From Measurement to Management The changing role of the land surveyors Prof. Stig Enemark Aalborg University, Denmark LAND MANAGEMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR, HØGSKOLEN I BERGEN, 8 9 SEPTEMBER 2014
The enclosure movement in DK The enclose movement1780-1800 included a transformation from a feudalistic to a market oriented society based on private ownership to land. The resulting structure of agriculture holdings can be found in today s cadastral and topographic maps.
Technology Engineer Law Lawyer Planning Architect Real Property Measurement Science Spatial Information Management Land Management Surveyor Mapping GIS-systems Land-use Management Consultancy Engineering Surveys Cadastral Work Spatial Planning
Private licensed surveyors Liberal profession (such as lawyers, veterinarians, etc.) Licensed for boundary determination and cadastral work (40%) Work areas also include: Mapping, engineering surveys, GIS (40%) Consultancy on real estate and land law issues (15%) About 400 surveyors working in private practice About 100 private surveying firms (2012) throughout the country of 5.5. mill inhabitants.
The only constant is change
Evolution of the Surveying Profession in DK State agencies 15% Municipalities 25% Engineering companies 15% Total 60% 15% 25% Private practice total 40%
Evolution of the Professional Profile in DK
The big swing From Measurement Surveyors will still be high level experts within measurement science, but due to technology development the role is changing into managing the measurements To Management Surveyors will increasingly contribute to building sustainable societies as experts in managing land and properties The Land Professionals
Setting the scene The people to land relationship is dynamic and reflects the cultural and institutional setting of the country or jurisdiction
Evolution of the land administration discipline Tomb of Menna, Ancient Egypt, ca. 1500 BCE Evolution of Western Land Administration Systems
Cadastral systems FIG, 1996 UN-ECE, 1996 The concept of the multipurpose cadastre FIG, 1999
Land Registration Systems around the World Deeds System (French/Latin/USA style): A register of owners; the transaction is recorded not the title. Title System (German, Torrens/English style): A register of properties; the title is recorded and guarantied.
A Worldwide Comparison of Cadastral Systems www.cadastraltemplate.org
A Global Perspective 14
Land Reform Eastern Europe Romania fragmented agricultural parcels Denmark (same scale) - consolidated agricultural holdings 15
U.S.A. 16
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U.S.A. Mount Rushmore, South Dakota Three surveyors and some other guy George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodor Roosevelt, Abraham Lincoln 18
A cadastral map of Australia One map - 10,2 mill parcels
Countries in Transition - China 20
Africa - limitations of formal cadastral systems More than 70 per cent of the land in many developing countries are outside the formal systems of land registration and administration This relates especially to informal settlements and areas governed by customary tenure Traditional cadastral systems do not provide for security of tenure in these areas. Traditional cadastral surveys are too costly and time consuming for dealing with informal land rights
The Social Tenure Domain Model Party Social Tenure Relationship Spatial Unit Modeling the relation between Parties Social Tenure Spatial Unit Parties (who): Not only a (legal) person but a range of subjects such as person, couple, groups of people, unidentified groups, authority Spatial Unit (where): Not only an identified (measured) parcel but a range of objects such as land parcels, land objects, buildings, etc., and identified in various ways such as a point, street -axes, photos Social tenure (what): Not only ownership and formal legal rights but also a range of informal, indigenous and customary rights as well as financial issues such group loans and micro credit.
Fit-for purpose Most developed countries have developed a country-wide spatial framework over centuries mainly as large scale cadastral maps. In most developing countries the cadastral coverage is less than 30 per cent and serving only the elite. A country wide spatial framework should be developed using a fit-forpurpose approach rather than being guided by high tech solutions and costly/time consuming field survey procedures. A continuum of land rights, a continuum of accuracy, a continuum registration, a continuum of..
Fit-for purpose Key principles General boundaries rather than fixed boundaries - General boundaries will be sufficient for most land administration purposes.. Aerial imageries rather than field surveys. - Aerial imageries are 3-5 times cheaper and less capacity demanding than field surveys. - Aerial imageries provide not only the framework of the parcels but also the general topography to be used for a range of land administration functions Accuracy relates to the purpose rather than technical standards - Accuracy should be seen as a relative term related to the use of the information Opportunities for updating, upgrading and improvement - Building the spatial framework is not a one stop process - In turn, incremental improvement will establish a fully integrated land administration system. - This could be named as a Continuum of Accuracy
From Cadastre to Land Governance Holding of rights to lands Economic aspects of land Control of land use and land development Administering the people to land relationship through Land Policy Land Management Good Governance and Building the capacity to deal with this
Land governance Land governance is about the policies, processes and institutions by which land, property and natural resources are managed. This includes decisions on access to land; land rights; land use; land development. Land governance is about determining & implementing sustainable land policies. The land management paradigm
Spatially Enabled Government A spatially enabled government organises its business and processes around place based technologies. It is not about managing spatial information it is about managing information, or governing society, spatially. The technical core of Spatially Enabled Government is the spatial framework (land parcel mapping) All land and all kind of tenure rights and land use must be included in the land administration systems
Key message Simply put sustainable development requires sustainable land administration systems Land professionals play a key role in building and managing these systems Thank you for your attention