OVERVIEW OF RECENT/EXPECTED ECONOMIC/HOUSING MARKET CONDITIONS CALIFORNIA SOCIETY OF MUNICIPAL BOND ANALYSTS RECENT RETURN TO STRONG ECONOMIC FUNDAMENTALS BUT EXTRAORDINARY FACTORS DRAMATICALLY TRANSFORMING THE HOUSING MARKET: * PRODUCT TYPES *GEOGRAPHICAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS PREPARED BY: EMPIRE ECONOMICS, INC. JOSEPH T. JANCZYK Ph.D. NOVEMBER 3, 2016 1
OVERVIEW OF HOW ECONOMIC AND HOUSING MARKET CONDITIONS ARE IMPACTING DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS AND NEW MONEY CFDs I. FAVORABLE CORE FACTORS: STRONG EMPLOYMENT GROWTH; NEW PEAK LEVELS FAVORABLE MORTGAGE RATES TOTAL NEW HOMES (FOR-SALE HOMES AND APARTMENTS) SIMILAR TO LONG-TERM AVERAGE II. EXTRAORDINARY FACTORS: MILLENNIALS PREFERENCES AND FINANCES MAJOR SHIFT FROM FOR-SALE/SINGLE-FAMILY TO APARTMENTS III. RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS GEOGRAPHICALLY TRANSFORMED: URBANIZED AREAS: NEW FOR-SALE - MODERATE; NEW APARTMENTS RECORD LEVELS SUBURBAN-RURAL AREAS: NEW FOR-SALE AND NEW APARTMENTS SLOW RECOVERIES NOTE: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA IS USED AS AN EXAMPLE HEREIN; SF BAY AREA HAS A SIMILAR PATTERN 2
OVERVIEW OF CALIFORNIA S HOUSING MARKET CYCLE AND THEMATIC MAPS THREE DISTINCT PHASES Robust 2000-2007 Recession/Depression: 2008-2012 Recent Recovery: 2013-2016 significantly higher levels of activity vs. its long-term average significantly lower levels of activity vs. its long-term average levels of activity still below its long-term average 250,000 225,000 CALIFORNIA: NEW RESIDENTIAL HOMES ROBUST/BUBBLE RECESSION/DEPRESSION RECENT RECOVERY 200,000 175,000 150,000 125,000 100,000 75,000 50,000 25,000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 State Totals Single Family Permits State Totals Attached Permits State Totals Apartments COUNTIES RELATIVE RATES OF DEVELOPMENT VS CALIFORNIA: Dark/light green: Yellow: Orange/red Relative strength for the County vs. California County similar to California Relative weakness for the County vs. California * So, since each county is compared to its relative performance for each phase, they usually have different colors. * 3
RELATIVE LEVELS OF NEW SINGLE-FAMILY HOMES 2000-2007 SPILLOVER FROM THE SAN FRANCISCO AND LOS ANGELES REGIONS TO THE SUBURBAN/RURAL AREAS RELATIVE LEVELS OF NEW SINGLE-FAMILY HOMES 2008-2012 AS SPILLOVER FROM URBANIZED AREAS DIMINISHES, ACTIVITY IN SUBURBAN/RURAL AREAS BECOMES DEPRESSED EMPIRE ECONOMICS EMPIRE ECONOMICS EMPIRE ECONOMICS EMPIRE ECONOMICS 4
RELATIVE LEVELS OF NEW SINGLE-FAMILY HOMES 2013-2016 THE SUBURBAN/RURAL AREAS THAT HAD DEPRESSED LEVELS OF ACTIVITY DURING 2008-2012 CONTINUED TO BE DEPRESSED DURING 2013-2016 RELATIVE LEVELS OF NEW APARTMENT UNITS 2013-2016 THE URBAN AREAS HAVE HAD VERY HIGH LEVELS OF NEW APARTMENT UNITS DURING 2013-2016, DUE TO MILLENNIALS PREFERRING TO RESIDE IN URBANIZED AREAS, PRIMARILY IN THE SAN FRANCISCO AND LOS ANGELES COASTAL REGIONS EMPIRE ECONOMICS EMPIRE ECONOMICS EMPIRE ECONOMICS EMPIRE ECONOMICS 5
AGGREGATE LEVEL OF EMPLOYMENT I. FAVORABLE CORE FACTORS: EMPLOYMENT IS THE PRIMARY FACTOR UNDERLYING THE DEMAND FOR HOUSING SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA EMPLOYMENT RECENTLY SURPASSED ITS PRIOR PEAK LEVEL EMPLOYMENT IS NOW +400,000 OR 5% HIGHER THAN THE PRIOR 2007 PEAK LEVEL AND FUTURE GROWTH PROSPECTS ARE FAVORABLE! 12,000,000 11,000,000 10,000,000 9,000,000 8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: AGGREGATE EMPLOYMENT GREEN = NEW PEAK LEVEL RED = LOSSES YELLOW = RECOUPING LOSSES From 2003-2007, the level of employment increased to new heights In 2008-2009, the Great Recession drove employment to its lowest level since 2000 Employment recovered and then set a new peak in 2015 0 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 Empire Economics 2019 2018 2017 2016 6
MORTGAGE RATES MORTGAGE RATES ARE A STRONG SECONDARY FACTOR THAT SUPPORT HOUSING DEMAND MORTGAGE RATES REMAIN AT FAVORABLE LEVELS MORTGAGE QUALIFICATION CRITERIA ARE ALSO BECOMING MORE FAVORABLE 12% UNITED STATES: MORTGAGE RATES MORTGAGE RATES AT RECENT LOW LEVELS 11% 10.5% 10% 9% 8% 8.2% Since 2002, mortgage rates have been below the 1988-2016 average of 6.9% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3.7% 3.7% 3% 2% 1% 0% Empire Economics 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 7
LEVEL OF PERMITS - ANNUALLY SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: NEW FOR-SALE HOMES AND APARTMENT RENTALS 120,000 109,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 LONG-TERM AVERAGE IS ~56,000 CLOSE TO LONG-TERM AVERAGE 54,332? 40,000 20,000 0 Empire Economics 2016-Est. 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 8
EMPLOYMENT GROWTH IN URBANIZED/COASTAL AREAS *TYPICALLY* GENERATES SPILLOVER TO SUBURBAN/RURAL INLAND AREAS TYPICAL RECOVERY SINGLE-FAMILY SPILLOVER SPILLOVER SPILLOVER SUBURBAN RURAL 9
II. EXTRAORDINARY FACTORS REDUCING THE DEMAND FOR FOR-SALE HOMES GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MILLENNIALS 1. MILLENNIALS ARE CURRENTLY AROUND 18-36 YEARS OLD. 2. THERE ARE ABOUT 73 MILLION MILLENNIALS IN THE UNITED STATES. 3. ONE OF EVERY 7 MILLENNIALS LIVES WITH THEIR PARENTS. 4. GENERAL PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS OF MILLENNIALS: SOCIETY IS JUST AS WELL OFF WITH CAREER ORIENTED GOALS, RATHER THAN THE PRIMARY PRIORITY BEING MARRIAGE AND CHILDREN 5. SIGNIFICANTLY FEWER MILLENNIALS ARE PRESENTLY MARRIED THAN OTHER GENERATIONS: AGE RANGE: 18-36 MILLENNIALS 27%, WITH AN EVENTUAL EXPECTED PEAK OF 75% GENERATION XERS 62% BABY BOOMERS 65%, WITH AN EVENTUAL PEAK OF 90%+ 6. MEDIAN AGE FOR MARRIAGE HAS INCREASED: FOR WOMEN, FROM 20 TO 27. FOR MEN, FROM 23 TO 29. 7. MILLENNIALS ARE MORE ACCEPTING OF COHABITATION AND MORE OPEN TO RAISING CHILDREN OUTSIDE OF MARRIAGE. 8. FOR OLDER MILLENNIALS, ABOUT 50% OF THOSE WITH CHILDREN HAVE NEVER MARRIED. 10
MILLENNIALS' PREFERENCES AND FINANCES HIGHER-DENSITY / URBANIZED HOUSING PARENTS: GENERATION X (AGES 37-54) IMPACTED BY IMPLOSION OF HOUSING PRICE BUBBLE CULTURAL PREFERENCES 1. PROXIMITY TO COMMUNITY AND URBAN ACTIVITIES 2. PROXIMITY TO OFFICE - MINIMIZES COMMUTING TIME 3. RESORT-LIKE AMENITY PACKAGES: CONCIERGE SERVICE, GYM AND SWIMMING POOL 4. CONVENIENCE: NO YARD WORK OR MAINTENANCE OR REPAIRS 5. WAITING LONGER TO GET MARRIED AND STARTING A FAMILY FINANCIAL FACTORS 6. SIGNIFICANT STUDENT DEBT: ADVERSELY IMPACTS DOWN PAYMENT AND MORTGAGE QUALIFICATION 7. RENTING PROVIDES MORE JOB FLEXIBILITY (CHANGE JOBS/FIRMS MORE FREQUENTLY) 8. SOME EVEN PAY VERY HIGH RENTS, RATHER THAN PURCHASE A HOME 11
APARTMENT SHARE OF TOTAL PERMITS III. COMBINED IMPACT OF FAVORABLE AND CONSTRAINING FACTORS - NEW HOMES: HIGHER SHARE OF APARTMENTS MILLENNIALS ARE RAISING THE SHARE OF NEW APARTMENTS TO VERY HIGH LEVELS: APARTMENTS: CURRENTLY 60%-62% SHARE OF PERMITS VS. THE TYPICAL 38%-40% 100% SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: APARTMENT SHARE OF NEW PERMITS 90% 80% 70% 60% 62% 50% 40% 43% The long-term average is 38% 30% 20% 23% 10% 0% Empire Economics 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 12
ALTHOUGH EMPLOYMENT GROWTH IS STRONG, EXTRAORDINARY SPECIAL FACTORS ARE CAUSING MAJOR MARKET SHIFTS LESS SINGLE-FAMILY SPILLOVER SHIFT TO APARTMENTS 13
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 100% SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: COMPOSITION OF NEW HOMES FOR-SALE VS. APARTMENT SHARES 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 61% 59% 57% 74% 77% 77% 78% 77% 74% 70% 71% 68% 67% 67%67% 67% 65% Long-term average new home share: - For-Sale: 62% - Apartments: 38% 61% 52% 51% 51% 52% 46% 40% 39% 38% 39% GREEN ARROW RETURN TO NORMAL? 30% 20% 10% Recent new home share: - For-Sale: 39% - Apartments: 61% RED ARROW STRUCTURAL SHIFT 0% Empire Economics FOR-SALE NEW HOME PERMIT SHARE NEW APARTMENT UNITS PERMIT SHARE 14
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TYPES OF NEW HOUSING PRODUCTS BY GEOGRAPHIC AREAS NEW FOR-SALE HOMES NEW FOR-SALE HOME ACTIVITY RECOVERY: * MODERATE PACE IN THE URBANIZED AREAS * BUT AT A SLOW PACE IN THE INLAND AREAS NEW APARTMENT RENTALS NEW APARTMENT ACTIVITY RECOVERY: * STRONG PACE IN THE URBANIZED AREAS, * BUT MINIMAL LEVELS IN THE INLAND AREAS 50,000 45,000 40,000 35,000 New single-family homes in the Inland Areas had a much higher peak level during the Housing Bubble SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: NEW SINGLE-FAMILY HOMES BY GEOGRAPHIC AREAS 50,000 45,000 40,000 35,000 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: NEW APARTMENTS BY GEOGRAPHIC AREAS New apartments in the Coastal Area have attained a new peak level 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 New single-family homes are recovering at a faster pace in the coastal vs. the inland Area, but are still at a low level. 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 New apartments in the Inland Area peaked in 2004 10,000 10,000 5,000 5,000 0 0 Urbanized/Coastal Suburban/Inland Urbanized/Coastal Suburban/Inland 15
CONCLUSIONS CURRENT HOUSING MARKET RECOVERY MUCH DIFFERENT THAN USUAL RECOVERY: PRODUCT TYPES: SHIFT TOWARDS APARTMENTS; FEWER FOR-SALE/SINGLE-FAMILY GEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS: MORE URBANIZED OC-LA; LESS INLAND EMPIRE IS THIS A SHORT-RUN OR A STRUCTURAL SHIFT? MANY COMPLEX ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL FACTORS - MILLENNIALS EMPIRE ECONOMICS MONITORING KEY INDICATOR RATE OF PRICE APPRECIATION: WHEN PRICES START TO RISE IN THE SUBURBAN/RURAL AREAS, THIS WILL SIGNAL THAT THEIR HOUSING MARKETS ARE RECOVERING $1,000,000 $900,000 $800,000 PRICES FOR NEW SINGLE-FAMILY HOMES BY GEOGRAPHIC AREAS HOME WITH LIVING AREA OF 2,000 SQ.FT. CHANGES IN HOUSING PRICES SINCE 2014 5.8% 1.1% 1.0% $836,000 $700,000 $600,000 $500,000 $400,000 $420,000 $300,000 $297,859 $200,000 $100,000 $0 Orange County; Irvine Inland Empire: Suburban Inland Empire: Rural 16
POTENTIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING LONG-TERM PATTERNS WILL MILLENNIALS EVENTUALLY FOLLOW THE TRADITIONAL PATTERN: SINGLE-FAMILY SUBURBS? 1. RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED APARTMENTS - SUPPLY WILL CONTINUE TO BE AVAILABLE BUT MAY SOME OF THESE BE TRANSFORMED INTO CONDOMINIUM SALES? 2. WILL THERE BE NEW HIGH DENSITY PRODUCTS IN URBANIZED AREAS THAT APPEAL TO MILLENNIALS THAT FEATURE MIXED USE AND WALKABILITY? 3. TO WHAT DEGREE AND WHEN MIGHT MILLENNIALS CHANGE THEIR ATTITUDES TOWARDS MARRIAGE AND CHILDREN? 4. WHAT EXPECTATIONS DO MILLENNIALS HAVE REGARDING SCHOOLS IN URBANIZED AREAS? 17
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF SAN FRANCISCO EMPLOYMENT GROWTH > HOUSING DEMAND VERSUS ACTUAL HOUSING SUPPLY 18
6,000 SAN FRANCISCO: NEW RESIDENTIAL HOMES ROBUST/BUBBLE RECESSION/DEPRESSION RECENT RECOVERY 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 San Francisco Single Family Permits San Francisco Muilti-Family Rentals & Condos San Francisco Attached For-Sale Permits 19
$800,000,000 NEW INDUSTRIAL - OFFICE - RETAIL $700,000,000 $600,000,000 $500,000,000 $400,000,000 $300,000,000 $200,000,000 $100,000,000 $0 San Francisco Industrial San Francisco Offices San Francisco Retail 20
SAN FRANCISCO: 2013-2016 TYPICAL DEMAND FOR HOUSING BASED UPON EMPLOYMENT GROWTH VERSUS ACTUAL HOUSING SUPPLY 100,000 80,000 60,000 *NOTE: LARGE CITIES DO NOT TYPICALLY ACCOMMODATE THE DEMAND FOR HOUSING THAT THEY GENERATE, SINCE THEY ARE EMPLOYMENT CENTERS VS. RESIDENTIAL 76,054 49,435 40,000 20,000 14,866 0-20,000-40,000-60,000 Employ. Growth Above Prior Peak -34,569 Typical Housing Demand Actual Housing Supply Gap 21