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1 Click to edit Master title style Research and Development in Support of the Implementation of PRS92 Data Build-up up and Transformation of Cadastral Maps and Data from Different Local Plane Coordinate System to PPCS- TM/PRS92 Alexander CAPARAS, Florence GALEON, Anjillyn Mae CRUZ, Jeark PRINCIPE, Vanessa DELA CRUZ 7 th FIG Regional Conference Spatial Data Serving People: Land Governance and the Environment Building the Capacity Hanoi, Vietnam, October Click Research to edit Master Composition title style and The research is divided into four (4) subcomponents Objectives each tasked of a specific set of goals and objectives: SUBCOMPONENT 1: Data Build-up up and Encoding of Cadastral Data. The objective of this subcomponent is to evaluate different encoding techniques for the conversion of Cadastral information from analog to database file format and recommend a cost-effective protocols and procedures for the data build-up of these information in preparation for a NSDI. SUBCOMPONENT 2: Evaluation and Assessment of the Philippine Transverse Mercator (PTM) Geographic to Grid Coordinate Conversion. The objective of this subcomponent is to evaluate the accuracy and applicability of different Transverse Mercator (TM) projection formulation including the Philippine Transverse Mercator projection for the conversion of Geographic-to-Grid Coordinates in the PPCS-TM/PRS92 and recommend upgrading provisions in the DENR Technical Bulletin No.26. SUBCOMPONENT 3: Transformation of Cadastral Data from Different Local Plane Coordinate System to PPCS-TM/PRS92 TM/PRS92. The objective of this subcomponent is to evaluate different methods used in transformation of Plane Coordinate Systems and recommend procedures and guidelines in implementing Cadastral Data transformation from different local plane coordinate system to the PPCS- TM/PRS92. SUBCOMPONENT 4: Computer Programming and Automation of the Cadastral Transformation. The objective of this subcomponent is to develop a Cadastral Transformation program that will implement the recommended procedures and mathematical algorithms for data build-up and transformation of cadastral data to the PPCS-TM/PRS92.

2 Click to edit Flow Master title style of Presentation A. Subcomponent Research Objectives B. Methodology C. Results and Discussion D. Conclusion E. Recommendation Click to edit Master title style Subcomponent Research Objectives Data Requirement and Resources Methodology Findings and Discussion Recommendation DATA BUILD-UP UP AND ENCODING OF CADASTRAL INFORMATION

3 Click Subcomponent to edit Master title style Research Objectives 1. Development of Procedures and Protocols addressing issues and problems in Cadastral Data Encoding. 2. Build Up of Cadastral Data through compiling, archiving, and encoding analog cadastral data. 3. Development of Cadastral Database for storing and retrieving data. Click Data to edit Master title style Requirements and Resources Data: 1. Cadastral Survey Inventory of the five (5) pilot areas 2. Cadastral Textual Data 3. Cadastral Maps 4. Cadastral Index Map Resources: 1. Cadastral Data Collection and Archiving Protocols 2. Encoding Environment (Spreadsheet template) 3. Cadastral Database Program 4. Encoding workstation 5. Encoding Logging Protocols

4 Click to edit Methodology Master title style 1. Cadastral Data Collection 2. Inventory and Archiving 3. Data Preparation 4. Data Encoding 5. Data Quality Assessment 6. Build Up 7. Compilation of Encoding Issues 8. Encoding Protocol Development Click to Cadastral edit Master title style Data Collection 1. Imaging Cadastral Data 2. Instrumentation 3. Procedures for Imaging 4. Archiving Cadastral Data Diagram of the instrument used for capturing the cadastral data record

5 Click to edit Data Master title style Preparation 1. Image Enhancement 2. Data Tagging Click to edit Data Master title style Encoding 1. Encoding Template

6 Click to edit Data Master title style Encoding 1. Encoding Template Click to edit Master title style Subcomponent Research Objectives Conceptual/Scientific Framework Pilot Areas and the Criteria for Selection Methodology Results and Analysis Conclusions Recommendation TRANSFORMATION OF CADASTRAL SYSTEM FROM DIFFERENT LOCAL PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM TO PPCS-TM/PRS92

7 Click Subcomponent to edit Master title style Research Objectives 1. Development of Procedures and Protocols for cadastral data transformation. 2. Assessment of different transformation methods available for cadastral transformation 3. Implementation of different transformation methods to cadastral data 4. Assessment of the effects of different transformation methods to the cadastral system. 5. Integration of the cadastral system to the PPCS TM/PRS92 Start Database of Cadastral Information (Maps, Click to edit Data, Control Master Points) of Pilot Areas (in LCS) title Methodology: style Cadastral Records Integrity and Completeness Analysis Process Flow NO Cadastral Survey Records Intact and Complete? YES Determination of the Initial Cadastral Common Point Network (ICCPN) CadTrans_Flowchart_expanded Systematic Error Cadastral Survey Integrity Analysis (Verification of the Cadastral Survey) Error Analysis NO Cadastral Survey Approved for Transformation? YES Erroneous Cadastral Survey Determination and Integration of the Cadastral Common Point Network (CCPN) to the PPCS TM/PRS92 Recommend for Resurvey Cadastral Common Point Network (CCPN) Derivation of Local Transformation Parameters Transformation and Integration of the Municipal Cadastre Results Transformed Municipal Cadastral System in PPCS TM/PRS92 End

8 Click to Results edit Master title style and Analysis 1. Summary Table of Transformation Methods 2. 3 Parameter vs. 4 Paramater Area Table (4 Lots) 3. Minimum and Optimum GCP Graph 4. Area vs Area Difference Graph 5. Transformation Effect in the Technical Description of Lots 6. 4 Parameter (NAMRIA) analysis 7. Findings on Municipal and Provincial Boundary Monuments Click Summary to edit Table Master of title Transformation style Methods

9 Click Derived to edit Master title style Transformation Parameters Click to edit LS3-Parameter Master title vs. 4- style Paramater(Similarity) Effects in the Area

10 Click Minimum to edit Master title style and Optimum GCP Graph Click to Area edit Master title style Difference vs. Area

11 Transformation Effect in the Technical Description of Lots (Using 3-Parameter) 3 Click to edit Master title style Original Technical Description Transformed Technical Description Transformation Effect in the Technical Description of Lots (Using 4-Parameter) 4 Click to edit Master title style Original Technical Description Transformed Technical Description

12 Click to edit Master title style 4-Parameter (NAMRIA) analysis Click to edit Master title style 4-Parameter (NAMRIA) analysis Differences in Scale and Translation Parameters are negligible. The rotation parameters differ only by their directions. N Y E X NAMRIA Coordinate System

13 Click Findings to edit Master on Municipal title style and Provincial Boundary Monuments Click to edit Conclusions Master title style 1. On Cadastral Survey and Cadastral Transformation 2. On Transformation Methods 3. On Municipal Boundary Delineation

14 Click On Cadastral to edit Master Survey title and style Cadastral Transformation Transformation of Cadastral Survey and Data to PPCS TM/PRS92 must be done only to cadastral projects (approved) with intact and complete cadastral records with verified correct ground control survey. Verification and validation of correctness of cadastral survey plays an important role in approving cadastral survey for transformation and integration to PPCS TM/PRS92. Click On Cadastral to edit Master Survey title and style Cadastral Transformation Municipalities and Cities may have: 1. Approved Cadastral Survey 2. Partially Surveyed (Unapproved) Cadastre 3. Approved Graphical (Unconverted cadastre) 4. Unsurveyed Cadastre

15 Click On Cadastral to edit Master Survey title and style Cadastral Transformation Approved cadastral survey maybe any of the following current condition: Condition Complete Records Incomplete Records Completely Lost Records Correctly Surveyed CCPN with recovered CPs Ideal No. CCPs CCPs >min but not wd CCPs <min CCPN Incorrectly Surveyed Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4 Case5 Case6 Case7 Case8 Case9 Click On to edit Master title style Transformation Methods Among the available methods for plane coordinate system transformation, the Least Squares 3 parameter and 4 parameter (Similarity) transformations are the only methods suitable for cadastral survey and data transformation. The 3 parameter and 4 parameter transformation has the following advantages and disadvantages: Method RMS Yield Effect in Area Effect in the TD of a lot Legal implication LS 3-Parameter Good Negligible may change bearings; retain distances Title amendment 4-Parameter (Similarity) Better ±0.01% (1sqm/5000sqm) changes bearings; changes distances Title amendment

16 Click On to edit Master title style Municipal Boundary Delineation Municipal boundary monuments as well as provincial boundary monuments proves to have unreliable approved plane and geodetic coordinates. Confusion on the MBM numbering and markings are rampant in the cadastral surveys. Click to edit Recommendations Master title style 1. On Cadastral Survey and Cadastral Transformation 2. On Transformation Methods 3. On Municipal Boundary Delineation 4. On Zonal (Block) Parameter Derivation for Cadastral Survey Transformation

17 Click On Cadastral to edit Master Survey title and style Cadastral Transformation Implementation of Cadastral Survey verification and validation BEFORE the transformation and integration to the PPCS TM/PRS92. Per cadastral project inventory of cadastral records and data. Implementation of the recommended cadastral transformation flowchart Click On Cadastral to edit Master Survey title and style Cadastral Transformation For approved cadastral survey: Condition Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4 Case5 Case6 Case7 Case8 Case9 Recommendation Transform and Integrate to PPCS-TM/PRS92 using either LS3-Parameter or 4- Parameter (Similarity) Transform and integrate to PPCS-TM/PRS92 using either LS3-Parameter or 4- Parameter (Similarity); Reconstitute lost records Relocate lost cadastral control points or establish new compensating control points before transforming and integrating to PPCS-TM/PRS92 using either LS3-Parameter or 4-Parameter (Similarity) -do Recommendation for Case3 and Case2 Further study on the applicability of using lot corners for cadastral transformation and integration to PPCS-TM/PRS92 Further study on the applicability of using lot corners for cadastral transformation and integration to PPCS-TM/PRS92 Resurvey of partial or entire Cadastre Resurvey of partial or entire Cadastre Resurvey of partial or entire Cadastre

18 Click On to Transformation edit Master title Method style and Procedure Implement a single method that will be used for all the cadastral survey transformation for the entire country for uniformity and consistency of data to be integrated. Improving quality of the cadastral common point network (CCPN) by improving measurement method and technology (e.g., use of DF GPS receivers instead of SF) Click On Zonal to edit (Block) Master Parameter title style Derivation for Cadastral Survey Transformation If implemented accordingly, the transformation flowchart will yield homogenous/seamless cadastral survey across municipalities, provinces, and regions. Zonal (block) parameter derivation may no longer be needed but breaking cadastral surveys on microplate boundaries may play crucial role in realizing the solutions on naturally changing land areas.

19 Click to On edit Master title style Municipal Delineation Incorporate municipal boundaries after reobserving the agreed upon MBM between municpalities to the transformed cadastral survey and data before integrating to the PPCS TM/PRS92. Institutionalize maintenance of MBMs and PBMs by the provincial government. Click to edit Further Master title style Studies 1. Applicability of a dynamic coordinated cadastre in the cadastral survey of the Philippines. 2. Effects of crustal deformation to the cadastral survey system of the Philippines. 3. Applicability of cadastral lot corners as common point in cadastral transformation. 4. Reconstitution of lost records and monuments in a transformed cadastre. 5. Alternative methods of cadastral surveying.

20 Click to edit Master title style Literature of the DANR (DENR LMB) Technical Bulletin No.26 Computational Methods for Evaluating TB No.26 Conversion Criteria for Assessment Analysis Test Data for Analysis Results and Discussion: Discrepancy and Correlation Analysis Results and Discussion : Statistical Analysis Results and Discussion : Cyclic Conversion Conclusion Recommendation EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT OF PPCS- TM/PRS92 GEOGRAPHIC-TO TO-GRID AND GRID-TO TO- GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE CONVERSION Click Methodology: to edit Master title style Process Flow Results

21 Click to edit Master title style Computation Methods for Assessing and Evaluating TB No.26 Geographic-to to-grid Conversion There were four computation methods examined in performing the geographic to grid and grid to geographic coordinate conversion. 1. Conversion using the prescribed computation method stated in the Technical Bulletin No. 26, using the values of the roman numerals found on the published tables; 2. Conversion using the prescribed computation method in the Technical Bulletin No. 26, using the re calculated values of the roman numerals based on the published supplementary manual of the bulletin (DANR, 1967); 3. Conversion using the closed formulation adapted from Snyder (1987); and 4. Conversion using the closed formulation in USCGS Special Publication#251 (Thomas, 1952). Click Criteria to edit Master title style for the Assessment Analysis The following were the criteria for the assessment analysis of the conversion methods: a. Discrepancy and Correlation Analysis b. Statistical Analysis c. Cyclic Conversion Analysis

22 Click to Test edit Master title style Data for the Analysis a. Latitude = to b. Longitude = c. Central Meridian = The latitudes used were adapted from the range used on Technical Bulletin No. 26. The CM was arbitrarily chosen and the fixed longitude was made to be 1⁰ away from the CM to assess the maximum error (convergency). Click Discrepancy to edit Master title style and Correlation Analysis Geographic to Grid Conversion: Computation of Nothings vs. Latitude Figure 1. Latitude versus Northing of four (4) calculation methods.

23 Click Discrepancy to edit Master and Correlation title style Analysis Geographic to Grid Conversion: Computation of Eastings vs Latitude Figure 2. Latitude versus Easting of four (4) calculation methods. Click Discrepancy to edit Master and Correlation title style Analysis Geographic to Grid Conversion: Discrepancy Graph Blue lines and dots correspond to values of Northings; Red lines and dots correspond to values of Eastings.

24 Click Discrepancy to edit Master and Correlation title style Analysis Geographic to Grid Conversion: Discrepancy Range Comparison Discrepancies (millimeters) Data and Formulations Northings Eastings Method 1 Method 2 Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Snyder (1987) Published TB Snyder (1987) TB 26 Supplement Snyder (1987) Thomas (1952) Published TB 26 Snyder (1987) Published TB 26 TB 26 Supplement Published TB 26 Thomas (1952) Click Discrepancy to edit Master and Correlation title style Analysis Grid to Geographic Conversion: Computation of Latitude Figure 3: Northings versus computed latitude using four conversion methods.

25 Click Discrepancy to edit Master and Correlation title style Analysis Grid to Geographic Conversion: Computation of Longtitude Northings versus computed longitude using four conversion methods. Click Discrepancy to edit Master and Correlation title style Analysis Grid to Geographic Conversion: Computation of Latitude

26 Click Grid to edit to Geographic Master title Coordinate style Conversion Grid to Geographic Conversion: Computation of Latitude (Snyder and Thomas) Click Grid to edit to Geographic Master title Coordinate style Conversion Grid to Geographic Conversion: Discrepancy Range (Latitude) Discrepancies in Latitude Conversion Method Minimum Maximum Difference Mean Standard Deviation Published TB No TB No. 26 Supplement Snyder (1987) Thomas (1952)

27 Click Grid to edit to Geographic Master title Coordinate style Conversion Grid to Geographic Conversion: Discrepancy Range (Longitudes) Discrepancies in Longitude (secs) Conversion Method Minimum Maximum Difference Mean Standard Deviation Published TB No TB No. 26 Supplement Snyder (1987) Thomas (1952) E E-06 Click to edit Statistical Master title style Analysis The formula used in the set up of the confidence intervals is: ts ts P X X 2 F( t) 1 n n where, X is the sample mean, μ is the population mean, S is the sample standard deviation and n is the number of independent measurement. The confidence level signifies the probability that μ lies between the confidence limits of the interval is 95% or 99%.

28 Click to edit Statistical Master title style Analysis Two confidence levels were used for the assessment of the data, 95% and 99%. Click Cyclic to edit Master title style Conversion Analysis GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE (ϕ, λ) GRID COORDINATE (N, E)

29 Click Cyclic to edit Master title style Conversion Analysis No. of Iterations Latitude GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES Longitude Northing GRID COORDINATES Easting E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E Click to edit Conclusions Master title style On the Accuracy of the Published Coordinate Conversion Table under the DENR LMB TB No.26: A number of outliers in the roman numeral values have been found to exist in the table causing erroneous conversion on specific points. The conversion Philippine Transverse Mercator (PTM) projection formulation found in the Supplement to the DENR LMB TB No.26 for coordinate conversion were found to be consistent, to the level of accuracy prescribed therein, with Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) formulation based on cited literatures and references.

30 Click to edit Conclusions Master title style On Accuracy of other UTM projection formulation for coordinate conversion: It can be concluded that all the answers obtained by using the direct coordinate conversion methods are more or less accurate, or at least having discrepancies which are insignificant based on the three point criteria assessment. However, the closed formulation adapted from Snyder gave the least amount of discrepancies for both the forward and backward solutions Click PTM to Zoning edit Master Based title on style Municipal Boundaries The project component is still under the process of evaluating the PTM zoning based on municipal boundaries using several criteria: 1. Boundaries of any municipality does not exceed prescribed extent of PTM (2 degree ) zone. 2. Significance of the convergence correction in the outer boundaries of any municipalities beyond the PTM (2 degree) zones.

31 Click to edit Recommendation Master title style Republication of the DENR LMB Technical Bulletin No.26 with the corrections found in the Coordinate Conversion Table. Republication of the Supplement to the DENR LMB Technical Bulletin No.26 for reference. Incorporation of a Close formulation based on a cited literature for coordinate conversion in the republish technical bulletin. Click to edit Recommendation Master title style Incorporation of a numerical example computation of coordinate conversion using the conversion table from the republished technical bulletin and the prescribed formulation Publication/commissioning of a PPCS TM/PRS92 coordinate conversion program for automation of coordinate conversion program which can be integrated in the technical bulletin.

32 Click to edit Acknowledgement Master title style The authors would like to thank the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) of the Philippine Government for funding this research project. Click to edit Master title style