Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering Dr. J. J. Magdum College of Engineering Jaysingpur- Maharashtra Abstract Slum rehabilitation is to rebuild the homes, reunite the community and re- renders the living standards and habits. The basic objective of the slum rehabilitation scheme is to strive for holistic slum development with a healthy and enabling urban environment by providing adequate shelter and basic infrastructure facilities to the slum dwellers. Urban environment is increasingly under pressure with the shortage in housing provision. A significant urban population resides in slums. Unsafe, unsecured, and unsanitary living conditions; lack of basic services. It has been observed that there are a number of deficiencies in the programme launched by the Government. The problems in implementation arise both from the people living in the slums, who lack sensitivity towards the benefits of improvement on the quality of their lives and the implementing agencies which are almost non-functional. The programmes targeted at this section of the society need to be made more practical and implemented with more commitment from the public agencies. To create slum free cities in future there is an urgent need for improving the local government. www.ijifr.com Copyright IJIFR 2015 62
1. Introduction Hon ble prime minister in his address to the nation on 15 August 2009 stated, today, lakh of our citizen live in slums, which lack basic amentias; we wish to make our country slum free as early as possible in the next five years. Through Slum rehabilitation scheme we have to provide the support to enable stated to redevelop all existing slum in a holistic and integrated way and to create new affordable housing stock and envisages a slum-free-india with inclusive and equitable cities in which every citizen has access to basic civic and social services and decent shelter, India has experienced a high rate of urbanization since independence due to the industrial and economic growth oriented policies.[5] Unfortunately, the concentration of urban population has been in the large cities. Potential of employment because of the intense industrial and commercial activities in major cities have drawn migrants from rural area where no planning benefits have reached. Over-urbanization has deteriorated the urban quality of life in general. Housing shortage and lack of adequate basic infrastructure like water supply, sanitation and amenities like health and education and the unorganized and unplanned development of slums has become integral part of city. The rapidity and enormous volume of rural-to-urban migration intensifies slum formation. City planning and management systems are unable to provide necessary facilities and infrastructure to slum dwellers.[1] Millions of urban Poor are live in squalid, unsafe environment with multiple threats to their health and security. They are exposed to disease, crime and are vulnerable to natural disaster. The percentage of development of slums is always seen higher in our country. Since they are people with very low income or no income, at all finding a place to live in is a challenge for them. A slum area is always undeveloped, unhygienic and lacks of important elements that are required for a hygienic and healthy living. Slums are not Problems that have to be solved and controlled in next couple of decades by making urban policies, covering land ownership, infrastructure provision and other socioeconomic issues. Government has initiating for this. Recently central finance minister Mr. Arun Jetly has made the provision of Home to all up to 2022 in budget of 2014-15.Through Slum Rehabilitation Scheme there is a good chance that the new and upcoming generation may stay away from slum dwelling. It may be take some duration. The problems prevailing in slums give us the challenge to rebuild a society. 1.1 Need for slum Rehabilitation India is the second highest populated nation in the world and forecasted to be most populated till 2025; approximately 31% of population of India resides in urban areas and with 70% of expected urban population growth during 2000-2050. It will be major contributor in expected urban population, increment globally, however, still inhabiting about 17% of the urban population in slums. The slum population in India has increased during 2001-2011, the census report of 2001 shows that the number of towns having slum in India was 1743, and as per census 2011 the number of towns having slums are 2613, that means 49.91% slums towns has increased in a decade. As per census 2001, the slum reported towns in India was 1743 with total slum population 5 23 71589 and as per census 2011 the slum reported towns in India are 2613 with their total slum population 65494604.Thatmeans there is absolute change in 2001-11 which calculated 13123015 population means that 25.1% decadal growth is there in India. As per the constitutional right (Article 38 of the Indian constitution) provides that the state shall strive to minimize the inequalities in status, 63
facilities and opportunities not only amongst individuals but amongst group of people residing in different areas. It is necessary to give them to opportunity to secure good health, immunity from curable diseases, employment opportunity. Sufficient and nutritious food, clean water and a clean environment, capability to protect their children against exploitation and discrimination, their children should have the right to get adequate education for becoming responsible citizen of India. The slums and hutment dwellers of unauthorized structures form an integral part of city. They have a share and maintaining the commercial, industrial and economic importance of city, it is imperative to enhance their standard of living by uplifting the slum and hutment dwellers from their present levels thus the slum Rehabilitation is necessary to rebuilt a society and reconstructing the society that is more equitable where equal opportunities could be provided to all for living with dignity. 2. Background To The Study 2.1 Types of slum rehabilitation scheme. Three types of slum rehabilitation scheme are permissible. These types are as per the provision of different sections of development control regulation. (DCR) Under which they are approved viz. Provision of DCR 33(10) also called in situ scheme. The scheme approved under the provision of this DC regulation, the slums are rehabilitated on the same site. Provision of section 33(11) also called PAP scheme. The scheme approved under the provision of this DC regulation, an owner of vacant unencumbered land can use it for construction of PAP tenements for which he is compensated by TDR for land and for construction. Provision of DCR 33(14) also called Transit scheme. In this scheme, the land owner is allowed to consume the existing FSI potential of the land own by him. The additional potential of 1.5 for suburbs, 1.66 for difficult areas and 1.0 for island city. (Only for government or public sector plot) is granted under this scheme the developer construct transits tenements out of a prescribed part of this additional potential. The balance of the additional potential is allowed as free sale components. [3] 2.2 Slum Rehabilitation Authority for Scheme Implementation. Authority under section 3A i. The state government may by notification in the official Gazette, appoint an authority to be called the slum rehabilitation authority for such area or areas as may be specified in the notification and different authorities may be appointed for different areas. ii. Every slum rehabilitation authority shall consist of a chairman, chief executive officer and fourteen members, all of whom shall be appointed by the State Government. iii. The powers, duties and functions of the slum rehabilitation authority shall bea) To survey and review exiting position regarding slum areas. b) To formulate schemes for rehabilitation of slum areas. c) To get the slum rehabilitation scheme implemented. d) To do all such other acts and thing as may be necessary for achieving the objects of rehabilitation of slums. [4] 2.3 Slum-free city plan. Through a new scheme, Rajiv Awas Yojana In pursuance vision of slum free India Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) has been launched by the Government of India with the ambitious target of 64
making India slum free in five year, this scheme has an initial budget of Rs.5000 crore and aims to construct 10 lakh affordable houses in the country. Rajiv Awas Yojana will provide the support to enable stated to redevelop all existing slum in a holistic and integrated way and to create new affordable housing stock and envisages a slum-free-india with inclusive and equitable cities in which every citizen has access to basic civic and social services and decent shelter, It aims to achieve this vision by encouraging states to tackle the problem of slums in a definitive manner, by a multi-pronged approach focusing on bringing all existing slums, notified or non-notified within the formal system. [5] 2.4 Slum Rehabilitation Scheme of Ichalkaranji Municipal Council. Ichalkaranji municipal council has undertaken a scheme for slum rehabilitation at Jai Bhim Nagar, Nehru Nagar, and Renuka Slum under the JNNURM s integrated housing and slum development programme (IHSDP). It was proposed to demolish the existing slum and built a new three storied RCC Building for 1488 beneficiaries of cost Rs.1868.18 Lack plus infrastructure cost of Rs. 1181.51 Lack (Total cost of scheme of Rs.3049.69 Lack). [6] 3. Methodology Adopted By Ichalaranji Municipal Council For Preparation Of DPR. i. Appointing consultant for preparation of DPR. For preparation of DPR including slum identification and location, socio-economic survey, engineering survey, detailed preparation of proposed dwelling unit, layout, and project cost, Ichalkaranji Municipal council has appointed private consultant named Mr. Prashant Haval chartered engineer Kolhapur. ii.slum identification & location A compact area of 75-100 population or above 25-30 households of poorly build congested tenements in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking of proper sanitary and drinking water facilities the Ichalkaranji municipal council has identified 16 slums in city. iii. Identification of Beneficiaries After verifying certain documents or records of the actual occupier of a dwelling structure in existence on or prior to 1 January2000. iv. Socio-economic survey To derive definition of urban poor based on the city characteristic and economic parameters with poverty literacy, education, life expectancy and other factors such as child welfare and to define the minimum criteria for housing and service for healthy living on the basis of socio economic parameter of slums in city were analyzed and finalized the beneficiaries by visiting slum dwellers through related questionnaires. v. Engineering survey To make decision for public private partnership in poverty alleviation programme for housing and infrastructure to make systematic analysis for existing slum and for future projection. To make decision for Redevelopment of slum either by relocation, rehabilitation in situ or combination of both or up gradation of slum, engineering survey is always necessary. Which Infrastructural component have to be provided is defined by engineering survey. vi. Preparation of DPR 65
Detailed project report preparation for administrative approval of Ichalkaranji municipal council. Including with detail of socio-economic & engineering survey. Drawing of proposed dwelling units, layout, site plan, details of proposed infrastructure with detailed cost of project and project descriptions. 4. Slum profile of Ichalkaranji city There are 19 slums in Ichalkaranji city, the total population is around 28171 which is 9.79% of city population. All the slums are located in residential zone and in largely populated area. The lands on which all slums are located are town of Government & Ichalkaranji Municipal Council. Table 4.1 Total slums in city Sr. No. Name of the slum Total Population Hutment 1 Jaybhim Nagar 720 3838 2 Neharu Nagar 636 2862 3 Renuka Nagar 132 660 4 Nimajmal 143 750 5 Alase slum 72 382 6 Kalanagar slum 48 240 7 Bhore mala 48 201 8 Site No. 102 1852 9200 9 ShivmurtiNaik Nagar 148 650 10 Shikalgar Slum 36 208 11 Dharwat slum 48 228 12 Ramnagar slum 48 288 13 Aadarsh slum 160 816 14 Powar mal slum 120 615 15 Vadar slum 60 315 16 Amar slum 57 285 17 Jadhav Mala 126 630 18 Lal Nagar 890 5200 19 Indira Nagar 189 803 The water supply through municipal and drainage facilities is insufficient in these slums. These all slums are facing many social problems such as child labour, uneducationetc.the peoples living in these slums are exhibit high rate of diseases due to unsanitary condition. To avoid these critical 66
conditions and to upgrade the living standard of slum dwellers Ichalkaranji municipal council has undertaken the slum rehabilitation scheme for three major slums in first phase under integrated housing & slum development programmed (IHSDP). Table 4.2: Proposed Rehabilitation slums Sr. No. Name of the slum Population Proposed dwelling unit 1 Jaybhim Nagar 3630 720 2 Neharu Nagar 3050 636 3 Renuka Nagar 1085 132 Total number of DUs 1488 The project proposal was approved on the basis of the office memorandum for the 43 rd meeting of the central sanctioning committee conducted by Government of India, ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and JNNURM mission Directorate held on 10 th December 2008.and the sanctioned project cost is Rs. 3049.69 lakh 5. Project Funding Pattern i.central Govt. subsidy 80% ii.state Govt. subsidy 8% for General category 10% for Reserve category iii.beneficiary contribution 12 % for General category 10% for Reserve category Total no. of beneficiaries 1488 nos. General beneficiaries 110 nos. Reserved beneficiaries 1378 nos. A) Cost of Dwelling units (in lakhs) i.central Govt. subsidy 80% = 1488 x 64000 = 952.32 l ii.state Govt. subsidy 8% (for General category) = 110 x 6400 = 7.04 10% (for Reserve category) = 1378 x 8000 = 110.24 iii.beneficiary contribution 12% (for General category) = 110 x 9600 = 10.56 10% (for Reserve category) = 1378 x 8000= 110.24 iv.state Govt. contribution = 1488 x 20000 = 297.60 v.ulb contribution 12 unit cluster = 179.89 24 unit cluster = 200.29 Total Rs 1868.18 B) Cost of Infrastructure Total project cost (A+B) 1868.18 + 1181.51 = 3049.69 lakhs 67
Table 5.1: Cost of Infrastructure Sr. No. Component State Govt. Contribution (20%) GOI Contribution (80%) Total cost (lakhs) 1 Water supply 8.13 32.54 40.68 2 Sewage 17.26 69.46 86.83 3 Strom water 19.39 77.56 96.96 drains 4 Roads and 5.87 23.48 29.36 pavement 5 Street lighting 42.33 169.33 211.67 6 Community 24.52 98.08 122.61 centers 7 Compound wall 3.28 13.12 16.40 8 Common spaces 84.03 336.14 420.18 & passage 9 Development of 2.32 9.28 11.60 parks 10 Administration 29.04 116.18 145.22 and OE Total 1181.51 6. Characteristics For New Dwelling Unit And Infrastructure Component. Type of Rehabilitation-In site planning. Type of structure -G + 2 Apartment type. Built Up area of each dwelling unit -27.78 sqm. No. of rooms- 3 (1BHK with Separate bath and w.c.). Building structure-rcc framed with brickwork. Plinth-Ground RCC Beams with Brick wall. Walls-Bricks with sand cement mortor. Roof -RCC Slab, slightly sloping on second floor to drain out rain water. Lintels- of kadappa pieces. Plastering-Internal single coat and external double coat cement plaster. Sanitary-PVC pipes. Flooring-Grey cement base marble Mosaic. Door frame-precast RCC frame. Roads-Bituminous & cement. Allotment policy-the houses will be allotted to individual beneficiaries in the name of female member. 7. Tendering The implementing agency Ichalkaranji municipal council has called the tender on 12.08.2011 for construction of housing & basic infrastructure components for development of 720 tenements at Jaybhim Nagar slum & 636 tenements at Neharu Nagar Slum.Total number of DUs sanctioned are 1488. Out of 1488 DUs only 1356 DUs are tendered. The tender called only for two locations out of the three sanctioned locations. Renuka Nagar slum (132 DUs) is not yet tendered due to Administrative delay and land use transfer problems. Existing slum for which tender has called. 68
Figure 7.1: Existing Jay Bhim slum Figure 7.2: Existing Nehru Nagar slum Award of work The tender is awarded to M/S Narendra construction company of D. B. Infratech based on lowest qualified agency and Issued work order on 29.10.2011 Sanctioned duration of the project -The work is to be completed within 12 months time limit as specified in the tender notice which shall be reckoned from the date of written order & commencing of the work and shall be inclusive of monsoon period. Physical progress of work- Location wise details 69
Table 7.1: Physical progress of work Sr. No. Name of location No. of DUs 1 Jay Bhim Nagar 720 Plinth Level 624 Lintle level 624 Slab Level 624 Superstructure complete 624 2 Neharu Nagar 636 Plinth level 48 Lintle Level 48 Slab Level 48 Superstructure complete 48 8. Problems In Implementation i. As written order of commencing of the work has issue on 29.10.2011, the project was expected to complete as on 29.10.2012 or before but it has been observed that yet the work is in progress stage. ii. Lack of support of beneficiaries during construction. iii. No site is getting for further construction due to demolish of existing hutments. iv. Transits tenement problems of beneficiaries. v. Construction cost increased due to delay in construction of project. vi. The beneficiaries who having cattle are not ready to occupy the first and second floor. vii. The old aged beneficiaries are not ready to occupy the first and second floor. viii. Some slum dwellers having complaints of not including theirs name in listing of beneficiaries, which has finalized based on socio-economic survey. 9. Conclusions i. Lack of communication between beneficiaries, elected representatives, Govt. officers and Nongovernment organization. ii. Lack of local community involvement in decision-making. iii. It has been observed that the major reason for not starting work at Nehru Nagar is non-cooperation of beneficiaries in getting site clearance by demolishing their existing humanities due to they are not satisfied with multi-storeyed building, they required individuals single floor building. iv. Mentally beneficiaries do not prepare to transit during construction period. v. Slum dwellers do not believe the scheme will completed in certain period and ensuring equity, transparency and accountability in implementing the scheme. vi. Beneficiaries do not want to disturb their routine work and life. vii. Beneficiaries do not afford the rent & amount of construction materials to build temporary shelter during construction period. viii. Delay in construction, which have result in increased in cost of project. ix. No Administrative setup for immediate decisions. x. No committee is forms including beneficiaries involving them in decision-making. xi. No willingness has taken in socio-economic survey from slum dwellers for transit during construction, and to occupy first, second floor in multi-storeyed building. 70
References [1] Bouddha Charumitra, Dhote Krishna Kumar and Sharma Anupama, (2014) Slum Redevelopment Strategy: A Way forward to Urban Environment Management through Inclusive Approach. Research Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.3 (7), 28-37 [2] Upinder Sawhneya,(2013) Slum population in India: Extent and policy response International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science,Vol.2 No.1,2013 ISSN:2147-4478 [3] Government of Maharashtra, (1956) Slum Rehabilitation Authority, Guideline. [4] State of Maharashtra, (1971) The Maharashtra slum areas (improvement clearance and redevelopment) Act 1971) Maharashtra Government Gazette part IV on 11th Aug 1971 [5] Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation Government of India, (2011) Rajiv Awas Yojana a slum free India Guide lines. [6] Chief Officer, Ichalkaranji Municipal Council, (2009) DPR for Slum rehabilitation scheme. [7] Ilse van Winssen (2013) Slum Rehab Flats: A Happy Living For The Lucky Few Wageningen University and Research Centre, Development Economics Group [8] Dr. Abir Bandyopadhyay, VandanaAgrawal (2013) Slums in India: From Past to Present International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science Volume 2, PP.55-59 [9] R.R.Sorate,AlkaDhiman,AshwiniMurnal, Manali Nimbalkar,NutanDhere, andanatiwari(2014) Slum Rehabilitation with Fast Track Techniques Journals Of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Vol.11,27-32 71