INDEX IN-1. NOTE: References are to section numbers. ABATEMENT. See REMEDIES. ABORIGINAL INTERESTS aboriginal rights connected to land, 32:20

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1 NOTE: References are to section numbers ABATEMENT. See REMEDIES ABORIGINAL INTERESTS aboriginal rights connected to land, 32:20 aboriginal title. See ABORIGINAL TITLE proof of, 32:20.10 Constitution Act, 1982, s. 35, 32:10, 32:10.40, 32:40 Crown/aboriginal relationship and, 32:10.30 generally, 32:10, 32:80 government interference, 32:40 absolute surrender, consequences of, 32:40.20 existing rights, 32:40, 32:40.10 extinguishment by unilateral action of Crown, 32:40.30 issue re, 32:40.10 government activity and surviving rights, 32:40.40 infringement of existing title, 32:40.40(b) justification test, elements of, 32:40.40(a) Indian Act provisions, 32:10, 32:10.40, 32:60.20, 32:70 general laws of province, application of, 32:60.20 history of Act, 32:70 Indian lands and interests in land under, 32:70.10 reserves alienation of, 32:70.70 collective interest of band, 32:70.50 designation, 32: economic use of, 32: expropriation, 32:70.90 land tenure on, 32:70.30 management of, 32:70.60 nature of interest, 32:70.40 surrender rights, 32:70.80, 32: varying interests in, 32:70.20 matrimonial property, 15:10.20 origins and theory of, 32:10.10 reserve lands, 32:50, 32:60 Constitution Act, 1867, s. 91(24), 32:60.10, 32:60.20 federal vs. provincial jurisdiction, 32:60 constitutional limitations on federal power, 32:60.20 scope of federal power, 32:60.10 Indian Act and. See ABORIGINAL INTERESTS Indian Act provisions IN-1 May 2006

2 ANGER & HONSBERGER LAW OF REAL PROPERTY ABORIGINAL INTERESTS continued reserve lands continued lands reserved for the Indians, meaning of, 32:60 sources of, 32:50 Royal Proclamation, 1763, scope of, 32:10, 32:10.20, 32:30 treaties, 32:30 establishment of treaty rights, 32:30.10 government interference with. See ABORIGINAL INTERESTS government interference James Bay and Northern Quebec Native Claims Settlement Act, 1975, 32:30 legal nature of, 32:30 sui generis nature of, 32:30.10 treaty terms, interpretation of, 32:30.20 types of, 32:10.40 unique nature of, 32:10 ABORIGINAL TITLE capacity to hold land, 24:50 establishment of, 32:20.40 nature of, 32:20.30 sui generis nature of, 32:20.20 ACCRETIONS, 19:20.10, 19: See also RIPARIAN RIGHTS extension of lands, 19:20.80 gradual and imperceptible change, 19:20.80 ownership, 19:20.80 statutory modification, 19:40, 19:40.70 ACCUMULATIONS abolition of restrictions on, 10:60.40 accumulation periods, 10:60.40(a) selection of, 10:60.40(b) charities, 10:60.30, 10:60.50 cy pres doctrine, 10:60.30 described, 10:60 excessive accumulation beyond the period, 10:60.40(a) express, 10:60.10(a) historical, 2: implied, 10:60.10(b) infants, 10:60.10(c) intermediate income, 10:60.10(b) maintenance, 10:60.10(c) perpetuities, relationship between, 10:60.30 power to accumulate, 10:60.10(a) provincial statutes, 10:60, 10:60.10(c), 10:60.40(a) released income, destination of, 10:60.50 required by law, 10:60.10(c) rule against, 10:60.30 Saunders v. Vautier, rule in, 10:60.50 simple, 10:60 statutory exceptions, 10:60.10(c) statutory provisions, 10:60, 10:60.10(c), 10:60.40(a) termination of, 10:60.50 Thellusson Act, 10:60 trusts, 11:90.20, 11:90.30 IN-2

3 ACCUMULATIONS continued void, 10:60.30, 10:60.40(b) wait and see principle, 10:60.30 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT, 29: ADEMPTION agreement for sale, 26:40.50(c)(iv) change in name and form, 26:40.50(c)(iii) contrary intention shown in will, 26:40.50(c)(iv) conversion actual, 26:40.50(c) equitable, 26:40.50(d) described, 26:40.50(a) generic devise, 26:40.50(b) mortgages, 26:40.50(c)(ii) specific devise, 26:40.50(b) statutory provisions, 26:40.50(c) ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATES. See ADMINISTRATOR; EXECUTORS; PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES ADMINISTRATOR, 24:130; 27:50. See also EXECUTORS; PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES derives title from letters of administration, 27:50 letters of administration giving power to deal with property, 27:50 personal property, title to, 27:50 real property, title to, 27:50 vesting title to real property, time of, 27:50 ADOPTED CHILDREN devisees under will, 26:50.20(b); 26: included, dependants relief statutes, 26: intestacy, on, 27:40.50 sharing on intestacy, 24:20 ADVANCEMENT general, 11:50.20(a) intestacy, reduction of share on, 27:40.30(d) ADVANCEMENT, PRESUMPTION OF, 11:50.20, 11: matrimonial property, 11:50.20(b)(i), 15:20.40(a)(b). See also MATRIMONIAL PROPERTY rebuttal of, 11:50.20(c) transfer child, to, 11:50.20(b)(ii) spouse, to, 11:50.20(b)(i) terms of trust, 11:50.20(d) ADVERSE POSSESSION. See also LIMITATIONS boundary, 18:20.20(b) Crown, against, 29:60.60 extinguishment of title, 29:10 fee simple, 4:50 IN-3 September 2015

4 ANGER & HONSBERGER LAW OF REAL PROPERTY ADVERSE POSSESSION continued gap in, 29:60.80 general rule, 29:60.40 intention to exclude true owner, 29:60.40 joint tenants, 14:20.70 land defined, 29:60.50 land titles registration, effect on claim for, 29:60.60 land titles system, 30:30.20(h) limitation period, commencement of, 29:60.40 limitations, 29:60.40 marital home, 15:30.30(b) ownership, presumption of, 29:60.40 possession by more than one, 29:60.40 rent defined, 29:60.50 title acquired by, 28:50 AGENT trustee, employing, 11:80.30 trustee, of, 11: ALIENABILITY. See also ALIENATION fee tail, 5:40.20 right to, 4:40.10 ALIENATION by will, 2:150.30; 4:40.10(b) curtesy, 4:40.10(b) dependants relief legislation, 4:40.10(b) dower, 4:40.10(b) homesteads legislation, 4:40.10(b) restraints on, 4:40.10(b) consent feudal lord, of, 2: heir, of, 2: inter vivos, 4:40.10(a) homesteads legislation, 4:40.10(a) life estate, 6:30.80 Quia Emptores, 2:150.20, 4:40.10(a) restraint on, 2:150.20, 2:150:100, 4:40.10(a), 4:40.10(b) conditions, 4:40.10(a), 8:20.10 covenant, 4:40.10(a) general, 8:20.10 legislative, 4:40.10(a) option, 4:40.10(a) partial, 8:20.10 pre-emptive rights, 4:40.10(a) principle of, 4:40.10(a) repurchase rights, 4:40.10(a) rights of, 4:40.10 subinfeudation, 2: ALIENS capacity to hold land, 24:10 IN-4

5 ALLODIAL TITLE, 25:10, (b) APPOINTMENT, POWER OF. See POWER OF APPOINTMENT APPURTENANCES included in deed, 25:80 passing with devise, 26:40.40 ASSIGNMENT convenants leaseholds, 7:50.20 future interests, 9:110 lease, 7:60 consent of landlord, 7:60 covenant against, breach of, 7:60 prohibition against, 7:60 leaseholds covenants, 7:50.10, 7:50.20, 7:50.30, 7:50.40, 7:50.50, 7:50.60 covenants, notice of, 7:50.30 negative covenants, 7:50.30 reversion, 7:70 ATTORNMENT leaseholds, 7:10 BAIN v. FOTHERGILL, RULE IN, 23:30.30(b)(iii) BANKRUPTCY encumbrances, 34:110 joint tenants, 14: BANKS capacity to hold land, 24:90.20(d)(i) BASE FEE, 4:30.20 BENEFICIARY. See TRUSTS BONA VACANTIA, 27:20, 27:40.30(a) BOUNDARY acts of ownership, 18:20.20(a), 18:20.20(d) adverse possession, 18:20.20(b) agreement, fixed by, 18:20.20(c), 18:20.20(d), 18:30.40 ambiguous description, 18:30.30 boundary uncertainties, 18:30 conventional lines, 18:20.20(d), 28:10.20 defined, 18:10 description in deed, 18:20.20(a), 18:30.30 division of an estate, 18:20.20(a) equitable principles, 18:20.20(d) establishment of, 18:20 estoppel, fixed by, 18:20.20(c), 28:10.20 evidence, 18:30.30 IN-5 May 2006

6 ANGER & HONSBERGER LAW OF REAL PROPERTY BOUNDARY continued high water mark, 19:40.40 intention of parties, 18:30.30 interpretation, 18:30.40 judicial authority, fixed by, 18:30.30 location of, , lost, 18:30.30 mark, 18:10 monuments, 18:10, 18:30.40 natural, 18:30.30 presumption, 18:30.40 recitals in deeds, 18:30.30 reliance on, 18:20.20(d) settlement of, 18:30 no legislation, 18:30.20 interpretation, 18:30.30 lost, 18:30.40 re-surveys and special surveys, 18:30.10 statute, fixed by, 18:30.10, 18:30.40 Statute of Frauds, 18:20.20(d) survey, fixed by, 18:20.10 trespass, action for, 18:30.40 water, 18:40. See also WATER BOUNDARY LINE conventional line, 28:10.20 estoppel settling location of, 28:10.20 location of, 28:10.20, 28:20 surveys, 18:30.10 BREACH OF TRUST defences of trustees, 11: beneficiary s instigation/consent/acquiescence, 11:100.20(c) contribution and indemnity, 11:100.20(e) exculpation clauses, 11:100.20(b) judicial power of relief, 11:100.20(d) laches, doctrine of, 11:100.20(f)(ii) limitation statutes, 11:100.20(f)(i) not a trustee, establishing, 11:100.20(a) remedies of beneficiaries, 11: against third parties, 11:100.10(b) assisting in breach, 11:100.10(b)(iii) third party transferee in knowing receipt, 11:100.10(b)(ii) trustee de son tort, 11:100.10(b)(i) against trustees, 11:100.10(a) accounting, 11:100.10(a)(ii) choices, 11:100.10(a) compensation for loss, 11:100.10(a)(i) tracing, 11:100.10(c) bank accounts, 11:100.10(c)(iii) conversion/commingling of trust assets, 11:100.10(c)(ii) described, 11:100.10(c)(i) limits on, 11:100.10(c)(iv) remedies available on, 11:100.10(c)(i) IN-6

7 BUILDERS LIENS. See MECHANICS LIENS BUILDING CODES, 36:50.20 BUILDING SCHEME. See COVENANTS CAISSES POPULAIRES capacity to hold land, 24:90.20(d)(iii) CANADIAN LAW origins, 3:10 CAUTION claims of creditors of estate, 27:60.20 registered by personal representatives, 27:60.10 CEMETERIES capacity to hold land, 24:90.20(c) CESTUI QUE USE, 11:20. See also TRUSTS dower, 6:40.20 CESTUI QUE VIE life estate, 6:10, 6:20.20(a) production of, 6:20.20(b) CHARGE, 34:20 CHARITABLE USES, 29:30.30 CHARITIES accumulations, 10:60.30, 10:60.50 cy pres, doctrine of, 10:20.60(c), 26:50.90(c) lapse, doctrine of, 26:50.90(c) perpetuities, rule against, 10:20.50, 10:20.60(c), 10:50.30(e). See also PERPETUITIES, RULE AGAINST power of appointment, 13:10 Saunders v. Vautier, rule in, 11:90.10, 11:90.20, 11:90.30 trusts, 11:40.50(b), 11:90.30(b). See also TRUSTS CHILD defined, dependants relief statutes, 26: CHILDREN. See also ADOPTED CHILDREN; ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN; MINORS adopted, sharing on intestacy, 24:20 certainty of objects, 11:40.50 devisees under will, 26:50.20(b) executed and executory trusts, 11:30.30 illegitimate, sharing on intestacy, 24:20 tenants in common with parents, 14:30.90 transfer by parents, 11:50.20(b)(ii) unborn, 11:90.20, 11:90.30 IN-7 March 2008

8 ANGER & HONSBERGER LAW OF REAL PROPERTY CHOSES IN ACTION, 1:40 CHOSES IN POSSESSION, 1:40 CITY capacity to hold land, 24:90.20(a) CLASS GIFTS, 9:20.30 class closing intention of testator, 26:50.50(b) rules of, 9:20.30, 26:50.50(c) time of, 26:50.50(b) compound gifts, 26:50.50(c) conditional gifts, 26:50.50(c) described, 26:50.50(a) immediate gifts, 26:50.50(c) lapse, doctrine of, 26:50.90(e) perpetuities, rule against, 10: See also PERPETUITIES, RULE AGAINST postponed gifts, 26:50.50(c) separate legacies, 26:50.50(c) CLOSING date, provision re, 21:30.40 generally, 22:50 Ontario practice, 22:50 e-reg system and POLARIS, 22:50 process described, 22:50 western protocols and trust conditions, 22:50 CODICIL. See WILLS COLLATERALS, 27:20, 27:40.30 COMMON LAW defined, 2:20 meaning of, 2:20 COMMON LAW SPOUSE defined, dependants relief statutes, 26: intestacy, 27:40.10(e) COMPANY. See CORPORATIONS CONDITION PRECEDENT, 8:10.10, 8:10.30(c). See also CONDITIONS compliance with, 8:30 construction, rules of, 9:20.40 creation, 8:10.30(c) cy pres doctrine, 8:30 invalidity, effect of, 8:20 performance, 8:30 impossibility of, 8:20.50 infant, by, 8:30 substantial, 8:30 perpetuities, rule against, 8:20.60 IN-8

9 CONDITION PRECEDENT continued power of appointment, 13:40.30 specific performance of contract subject to, 23:30.20(c) trusts 11:40.40, 11:50.10(b), 11:70 uncertainty, 8:20.40 void, 8:20 CONDITION SUBSEQUENT, 8:10.10, 8:10.30(b). See also CONDITIONS compliance with, 8:30 construction by court, 8:10.30(b) creation, 8:10.30(b) cy pres doctrine, 8:30 determinable limitation, distinguished from, 8:10.30(b) invalidity, effect of, 8:10.30(b) performance, 8:30 excuse from, 8:30 impossibility of, 8:20.50 infant, by, 8:30 substantial, 8:30 perpetuities, rule against, 8:20.60 reversion, 9:60 right of entry, 8:10.30(b) rules of construction, 9:20.40 trusts, 11:40.40, 11:50.10(a) uncertainty, 8:20.40 void, 8:20 words of limitation, 8:10.30(b) CONDITIONAL FEE SIMPLE, 4:30.10 CONDITIONAL LIMITATION devolution by law, limiting of, 8:20.20 CONDITIONS alienation, restraint on, 8:20.10 general, 8:20.10 partial, 8:20.10 compliance with, 8:30 covenant, distinguished from, 8:10.30(d) creation, 8:10.30 cy pres doctrine, 8:30 defined, 8:10 devolution by law, limiting of, 8:20.20 illegal, 8:20.30 immoral, 8:20.30 impossibility of performance, 8:20.50 invalidity, effect of, 8:20 limitations on, 29: performance, 8:30 excuse from, 8:30 infant, by, 8:30 period of, 8:30 release from, 8:30 relief from, 8:30 perpetuities, rule against, 8:20.60 IN-9 March 2008

10 ANGER & HONSBERGER LAW OF REAL PROPERTY CONDITIONS continued public policy, contrary to, 8:20.30 re-entry for breach of, 29:40 repugnancy, 8:20.10 statutory prohibitions, 8:20.30 substantial performance, 8:30 trusts, 11:40.40, 11:50.10(a), 11:50.10(b), 11:70 uncertainty, 8:20.40 conceptual, 8:20.40 evidential, 8:20.40 vesting, presumption in favour of, 8:10.30(a) void, 8:20 CONDOMINIUM UNITS. See SALE OF LAND, CONTRACTS FOR CONSANGUINITY calculation of, 27:40.30(a) degrees of, 27:40.30(a) table of, 27:20 CONSIDERATION adequacy of, 23:30.20(c) defined, 25:60.20 frustration affecting, 23:30.60 good, 25:60.20 illegal, 25:60.20 immoral, 25:60.20 inadequate, bar to specific performance, 23:30.20(c) money, 25:60.20 money s worth, 25:60.20 natural love and affection, 25:60.20 total failure of, 23:30.40 valuable, 25:60.20 CONSTRUCTION LIENS. See MECHANICS LIENS CONTINGENT REMAINDER, 27:30. See also REMAINDER perpetuities, rule against, 10:20.50(a) CONTRACTS perpetuities, rule against, 10:20.60(b) sale of land. See SALE OF LAND, CONTRACTS FOR CONVERSION trust assets, 11:100.10(c)(ii) trusts for sale, 11:70 CONVEYANCE appurtenances included in, 25:80 bargain and sale, 3:30.20(c) common recovery, 2:80 feoffment, 2:80, 25:20 fine, 2:80 grant, 2:80 IN-10

11 CONVEYANCE continued joint tenants, 14:10, 14:20.10, 14:20.30, 14: lease and release, 2:80, 3:30.20(c) after Statute of Uses, 2:100.50(a) life estate, 6:20.10(a), 6:20.20(a) livery of seisin, 25:20 statutory form of, 25:60.60 statutory provisions, 25:20 title by, 25:10 et seq. See also DEED; LEASES; MORTGAGES uses. See also USES bargain and sale, 2:100.20(a) covenant to stand seised, 2:100.20(a) resulting, 2:100.20(a) shifting, 2:100.20(a) springing, 2:100.20(a) CONVEYANCING closing. See CLOSING dower, defeat of, 6:40.10 fee simple, grant of, 4:20.10 fee tail, 5: See also FEE TAIL feoffment by statutory grant, 3:30.20(c) generally, 22:10 joint tenants, 14:20.10 repugnancy, doctrine of, 4:20.10(c) requisitions. See REQUISITIONS Shelley s Case, rule in, 4:20.10(a). See also SHELLEY S CASE, RULE IN surveys. See SURVEYS title searches. See TITLE SEARCHES CO-OWNERSHIP, 1:50. See also JOINT TENANTS; TENANTS IN COMMON homestead rights, 6:40.30 marital home, 15:30.10 COPARCENARY, 14:20, 14:20.140, 14:30.30, 14:40 partition, 14: COPYHOLD. See TENURE CORPORATIONS capacity to hold land, 24:90.10 Crown capacity to hold land, 24:40 dissolution of reverter, possibility of, 9:70.30 forfeiture of land on dissolution, 24:90.10, 29:30.20 grant in fee simple to, 4:20.30 description, 4:20.30 escheat, 4:20.30(a) statutory reform, 4:20.30(b) words of limitation, 4:20.30(a) joint tenant, as, 14:20.20 land reverts on dissolution, 29:30. mortmain. See MORTMAIN CORPOREAL HEREDITAMENTS, 1:40 IN-11 March 2008

12 ANGER & HONSBERGER LAW OF REAL PROPERTY COUSIN devisee under will, 26:50.20(h) COVENANTS annexation to dominant land, 16:20.10(c) assignment, 16:20.10(c), 16:20.10(d), 16:20.20(a), 16:20.20(b) benefit of, 16:10, 16:20.10(a), 16:20.10(b), 16:20.10(c), 16:20.10(d), 16:20.10(e), 16:20.20(d), 16:30.10, 16:30.20 building scheme, 16:10, 16:20.10(c), 16:20.10(e), 16:30.20, 16:30.50 establishing existence of, 16:20.10(c) intention, 16:20.10(c) reciprocity, 16:20.10(c) requirements of, 16:20.10(c) burden of, 16:10, 16:20.10(b), 16:20.10(d), 16:20.10(e) condition, distinguished from, 8:10.30(d), 16:10 convey, right to, 23:40.70 creation, 8:10.30(d), 16:10 damages for breach of, 23:40.70 deed, in. See also REMEDIES essential use of words, 25:60.60 extended meaning of, 25:60.60 deed, usual covenants in, 25:60.60 discharge by court, 16:10, 16:30, 16:30.50 encumbrances, freedom from, 23:40.70 enforceability of, 16:10, 16:20.10(b), 16:20.10(e) further assurances, 23:40.70 implied in deed, 23:40.70 landlord, 16:10, 16:20.20 leaseholds assignment, 7:50, 7:60 assignment, breach of, 7:60 assignment of reversion, 7:70 collateral, 7:50.20 concerning land, 7:50.20 damages for breach, 7:60 in esse, 7:50.20 in posse, 7:50.20 lease in writing, 7:50.20 lessee s, 7:50.10, 7:50.20 lessee s, benefit of, 7:50.60 lessor s, 7:50.10, 7:50.40 lessor s, benefit of, 7:50.50 licence, 7:90.60 negative, 7:50.30 notice, 7:50.30 notice of breach, 7:60, 7:90.50 parol tenancy, 7:50.20 personal, 7:50.20 rental scheme, 7:50.70 reverter of term, 7:50.10 running with land, 7:50.10 statutory provisions, 7:50.20, 7:50.30, 7:50.60 sublease, 7:60 thing in being, 7:50.20 thing in future, 7:50.20 waiver, 7:90.70 IN-12

13 COVENANTS continued leaseholds continued written lease, 7:50.30 leases, 7:20 lessor and lessee, 16:20.20 negative, 16:10, 16:20.10(b), 16:20.10(c), 16:20.10(d), 16:20.20(c), 16:20.20(d), 16:40.20(a), 16:40.20(b), 16:40.30(a), 16:40.30(b) leaseholds, 7:50.30 notice, 16:20.10(b), 16:20.10(c) constructive, 16:20.10(b) privity of contract, 16:10, 16:20.10(b), 16:20.20(a), 16:20.20(b), 16:20.20(c), 16:20.20(d) privity of estate, 16:20.20(a), 16:20.20(b) qualified, 23:40.70 quiet enjoyment, for, 23:40.70 quiet possession, 25:60.60 registration, 16:20.10(c), 16:20.10(d), 16:20.20(a), 16:20.20(c), 16:20.20(d) release of, 16:30, 16:30.10, 16:30.20 release of claims, 25:60.60 rental scheme, 16:20.20(d) restrictive, 16:10. See also RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS [The next page is IN-13] IN-12.1 March 2008

14 COVENANTS continued restrictive continued benefit of, 16:10 burden of, 16:10 character of neighbourhood changed, 16:30.20 defined, 16:10 discharge by court, 16:30.50 enforceability of, 16:20.10(a), 16:20.10(b) release of, 16:30 rental scheme, 16:20.20(d) right to convey, 25:60.60 run with land, 25:60.60 short form, 23:40.70 statutory notice, 16:20.10(b) touching and concerning land, 16:20.10(b) usual in deed, 25:60.60 CREDIT UNIONS capacity to hold land, 24:90.20(d)(iii) CRIMINALS capacity to hold land, 24:30 CROWN. See also CROWN LANDS aboriginal peoples and interference by. See ABORIGINAL INTERESTS relationship with, 32:10.30 adverse possession against, 29:60.60 capacity to hold land, 24:40 escheat to, 29:20 estoppel against, 28:10.40 forfeiture to, 29:30 joint tenant, as, 14:20.20 reservation to, 25:60 CROWN AGENCIES capacity to hold land, 24:40 CROWN CORPORATIONS capacity to hold land, 24:40 CROWN LANDS Crown grants, interpretation of, 31:90 descriptions, 31:90.20 generally, 31:90.10 invalid and void grants, 31:90.30 legislation governing, 31:90.40 Crown, meaning of, 31:30 Crown property, use of term, 31:10 expropriation, 31:70 constitutional basis of, 31:70.20 Expropriation Acts, 31:70.30, 31:70.40 generally, 31:70.10 power of, 31:70.40 steps in, 31:70.50 IN-13 May 2006

15 ANGER & HONSBERGER LAW OF REAL PROPERTY CROWN LANDS continued expropriation continued steps in continued federal procedures, 31:70.50(b) generally, 31:70.50(a) provincial procedures, 31:70.50(b) Federal Real Property and Federal Immovables Act, 31:100 generally, 31:10 legislative power over public property, 31:60 federal, 31:60.10 Constitution Act, 1867, s. 91(1A), 31:60.10 Crown immunity, benefit/burden exception to, 31:60.30 effect of, 31:60.20 property, meaning of, 31:60.20 provincial, 31:60.40 Constitution Act, 1867 provisions, 31:60.40 ownership of public property, 31:50 Confederation, at, 31:50.10 Constitution Act, 1867, provisions of, 31:50.10 Constitution Act, 1930, provisions of, 31:50.20 distribution to provinces, 31:50.40 Constitution Act, 1867, s. 109, 31:50.40 Constitution Act 1867, s. 117, 31:50.40(a) lands, mines and minerals, scope of, 31:50.40(b) federal ownership, 31:50.30 appropriation power, 31:50.30(b) Constitution Act, 1867, s. 108, application of, 31:50.30(b) transfer to Canada, 31:50.30(b) generally, 31:50.10 Natural Resources Transfer Agreements, 31:50.20 public domain, use of term, 31:10 public lands, use of term, 31:10 public property legislative power over. See CROWN LANDS legislative power over public property nature of, 31:20 ownership. See CROWN LANDS ownership of public property term, use of, 31:10 taxation immunity, 31:80.10 Constitution Act, 1867, s. 125, 31:80.10 scope of, 31:80.20 transfers of administration and control, 31:40 conditional, 31:40.10 Crown as one and indivisible, 31:40.10 federal jurisdiction, in, 31:40.10 provincial jurisdiction, in, 31:40.10 territories, in, 31:40.20 CROWN PROPERTY perpetuities, rule against, 10:20.60(j) CURTESY abolition, 3:30.20(d), 6:40.20, 15:30.30 described, 6:40.20, 15:20.10, 34:40 generally, 6:40.20 homestead legislation, 3:30.20 IN-14

16 CURTESY continued intestacy, on, 27:20, 27:40.10(d) legal life estate, 2:50.10(c) CY PRES DOCTRINE, 26:50.90(c) accumulations, 10:60.30 charities, 10:20.60(c), 10:50.30(e) conditions, 8:30 perpetuities, 10:30, 10:50.20(d)(v) DAMAGES bad faith, 23:30.30(b)(iii) Bain v. Fothergill, rule in, 23:30.30(b)(iii), 23:30.30(b)(iv) breach of covenant in executed conveyance, 23:30.30(b)(iii) contract to make wills, 26:120 deceit, for, 23:40.30(a) deposit as liquidated, 23:30.30(c)(i) emotional distress, 23:30.30(b)(iv) equitable, 23:30.30(a) failure to make good title, 23:30.30(c)(ii) falsification of records, for, 23:40.60 foreseeability of, 23:30.30(b)(ii), 23:30.30(b)(iii), 23:30.30(b)(iv) forfeiture of deposit, 23:30.10(b)(i) fraud, 23:30.30(a) fraudulent misrepresentation, for, 23:30.40(a) generally. See REMEDIES heads of, 23:30.30(b) innocent misrepresentation, for, 23:30.40(b) loss of bargain, 23:30.30(c)(ii) measure of, 23:30.30(a), 23:30.30(c)(ii), 23:40.70 mistake, 23:30.20(d)(i) mitigation, duty of, 23:30.30(c)(ii) out-of-pocket expenses, 23:30.30(b)(ii) prejudgment interest, 23:30.30(f) purpose of, 23:30.30(c)(ii) ready, willing and able to perform contract, 23:30.20(a), 23:30.20(d)(v) rectification, in addition to, 23:30.50 specific performance, with, 23:30.20(c) statutory provisions, 23:30.30(e) tender, 23:30.30(d) valuation method, 23:30.30(c) DE DONIS CONDITIONALIBUS, 3:30.10(d) DEED alteration carries out intention of parties, 25:70.10 execution, after, 25:70.10 execution, prior to, 25:70.10 material, 25:70.10 appurtenances included in, 25:80 attestation clause, 25:60 avoidance of, 25:70 blanks in, 25:30.10 delivery, 25:50 IN-15 May 2006

17 ANGER & HONSBERGER LAW OF REAL PROPERTY DEED continued cancellation, 25:70.30 court, by, 25:70.40 capacity to execute, 25:30 consideration. See CONSIDERATION construction, 4:20.10(c) covenants essential use of words, 25:60.60 extended meaning of, 25:60.60 quiet possession, 25:60.60 release of claims, 25:60.60 right to convey, 25:60.60 run with land, 25:60.60 usual, 25:60.60 delivery of, 25:50 blank, in, 25:50.10 completes deed, 25:50.10 condition imposed after, 25:50.20 effect of, 25:50 escrow, in, 25:50.20 good, 25:50 presumption of, 25:50.10 question of fact, 25:50.20 described, 25:20 description of parties, 25:40 strict accuracy not necessary, 25:40 disclaimer, 25: See also DISCLAIMER escrow described, 25:50.20 formal requirements, 25:50.20 estoppel by, 28:10.10 receipt of consideration clause, 25:60.20 evidence of payment, 25:60.20 exception described, 25:60.50 reservation, distinguished from, 25:60.50 execution of blank, in, 25:30.10 blind person, by, 25:30 capacity to execute, 25:30 ignorant person, by, 25:30 illiterate person, by, 25:30 intoxicated person, 25:30 some parties to, by, 25:30.20 unsound mind, person of, 25:30 falsa demonstratio non nocet cum de corpore constat, 25:90 form of, 25:60 formalities of, 25:20 fraud, 25:70.40(a) governing words, 25:60.30 habendum, 4:20.10(c), 25:60 purpose of, 25:60.40 recitals conflicting with, 25:60.40 indented, 25:20 misdescription of property area, 25:90 IN-16

18 DEED continued misdescription of property continued boundaries, 25:90 name, 25:90 occupancy, 25:90 subject-matter, 25:90 use, 25:90 misrepresentation, 25:70.40(b) character, as to, 25:30 contents, as to, 25:30 mistake, 25:70.40(d) necessity of, 25:20 non est factum, plea of, 25:30 non-execution by some parties to, 25:30.20 operative words, 4:20.10(c), 25:60.30 parties to, description of, 25:40 parts of, 25:60.10 poll, 25:20 premises, 4:20.10(c), 25:60 presumption of knowledge of contents of, 25:30 property misdescribed, 25:90 receipt acknowledging consideration, 25:60.20 recitals, 25:60.10 estoppel, operating as, 28:10.10 rectification of, 25:70.50, 28: See also RECTIFICATION release, 25:60 reservation Crown, to, 25:60 described, 25:60.50 exception, distinguished from, 25:60.50 operates as a regrant, 25:60.50 revocation, 25:70.30 seals, 25:30, 25:30.10 presumption of, 25:30 signed, 25:30 blank, in, 25:30.10 capacity to execute, 25:30 mark, by, 25:30 sufficiency of signature, 25:30 statutory form of, 25:60.60 statutory provisions, 25:20, 25:60 tenendum, 25:60 testimonium, 25:60 undue influence, 25:70.40(c) usual covenants, 25:60 void, 25:30, 25:70 voluntary, 25:60.20 writing, in, 25:20 DEFINITIONS boundary, 18:10 charitable use, 2:30.30 child, 26:50.20(b), 26: children, 5:50.20(a) class gifts, 10:20.30, 26:50.50 common law, 2:20 IN-17 March 2008

19 ANGER & HONSBERGER LAW OF REAL PROPERTY DEFINITIONS continued common law spouse, 26: condition, 8:10 consideration, 25:60.20 corporeal hereditament, 17:10 dependants, 26: descendants, 5:50.20(a) easement, 17:20 estate pur autre vie, 6:20.20 fee simple, 4:10 fee tail, 5:10 fraud, 23:40.30(a) future interests, 9:10 hereditament, 17:10 high water mark, 19:40.40 incorporeal hereditament, 17:10 issue, 5:50.20(a) land, 29:60.50 monument, 18:10 mortgages, 33:20.10 next of kin, 27:40.30(a) ownership, 1:30 parent, 26: perpetuities, rule against, 10:20.10, 10:20.20 possession, 1:30 actual, 1:30 constructive, 1:30 power, 13:10 powers of appointment, 10:20.60(a), 13:10 property, 1:20 rent, 29:60.50 rights-of-way, 17:20.30 private, 17:20.30(a) public, 17:20.30(b) riparian rights, 19:20.10 settlements, 12:10.10 spouse, 26: tenure, 2:40.10 title, 1:30 trust, 11:20 trustee, 11:20 watercourse, 19:40.20 will, 26:20.10 DELIVERY. See DEED DEMOLITION CONTROL, 36:80 DEPENDANTS RELIEF adopted child included, 26: child defined, 26: common law spouse defined, 26: contracting out of statutory provisions, 26: dependants defined, 26: evasion of, 26: IN-18

20 DEPENDANTS RELIEF continued illegitimate child included, 26: inter vivos transfers of property, 26: intestacy, on, 26: jurisdiction of court, 26: limitation period on actions, 26: lump sum payment, court order for, 26: parent defined, 26: periodic payment, court order for, 26: property deemed to be included in estate, 26: property subject to order for support, 26: spouse defined, 26: statutory provisions, 26:130 support, 26: adequacy measured at time of hearing, 26: adequacy of, 26: factors to be considered, 26: transfer and vesting of specific property, court order for, 26: types of orders, 26: DEPENDANTS, SUPPORT OF. See DEPENDANTS RELIEF DEPOSIT, 23:30.10(b)(i), 23:30.30(b)(i) DEROGATION FROM GRANT. See LEASEHOLDS DESCENDANTS devisees under will, 26:50.20(d) DESCENT. See INTESTACY DESCENT CAST, 29:60.20 DESCENT, TABLE OF, 27:20 DETERMINABLE FEE SIMPLE, 4:30.30 condition subsequent, distinguished from, 4:30.40 reverter, possibility of, 4:30.30 DETERMINABLE LIMITATION, 8:10.30(b) perpetuities, rule against, 8:10.30(b) reverter, 8:10.30(b) void, 8:20 DEVELOPMENT PERMITS, 36:50.10 DEVISE. See also DEVISEES appurtenances passing with, 26:40.40 class gift. See CLASS GIFTS classification of, 26:40.50(b) generic, 26:40.50(b) minor, to, 27:60.20 per capita, 26:50.40 per stirpes, 26:50.40 IN-19 March 2008

21 ANGER & HONSBERGER LAW OF REAL PROPERTY DEVISE continued minor, to continued remainder, relationship between, 9:90.20(c) shifting, 9:90.20 specific, 26:40.50(b) springing, 9:90.20 two or more persons, to, 26:50.30 DEVISEES adopted children, 26:50.20(b), 26: anti-illegitimacy clause, 26: children, 26:50.20(b) class gifts. See CLASS GIFTS cousins, 26:50.20(h) descendants, 26:50.20(d) distribution, method of, 26:50.40 equivocation, 26:50.80(b) executor under will, 26:50.70 falsa demonstratio, 26:50.80(c) family, 26:50.20(g) grandchildren, 26:50.20(b) heirs, 26:50.20(d) heirs-at-law, 26:50.20(d) illegitimate children, 26:50.20(b), 26: incorrect description of, 26:50.80 direct evidence of intention admitted, 26:50.80(a) equivocation, 26:50.80(b) falsa demonstratio, 26:50.80(c) indirect evidence of intention admitted, 26:50.80(a) intention of testator, 26:50.80(a) intention of testator, rules for admitting evidence of, 26:50.80(a) name and further description, 26:50.80(c) non accipi debent, doctrine of, 26:50.80(c) issue, 26:50.20 joint tenants, as, 26:50.30 lapse, doctrine of. See LAPSE, DOCTRINE OF legatees, 26:50.20(i) nephews, 26:50.20(h) next of kin, 26:50.20(c) nieces, 26:50.20(h) non accipi debent, doctrine of, 26:50.80(c) per capita, 26:50.40 per stirpes, 26:50.40 posthumous children, 26:50.20(b) spouse, 26:50.20(a) stepchildren, 26:50.20(b) relatives, 26:50.20(h) representatives, 26:50.20(f) residuary, 26:50.90(a) tenants in common, as, 26:50.30 two or more persons, 26:50.30 will speaks from date of execution, 26:50.10 witness to will, 26:50.60 DEVOLUTION OF ESTATES LEGISLATION, 27:30 et seq. See also INTESTACY IN-20

22 DISABILITIES capacity to hold land, 24:70 limitations, 29:60.140, 29:60.160, 29: [The next page is IN-21] IN-20.1 March 2008

23 DISCLAIMER after assent to conveyance, 25:70.20 devisee by will, 25:70.20 grantee by deed, 25:70.20 irrevocable, 25:70.20 method of, 25:70.20 remainder, 9:50.30(a)(v) right to, 25:70.20 uses, effect on, 25:70.20 DISCRETIONARY TRUST perpetuities, rule against, 10:20.60(a)(i) DISPOSITIVE POWERS, 10:20.60(a). See also POWER OF APPOINTMENT DISPOSSESSION, 29:60.80 DISSEISIN remainder, 9:50.30(a)(ii) DOMESTIC CONTRACTS, 15:20.60(c) DOWER abolition, 3:30.20(d), 6:40.10, 34:40 described, 6:40.10, 15:20.10, 15:30.30, 15:30.30(c), 34:40 fee tail, 5:40.30 generally, 6:40.10 homestead legislation, 3:30.20, 6:40.30 importance of seisin, 3:30.20(c) intestacy, on, 27:20, 27:40.10(d) land titles system, 30:30.20(e) legal life estate, 2:50.10(c) limitations, 29: registration not required, 30:30.10(b) EASEMENT abandonment, 17:20.20(f), (c) air, for, 17:20.40(b) apparent, 17:20, 17:20.20(d), 17:20.20(e) classification of, 17:20 continuous, 17:20, 17:20.20(d), 17:20.20(e), 17:20.20(f) creation of, 17:20.20, 34:30 defined, 17:20 described, 34:30 devise, passing with, 26:40.40(b) disturbance of, 17:20.30(b), 17:20.50 dominant owner different from servient owner, 17:20.10(c) dominant tenement, 17:20.10(a) trust land, 17:20.10(c) use and benefit of, 17:20.10(b) encroachment, for, 28:20 encumbrance on land, 34:30 essential qualities of, 17:20.10, 34:30 extinguishment of, 17:20.60 grant, creation by, 17:20.20 IN-21 May 2006

24 ANGER & HONSBERGER LAW OF REAL PROPERTY EASEMENT continued grant, creation by continued ancillary rights, 17:20.20(b) duration of, 17:20.20(b) easement of necessity, 17:20.20(d) exception, 17:20.20(c), 17:20.20(e) express grant, 17:20.20(b) grantee s estate, 17:20.20(b) grantor s estate, 17:20.20(b) implied grant, 17:20.20(d) particular words, use of, 17:20.20(b) quasi-easement, 17:20.20(d), 17:20.20(e) reservation, 17:20.20(e), 17:20.20(f) in gross, 17:20.10(a) jus spatiendi, 17:20.10(d) land titles system, 30:30.20(e) leasehold, distinguished from, 7:10 light, for, 17:20.40(b) necessity, of, 17:20.20(d), 17:20.20(e) negative, 17:20, 17:20.10(d), 17:20.40 non-apparent, 17:20 non-continuous, 17:20 partition, 14: perpetuities, rule against, 10:20.60(e), 10:50.30(d) positive, 17:20, 17:20.10(d), 17:20.30 prescription, 17:20.10(d), 17:20.20(f) proprietary estoppel, creation by, 17:20.20(g) quasi-dominant tenement, 17:20.20(d), 17:20.20(e) quasi-easement, 17:20.20(d), 17:20.20(e) quasi-servient tenement, 17:20.20(d), 17:20.20(e) registration not required, 30:30.10(b), 30:40.20(a) release express, 17:20.60(b) implied, 17:20.60(c) prescription, by, 17:20.60(c) remedies, 17:20.50 right to float logs, 19:50.20 rights-of-way. See RIGHTS-OF-WAY servient owner different from dominant owner, 17:20.10(c) servient tenement, 17:20.10(a) settled estates legislation, 12:30.20 statute, creation by, 17:20.20(a) statutory provisions, 17:20.20(a), 17:20.20(f) support, 17:20.40(a) types of, 34:30 unity of ownership, 17:20.10(c) use and benefit of dominant tenement, 17:20.10(b) water, of, 17:20.40(c), 19:20.50, 19:40.20, 19:50.20, 19:70 EMBLEMENTS doctrine of, 6:30.20 EMPLOYEE BENEFIT TRUSTS, 10:50.30(g) IN-22

25 ENCROACHMENT perpetuities, rule against, 10:20.60(a)(i) ENCUMBRANCES ON LAND assignment in bankruptcy, 34:110 charge, 34:20 corporation tax, 34:60.30 death taxes, 34:60.20 dower, 34:40 easements. See EASEMENT executions, 34:90 income tax, 34:60.40 land transfer tax, 34:60.50 liens. See LIENS lis pendens, certificate of, 34:100 local improvement rates, 34:60.10 meaning of, 34:10 mechanics liens. See MECHANICS LIENS mortgage. See MORTGAGES municipal taxes, 34:60.10 profits à prendre. See PROFITS A` PRENDRE receiving order in bankruptcy, 34:110 restrictive covenants. See RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS ENGLISH LAW introduction into provinces, 3:30 reception into provinces, 3:20 ENTIRETIES, TENANCY BY, 14:10, 14:50 common law, 14:50 described, 14:50 statutory reform, 14:50 ENVIRONMENT pollution, 19:20.60, 19:60.50 quality of water, 19:20.10 statutory modifications and water, 19:40 statutory powers and water, 19:80 EQUITABLE ESTATES, 1:50 EQUITABLE EXECUTORY INTERESTS described, 9:100 equity of redemption, 9:100 perpetuities, rule against, 10:20.50(c) statutory trust, 9:100 trusts, 9:100 will, arising by, 9:100 EQUITABLE REMAINDERS, 9:100 equity of redemption, 9:100 trusts, 9:100 EQUITABLE WASTE. See WASTE IN-23 May 2006

26 ANGER & HONSBERGER LAW OF REAL PROPERTY EQUITY OF REDEMPTION, 9:100. See also MORTGAGES EQUIVOCATION devisees, incorrect description of, 26:40.20(b)(ii) property, incorrect description of, 26:50.80(b) EROSION, 19: See also RIPARIAN RIGHTS ESCHEAT corporate land, 4:20.30(a) described, 29:20 equitable interests, 3:30.20(b) failure of heirs, 3:30.20(b), 29:20 feudal times, in, 3:30.20(b) intestacy, on, 27:40.30(a) introduction into provinces, 3:30.20(b) liability for debts of deceased, 3:30.20(b) prerogative right in Crown, 29:20 provincial Crown, to, 3:30.20(b) ESCROW described, 25:50.20 formal requirements, 25:50.20 ESTATE IN FEE SIMPLE. See FEE SIMPLE ESTATE PUR AUTRE VIE. See LIFE ESTATE ESTATE TAIL. See FEE TAIL ESTATES at will, 7:20 condition subsequent, 2:50.10(d), 8:10.20 creation, 2:50.10(d), 8:10.30(b) determinable limitation, distinguished, 8:10.30(b) perpetuities, rule against, 8:20.60 right of entry, 8:10.30(b) words of limitation, 8:10.30(b) conditional limitation devolution by law, limiting of, 8:20.20 conditions, 8:10 alienation, restraint on, 8:20.10 compliance with, 8:30 covenant, distinguished from, 8:10.30(d) creation, 8:10 cy pres doctrine, 8:30. See also CY PRES DOCTRINE defined, 8:10 devolution by law, limiting of, 8:20.20 excuse from performance, 8:30 illegal, 8:20.30 immoral, 8:20.30 impossibility of performance, 8:20.50 infant, position of, 8:30 invalidity, effect of, 8:20 IN-24

27 ESTATES continued conditions continued performance of, 8:30 period of performance, 8:30 precedent, 8:10.30(c) public policy, contrary to, 8:20.30 release from performance, 8:30 relief from performance, 8:30 repugnancy, 8:20.10 statutory prohibitions, 8:20.30 substantial performance, 8:30 uncertainty, 8:20.40 uncertainty, conceptual, 8:20.40 uncertainty, evidential, 8:20.40 creation by province, 3:30.20(d) determinable, 2:50.10(d) creation, 2:50.10(d) perpetuities, rule against, 8:20.60 determinable limitation, 8:10.30(b) condition subsequent, distinguished, 8:10.30(b) creation, 8:10.30(b) perpetuities, rule against, 8:20.60 reverter, 8:10.30(b) void, 8:20 words of limitation, 8:10.30(b) doctrine of, 2:50, 3:30.20(d) equitable, 1:50 estoppel, by, 28:10.50 fee simple. See FEE SIMPLE fee tail. See FEE TAIL fragmentation of ownership, 1:50 freehold, 1:50, 2:50, 3:30.20(d) future, importance of seisin, 3:30.20(c) future interests vested, 9:20.30 inheritance, of, 3:30.20(d) leasehold. See LEASEHOLDS legal, 1:50 life. See LIFE ESTATE non-freehold, 3:30.20(d) possession, in, 1:50 remainder, in, 1:50 reversion, in, 1:50 settled. See SETTLEMENTS words of limitation, 8:10.30(b) ESTOPPEL acquiescence, by, 28:10, 28:10.20 boundary, location of, 18:20.20(c), 28:20 classification of, 28:10 Crown, against, 28:10.40 deed, by, 28:10.10 described, 28:10 detriment, person acting to their, 28:10, 28:10.20 equitable estate, 28:10.50 estate by, 28:10.50 IN-25 March 2008

28 ANGER & HONSBERGER LAW OF REAL PROPERTY ESTOPPEL continued expenditure of funds by party raising, 28:10.20 feeding the, 28:10.50 in pais, 25:60.20 inducement, direct, 28:10.20 joint tenants, 14:20.10 leaseholds, 7:10 non est factum, defence of, 28:10.10 promissory, 28:10.30 receipt in deed, by, 25:60.20 recitals operating as, 25:60.10, 28:10.10 record, of, 28:10 rectification, 28:10.10 representation, by, 28:10, 28:10.20, 28:10.30, 28:10.50 title acquired by, 28:10 waiver of existing rights, similar to, 28:10.30 EXECUTIONS encumbrance on land, 34:90 EXECUTIONS, WRITS OF land registry system, 30:30.10(f), 30:40.60 land titles system, 30:30.20(e) limitations, 29: unregistered on title, 30:40.60 EXECUTORS. See also ADMINISTRATOR; PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES capacity to hold land, 24:130 different executors for different purposes, 27:50 evidence of power to deal with property, 27:50 gifts to, under will, 26:50.70 joint tenants, 14:20.10 letters probate evidence of power of, 27:50 powers to deal with property, 27:50 title derived from will, 27:50 EXECUTORY INTERESTS, 9:60.40 alienation, 9:110 assignment, 9:110 devise, 9:110 equitable. See EQUITABLE EXECUTORY INTERESTS legal. See LEGAL EXECUTORY INTERESTS transmission on death, 9:110 EXECUTORY TRUST perpetuities, rule against, 10:20.50(c) EXPROPRIATION, RIGHTS OF generally. See CROWN LANDS powers, 35:20.30 registration of expropriation not required, 30:40.40 FAMILY devisees under will, 26:50.20(g) IN-26

29 FAMILY LAW REFORM. See MATRIMONIAL PROPERTY FEE SIMPLE, 1:50 adverse possession, 4:50 alienability, 4:40.10 Quia Emptores, 4:40.10(a) alienation by will, 4:40.10(b) inter vivos, 4:40.10(a) restraints on, 4:40.10(a) base fee, 5:60 characteristics, 4:10, 4:40.10 condition, 4:40.10(a) condition subsequent, upon, 4:30.40 determinable fee, distinguished from, 4:30.40 right of entry, 4:30.40 conditional, 4:30.10, 5:20 corporations, 4:20.30 description, 4:20.30 escheat, 4:20.30(a) statutory reform, 4:20.30(b) words of limitation, 4:20.30(a) covenant, 4:40.10(a) creation, 2:50.10(a), 4:20 use of word heirs, 4:20.10(a) creation by will, 4:20.20 construction, 4:20.20(c) statutory reform, 4:20.20(b) substitutional gift, 4:20.20(c) testator s intention, 4:20.20 words of limitation, 4:20.20(b) creation inter vivos, 4:20.10 curtesy, 4:40.10(b) deed. See DEED defined, 4:10 dependants relief legislation, 4:40.10(b) described, 2:50.10(a), 3:30.20(d) determinable, 4:30.30 reverter, possibility of, 4:30.30 dower, 4:40.10(b) extinguishment, 4:50 grant in fee simple testator s intent, 4:20.10(c) homesteads legislation, 4:40.10(b) intestacy, distribution on, 4:40.10(c) matrimonial property legislation, 4:40.10(b) option, 4:40.10(a) pre-emptive rights, 4:40.10(a) qualified fee, 4:30 repugnancy, doctrine of, 4:20.10(c) repurchase rights, 4:40.10(a) restraints on alienation, 4:40.10 condition, 4:40.10(a) covenant, 4:40.10(a) legislative, 4:40.10(a) principle of, 4:40.10(a) Shelley s Case, rule in, 4:20.10(a), 4:20.20(a) IN-27 May 2006

30 ANGER & HONSBERGER LAW OF REAL PROPERTY FEE SIMPLE continued subject to executory limitation, 4:30.60 testator s intention, 4:20.20 waste, 4:40.20 words of limitation, 4:20.10, 4:20.20 and his heirs, 4:20.10(a) and his heirs and assigns, 4:20.10(a) statutory reform, 4:20.10(b) strict interpretation, 4:20.10(a) words of purchase, 4:20.10(a) FEE TAIL, 1:50 abolition, 2:50.10(b), 5:70 alienability, 5:40.20 barring, 5:60 base fee, 5:60 characteristics, 5:40 classification, 5:30 common recovery, 5:20 condition precedent, 5:50.30 condition subsequent, 5:50.30 conditional fee, 2:50.10(b) creation, 2:50.10(b), 5:50 deed, by, 5:50.10(a) Shelley s Case, rule in, 5:50.10(a) statute, by, 5:50.10(b) will, by, 5:50.20 words of division, 5:50.20(a) words of limitation, 5:50.10, 5:50.20 curtesy, 5:40.30 De Donis Conditionalibus, 5:20 defined, 5:10 described, 2:50.10(b), 3:30.20(d) disentailing, 2:50.10(b) dower, 5:40.30 entail, 5:10 fee simple conditional, 5:20 female general, 5:30 female special, 5:30 fine, 5:20 general, 5:30 historical, 5:20 inheritance, rules of, 5:40.10 issue, default of, 5:50.20(b) lapse, doctrine of, 26:50.90(g) leases, 5:40.30 male general, 5:30 male special, 5:30 Manitoba, 5:50.10(b), 5:70 merger not applicable to, 29:50 Newfoundland, 5:50.20(b) predecessor, 5:20 remainder, 5:40.10 restraint on alienation, 2: Shelley s Case, rule in, 5:50.10(a), 5:50.20(a) special, 5:30 IN-28

31 FEE TAIL continued statutory reform Canada, 5:20 England, 5:20 tenant in tail, 5:10 waste, 5:40.30 Wills Act, 5:50.20(b) FEOFFMENT, 25:20 by statutory grant, 3:30.20(b) described, 2:80 tortious, 3:30.20(b) abolition, 3:30.20(b) FEUDALISM. See also TENURE aids, 2:40.30(c) characteristics, 2:30 decline, 2:40.40 escheat, 2:40.30(d). See also ESCHEAT forfeiture, 2:40.30(d), 3:30.20(b) incidents escheat, 3:30.20(b). See also ESCHEAT knight service conversion to scutage, 3:30.20(a) marriage, 2:40.30(b) post-conquest period, 2:30 primer seisin, 2:40.30(a) Quia Emptores, 2:40.40 quit rents, 3:30.20(a) relief, 2:40.30(a) scutage, 3:30.20(a) seisin, 2:60 services conversion to money, 3:30.20(a) socage conversion to quit rents, 3:30.20(a) tenure, 2:30, 2:40 conversion to free and common socage, 3:30.20(a) uses, 2: wardship, 2:40.30(b) FIDUCIARY RELATIONSHIP, 11:60.10 constructive trust, imposition on fiduciaries, 11:60.10 express trust, gift, 11:50.10(a) joint tenants, 14:20.40 tenants in common, 14:20.40, 14:30.80 third parties, breach of duty by, 23:70.40 FISHING, 19:50.30 access, 19:20.20 ownership of bed, 19:30 public right, 19:50.30 statutory modifications, 19:40.10, 19:40.40, 19:40.50 tidal waters, 19:20.20, 19:30 uses of water, 19:20.70 IN-29 May 2006

32 ANGER & HONSBERGER LAW OF REAL PROPERTY FITNESS. See LEASEHOLDS FIXTURES, 1:40 agreement, 20:20 sever, right to, 20:30 annexation, 20:20.20 constructive, 20:20.10 degree of, 20:20.20, 20:20.30 intention of person affixing, 20:20.20, 20:30.30 mode of, 20:20.20 mortgage of leasehold, 20:30.30 mortgaged premises, on, 20:30.20 purpose of, 20:20.20 subsequent, by purchaser, 20:30.10 things physically attached, 20:20.20 conditional sales, 20:30.20 damage, 20:20.20 definition, 20:10 detachable, 20:20.20 determining factors, 20:20.10 devise, passing on, 20:10 estoppel, 20:20 examples of, 20:20.30 execution creditors, 20:40.30 intention, 20:20.10 landlord, 20:30.30 licence to remove, 20:30.20 licensee, belonging to, 20:30.40 mortgage of freehold, 20:30.20, 33:20.20 mortgage of leasehold, 20:30.30 nature of, 20:10 personal property security interests, 20:40 after goods become fixtures, 20:40.20 before or at time goods become fixtures, 20:40.10 execution creditors, 20:40.30 removal, 20:40.40 presumption, 20:20.10 purchasers of, 20:30.10 removable, 20:30.30 sale of land, agreement for, 20:30.20 sever, right to, 20:30 tenant affixed by, 20:30.30 contract, 20:30.30 intention, 20:30.30 removable by, 20:30.30 test, 20:20 time for removal, 20:30.30 things physically attached, 20:20.20 things resting by their own weight, 20:20.10 vendor, 20:30.10 FLOATING CHARGE, 33:20.40 FLOTATION, 19:50.20 IN-30

33 FLOTATION continued flow, 19:20.40 ownership of bed, 19:30 riparian rights, 19:20.40, 19:20.70 uses of water, 19:20.70 FORECLOSURE homestead rights, 6:40.30 limitations, 29:60.160, 29: FORESHORE fishing, 19:50.30 navigation, 19:50.10 statutory modifications, 19:40.10, FORFEITURE. See also REMEDIES condition subsequent, 8:30 Crown, to, 3:30.20(b) feudalism, 3:30.20(b) land on dissolution of corporation, 29:30.20 leaseholds, 7:90.30 licence, 7:90.60 non-payment of rent, 7:90.40(a), 7:90.40(b) relief from, 7:90.80 waiver, 7:90.70 limitations, 29: person other than Crown, to, 3:30.20(b) relief from. See REMEDIES remainder, 9:50.30(a)(i), 9:50.30(c) waiver of, 29: FRAGMENTATION OF OWNERSHIP, 1:50 FRANKALMOIGN. See TENURE FRAUD. See also REMEDIES concealed foreclosure, action for, 29:60.170(a) limitations, 29: redemption, action for, 29: deed, cancellation of, 25:70.40(a) FREEHOLD. See ESTATES FRENCH TITLES, 3:30.20(a) FRUSTRATION. See REMEDIES FUTURE ESTATES importance of seisin, 3:30.20(c) FUTURE INTERESTS abolished, 9:30.10 assignment, 9:110 IN-31 May 2006

34 ANGER & HONSBERGER LAW OF REAL PROPERTY FUTURE INTERESTS continued chattels, in, 9:30.50 class gifts, 9:20.30 classification of, 9:40 common law, 9:30.10 construction, 9:20.40 contingent, 9:20.10, 9:20.20 creation by uses, 2: definition, 9:10 described, 2:90 determinable life estate, 9:60.40 executory, 9:20 executory interest, 9:60.40 equitable. See EQUITABLE EXECUTORY INTERESTS legal. See LEGAL EXECUTORY INTERESTS historical development, 9:30 intestacy, on, 27:30 limitations, effect on, 29: perpetuities, rule against, 10:20.50 personalty, in, 9:30.50 possibility of reverter. See REVERTER, POSSIBILITY OF powers of appointment, 9:20.30 Purefoy v. Rogers, rule in, 9:90.30 remainder, 2:90, 9:50. See also REMAINDER reversion, 2:90, 9:60 reversions. See REVERSION reverter, 2:90, 9:70 right of entry for condition broken. See RIGHT OF ENTRY FOR CONDITION BROKEN right of re-entry, 2:90, 9:80 spes successionis, 9:120 Statute of Uses, 9:30.30 vested, 9:20 absolutely, 9:20.30 complete divestment, subject to, 9:20.30 described, 9:20.30 open, subject to, 9:20.30 partial divestment, subject to, 9:20.30 rules as to vesting, 9:20.40 wills, under, 9:30.40 GIFTS charities. See CHARITIES class. See CLASS GIFTS substitutional, 4:20.20(c) GRAND SERJEANTY. See TENURE GRANDCHILDREN devisees under will, 26:50.20(b) GROUNDWATER, 19:70 damage, 19:70 definition, 19:70 interference, 19:70 percolating, 19:70 IN-32

35 GROUNDWATER continued pollution, 19:70 relationship to surface water, 19:70 statutory powers, 19:80 underground streams, 19:70 HABENDUM. See DEED HEIR-AT-LAW devisee under will, 26:50.20(d) HEIRS consent to alienation, 2: devisees under will, 26:50.20(d) failure of, 3:30.20(b) HEREDITAMENT corporeal, 17:10 defined, 17:10 incorporeal. See INCORPOREAL HEREDITAMENT HOLOGRAPH. See WILLS HOME OWNERSHIP PLANS, 10:50.30(g) HOMESTEAD RIGHTS, 6:40.30 ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN anti-illegitimacy clause, 26: devisees under will, 26:50.20(b), 26: included, dependants relief statutes, 26: intestacy, on, 27:40.40 statutory provisions, 26: IMPROVEMENTS. See also LEASEHOLDS joint tenants, 14:20.50, 14:20.70, 14: tenants in common, 14:30.90 IMPROVEMENTS TO ANOTHER S LAND described, 28:20 easement for encroachment, 28:20 identity of land, mistake of, 28:20 lien for value of improvement, 28:20 remedies for, 28:20 retention of land, 28:20 statutory provisions, 28:20 title, mistake of, 28:20 INCORPOREAL HEREDITAMENTS, 1:40 defined, 17:10 easement. See EASEMENT profit a` prendre. See PROFIT A` PRENDRE rent charge. See RENT CHARGE IN-33 May 2006

36 ANGER & HONSBERGER LAW OF REAL PROPERTY INCORPOREAL INTERESTS, 2:70 INDEFINITE DURATION, RULE AGAINST, 10:40, 10:50.30(f) INFANT. See MINORS INTESTACY adopted children, 27:40.50 advancement, reduction in share due to, 27:40.30(d) bars to inheritance, 27:40.10(f) bona vacantia, 27:20, 27:40.30(a) collaterals, 27:40.30 parentela basis, entitled on, 27:20 consanguinity degrees of, 27:40.30(a) table of, 27:20 contingent remainder, 27:30 curtesy, 27:20, 27:40.10(d) date of, 27:40 dependants support, 27:40.60 descendants, failure of, 27:20 descent described, 27:10 table of, 27:20 devolution of estates legislation, 27:30 distribution described, 27:10 dower, 27:20, 27:40.10(d) escheat, 27:40.30(a) future interests, 27:30 gap in title, 27:50 governing law, 27:10 half-blood, issue of, 27:40.30(b) historical, 27:20 illegitimacy, 27:40.40 issue, 27:40.20 distributive share, 27:40.10(c) lineal descendants, 27:40.20 per capita, 27:40.20 per stirpes, 27:40.20 surviving of nearest degree, 27:40.20 lineal ascendants, 27:40.30 lineal descendants, 27:40.20 living separate, 27:40.10(e) matrimonial home, 27:40.10(d) next of kin defined, 27:40.30(a) parentela described, 27:20 partial, 27:40 per capita inheritance, 27:40.20 per stirpes inheritance, 27:40.20 possibilities, mere, 27:30 posthumous relatives, 27:40.30(c) preferential share, 27:40.10(b) primogeniture, rule of, 27:20 relation back, doctrine of, 27:50 release of claims, 27:40.10(e) IN-34

37 INTESTACY continued reverter, possibility of, 27:30 right of entry for condition broken, 27:30 separation agreement, 27:40.10(e) spouse, 27:40.10 additional rights, 27:40.10(d) curtesy, 27:40.10(d) distributive share, 27:40.10(c) dower, 27:40.10(d) issue surviving deceased, 27:40.10(c) living separate, 27:40.10(e) matrimonial home, 27:40.10(d) preferential share, 27:40.10(b) release of claims, 27:40.10(e) rights, 27:40.10(a) separation agreement, 27:40.10(e) statutory provisions, 27:30 statutory reform, 27:20 succession on, described, 27:10 surviving issue of nearest degree, 27:40.20 wrongful seisin as trespasser, 27:30 ISSUE consanguinity, calculation of, 27:40.30(a) devisees under will, 26:50.20(c) half-blood, on intestacy, 27:20 intestacy, 27:20 JOINT TENANCY. See also JOINT TENANTS four unities, 14:20.10 partition, 14:20.120, 14: severance, 14: bankruptcy, assignment in, 14: conduct, by, 14: effect of, 14: land titles system, 14: lease by, 14: mortgage, 14: mutual agreement, 14: mutual wills, 14: partition, 14: tax sale, 14: unilateral intention of one joint tenant, 14: unity of title destroyed, 14: writ of execution, 14: JOINT TENANTS. See also JOINT TENANCY accounting, 14:20.50 actions relating to, 14:20.80 acts for common benefit of all, 14:20.70 adverse possession, 14:20.70 agreement of purchase and sale, 14:20.10 bankruptcy, assignment in, 14: codicils, 26:110 common law, 14:20.10, 14:20.20, 14:20.50, 14:20.70, 14: IN-35 May 2006