ARCH 242: BUILDING HISTORY II History of the profession: Renaissance & baroque Architecture 01
AGENDA INTRODUCTION SYLLABUS WHAT IS HISTORY? WHAT IS ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY? FROM GOTHIC TO RENAISSANCE RISE OF THE ARCHITECT QUESTIONS & EXPECTATIONS 02
WHY STUDY HISTORY? 03
WHY STUDY HISTORY? HISTORY ESTABLISHES PATTERNS Pantheon - 1st Century CE Hirshorn Bubble - unbuilt 2012 04
WHY STUDY HISTORY? According to Sigfried Giedion in Space, Time, and Architecture... CONSTITUENT FACTS: Those tendencies which, when they are suppressed, inevitably reappear. Their recurrence makes us aware that these are elements which, all together, are producing a new tradition. Examples: Juxtaposition of nature and the human dwelling, the free plan, etc. TRANSITORY FACTS: Facts of the other sort - equally the work of the forces moving in a period - lack the stuff of permanence and fail to attach themselves to a new tradition. Examples: The Furniture of the Second Empire in France, Justin Bieber, etc. 05
WHY STUDY HISTORY? 06
WHY STUDY HISTORY? TO PROMOTE THE HEALTH, SAFETY, & WELFARE OF THE GENERAL PUBLIC 07
WHAT IS OUR NARRATIVE? F. BRUNELLESCHI L.B. ALBERTI G. DA SANGALLO D. BRAMANTE MICHELANGELO A. PALLADIO G.B. DA VIGNOLA C. MADERNO G.L. BERNINI F. BORROMINI 08
WHAT IS HISTORY? HISTORY IS NOT AN EXACT SCIENCE... - Sources of information are important - Look for peer-reviewed publications - Historians are authorities 09
WHAT IS ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY? NOT JUST BUILDINGS... - Writings - Unbuilt Projects - Cities - Environments - Architecture & Architectural History are an expression of a culture at a specific point in time 10
WHAT IS ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY? ARCHITECTURAL QUESTIONS: - How does one deal with a section? - How does one layout a plan? - How does one turn a corner? - How does one create an opening? - How does the roof meet the sky? - How does the foundation meet the ground? - How does one deal with the component to the whole? i.e. How does the house relate to the street? How does the street relate to the neighborhood? How does the neighborhood related to the city? 11
WHAT IS ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY? NOT JUST STYLE - Full range of architectural ideas through time - St. Peters has undergone an architectural morphology from the 3rd century to now 12
WHAT IS ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY? HISTORY - Will tell us about the intentions of both the patron and the architect 13
WHAT IS ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY? HISTORIANS ESTABLISH A NARRATIVE 14
WHAT IS ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY? Reyner Banham 1922-1988 - Futurist Modernism - Theory and Design in the First Machine Age - Modernism emerges with the with the new technological and social conditions of the 20th century 15
WHAT IS ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY? Emil Kaufmann 1891-1953 - Neoclassical Modernism - Von Ledoux bis Le Corbusier - Modernism emerges with the pure forms of Claude- Nicolas Ledoux in the 1770 s 16
WHAT IS ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY? Colin Rowe 1920-1999 - Mannerist Modernism - The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa - Modernism emerges with the villas of Andrea Palladio in the 16th century 17
WHAT IS ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY? MANFREDO TAFURI 1935-1994 - Renaissance Modernism - Teorie e storia dell architettura - Modernism emerges when architecture becomes self-conscious and critical in the Renaissance 18
FROM GOTHIC TO RENAISSANCE MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE & CONSTRUCTION - Carried out by artisans such as stone cutters, geometers, and masons - Master-builders led the projects 19
FROM GOTHIC TO RENAISSANCE GOTHIC CATHEDRALS - Insist on height - Insist on Spaciousness - Grew taller and more spacious through the 12th & 13th centuries 20
FROM GOTHIC TO RENAISSANCE 21
FROM GOTHIC TO RENAISSANCE COLLAPSE OF BEAUVAIS CATHEDRAL - Choir vaults collapsed at 158-0 - In the 13th century 22
RISE OF THE ARCHITECT TECHNICAL CAPACITY - The technical capacity to build a taller cathedral was gone - What remained was the representation of one s relationship to god - Representation was made evident in the art that inhabited churches & cathedrals 23
RISE OF THE ARCHITECT 24
RISE OF THE ARCHITECT REPRESENTATION - The Trinity by Masaccio in Santa Maria Novella in Florence - Earliest examples of systemic linear perspective 25
RISE OF THE ARCHITECT 26
RISE OF THE ARCHITECT WHERE DID IT COME FROM? - Not from building - From representation - The representation of one s physical world through perspective 27
EXPECTATIONS Without the invention of history you cannot function in studio. How would you know how to design house? How would you be able to have an idea about the house if you don t know anything about the discipline of architecture? - Peter Eisenman 28
ARCH 242: BUILDING HISTORY II History of the profession: Renaissance & baroque Architecture 29