IP: TRADEMARKS & PATENTS

Transcription

1 IP: TRADEMARKS & PATENTS TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO TRADE MARKS & PATENTS What is the subject matter of IPRs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ature of intellectual property??2%#43-5$%#347#'8b6'@3-')4#)*#$'c2-1#)&%$#'4-34c'/6%1e# "

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ationale for intellectual property protection Q9$%*8G'=*+$A'%G=8$++$>8?*+#%'#$%8D#%'8$>8G'=>*=='8J$A'?=(G=89$/"#;(0$%+<%/=(%4+>>+2*F9G>9GB *##+G>*J+$8'8*=EGJ+$#%'#$%8DK(23-#K51-'*'%1#%.@651'&%#B)11%11')4#)*#'4-34C'/6%#B$)B%$-AE## Natural rights rationale "$-#=LM=N#)*#-2%#O4'&%$136#P%@63$3-')4#)*#Q5834#R'C2-1>#?@&("$+2(%=#*%/=(%"1;=/%/+%/=(%-"+/(4/1+2%+<%/=(%>+"#3%#20%>#/("1#3%12/("(*/*%"(*,3/12;%<"+>%#2$%*41(2/1<14A%31/("#"$% +"%#"/1*/14%-"+0,4/1+2%+<%)=14=%=(%+"%*=(%1*%/=(%#,/=+"BC% &'>,$NY?$%G$(F9$89$%#$'#+$F'?+(>'=8%GJ?8$+*J'?%8'>%$*8$B'C$89G=E?='F=$(P#?J+G> Z*G%=$BBN*B*%$F*%(A'%89$$AA'%8G=#%'(?>G=EG8['%J$>*?B$'A89$G=I$B8C$=889*8F*BC*($G= #%'(?>G=EG8 Q)(%&%$#-2'1#$3-')436%#'1#4)-#'8854%#*$)8#@$'-'S5%1> o )9*8*J'?8F9$=#%'8$>8G'=('$B=@8%$Y?G%$C?>9$AA'%8'%$I$=>%$*8GIG8DU<B#%'8$>8G'=B8G++ ;($B$%I$(@G=89$G=8$%$B8B'AA*G%=$BBU o 3'F>*=F$*>>'?=8A'%G=8*=EGJ+$B89*8*%$I*+?*J+$J?8='8#%'8$>8*J+$7$EQT89*8GBX\:U )9D*%$89$B$='8%$F*%($(U o Z'%9'FC?>9GB*>%$*8'%8%?+D%$B#'=BGJ+$U3'FC?>9#%'8$>8G'=GB89$%$A'%$($B$%I$(U o )9*8*J'?8GA89$>%$*8'%9*B*+%$*(DJ$$=%$F*%($(7#$$%%$B#$>8K#%'C'8G'=KC*%,$8+$*($% $8>:U<B89$#%'8$>8G'=B8G++($B$%I$(U +4#@)88)4#63(#K5$'17'@-')41#7*B(GB8G=>8A%'C>GIG++*F]?%GB(G>8G'=BF9G>9B8G++?#9'+(;=*8?%*+ %GE98B@*B#*%8'A89$%$*B'=A'%E%*=8G=EC'='#'+G$B:C$34-'4C#)*#+,R1#'1#63$C%6A#7$'&%4#/A# %@)4)8'@#@)41'7%$3-')41<.

3 Incentive creating rationale >%$*8G'=B*=(G=='I*8G'=B*I*G+*J+$8'89$#?J+G> <LMB#%'C'8$(GB>+'B?%$*=((GBB$CG=*8G'=F9'F'?+(E'8'89$$AA'%8$B8*J+GB9G=E*=$H#$=BGI$ C*%,$8G=E%$EGC$A'%89$G=I$=8G'=GA'89$%B>'?+(A%$$+D>'#D*=(8*,$*A%$$^%G($'=89$C*%,$8G=E $AA'%8B'A89$'%GEG=*+G=I$=8'%U o ;T*HGC?C=$8B'>G*+F$+A*%$@O<L>*=J$%$E*%($(*B*;B'>G*+E''(@89*8GA='8G=>$=8GIGB$( FG+++$*(8'B?J^'#8GC*++$I$+B'AG=I$B8C$=8K'%%$8*G=G=E'A8%*($B$>%$8B T$'-'S5%>G8GB%$>'E=GB$(89*889GB%*8G'=*+$%$B8B'=89$*BB?C#8G'=89*8#$'#+$P>'C#*=G$BFG++='8 #%'(?>$PG=I$B8FG89'?8#%'8$>8G'=KJ$>*?B$C*=D>%$*8G'=B*%$$*BD8'>'#DKC*,G=EG8(GAAG>?+88' %$>'?#>'B8B'A($I$+'#C$=8789G=,KA'%$EK#9*%C*>$?8G>*+>'C#*=G$B:>A#G%*8$BF9'('=@89*I$8' %$>'?#>'B8B'AM_X*=(>*=?=($%>?889$G=='I*8'% o W=(9'FC?>9$=>'?%*E$C$=8('<LMB*>8?*++DEGI$UQ9$%$GB$C#G%G>*+$IG($=>$89*8 #$'#+$>%$*8$(J$A'%$<LMBG=I$=8G'=('$BB8G++'>>?%FG89'?8C'=$8*%DG=>$=8GI$B7(?$8' 9?C*=>?%G'BG8D: o L%$B?C#8G'=89*8AG=*=>G*+%$8?%=GB89$'=+D89G=E89*8C'8GI*8$B>%$*8G'= o Q9GB%*8G'=*+$>*=='8*>>'?=8A'%G=>%$*B$G=(?%*8G'='A#%'8$>8G'=7ZQW: D5$-2%$F#(23-#3$%#-2%#TUG?G#)*#+,#B$)-%@-')4E o <LM?B$(8'-"(&(2/%(GBB$CG=*8G'='AG=A'%C*8G'=7GR$R'##8'?8G+G8*%G*=*GC`:B$$KA'%$EK<L 9'*%($%BB?>9*B;#*8$=88%'++B@[+'>,^'?8>'C#$8G8'%B[9'+(J*>,8'$H#+'G8$HGB8G=E#%'(?>8B o Q9$BDB8$CC*D*+B'+$*(8'**9()(0%-"(<("(24(KA'%$EK#9*%C*>$?8G>*+>'C#*=G$BC*DJ$ C'%$+G,$+D8'G=I$B8G=M_XA'%(%?EBF9G>9>*8$%A'%+*%E$K%*89$%89*=BC*++$%KC*%,$8BO B$$,G=E8''J8*G=89$E%$*8$B8%$8?%=BK*=(=$E+$>8G=EGC#'%8*=8(GB$*B$ o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a'+(9*J$%K"6bc:R "$%#8)4)B)6A#$'C2-1#-..&+/01#-)#C'&%E<=+GE98'A89$'89$%J$=$AG8BF9G>9*>>'C#*=D<L>%$*8G'=BO #$$%%$>'E=G8G'=K%$#?8*8G'=*BC*%,$8+$*($%K8GC$+*E#%'8$>8G=EA%'CGCG8*8'%BK8*HJ%$*,BR Unfair competition Q9GB%*8G'=*+$GB+*%E$+DJ*B$('=89$*%E?C$=889*8#2$%4+>>("41#3%12&(*/>(2/B9'?+(J$#%'8$>8$( 9'F$I$%9*BJ$$=%$BGB8$(JD89$32WN V))$C3-%#?)/3@@)#T)#W-7#&#,2'6'B#V)$$'1#7"6b5:"dc2&M5"# # L$%X$*=$e-5/0N ;Q9$%$]$>8G'='A*E$=$%*+*>8G'=A'%f?=A*G%>'C#$8G8G'=f'%f?=A*G%8%*(G=Ef('$B='8 G=I'+I$*($=G*+'A89$($BG%*JG+G8D'A*('#8G=E*A+$HGJ+$*##%'*>98'8%*(G8G'=*+A'%CB'A*>8G'=F9$= B?>9*=*##%'*>9GB=$>$BB*%D8'*(*#889$C8'C$$8=$FBG8?*8G'=B*=(>G%>?CB8*=>$BR+-#231#4)-KA'% $H*C#+$KB$%&%4-%7#-2%#373B-3-')4#)*#-2%#-$37'-')436#7)@-$'4%#)*#B311'4C#)**#-)#8%%-#4%(# 4

4 )-2%$17B$$K$RERK)*%=G=,IRQ'F=$=(_\'=BK*8#S46AA[3$=($%B'=IRM*(G'2'%#'%*8G'=L8DR&8(R 7"6c/:c/\M7g\):dSc:R Q9$%$]$>8G'='A*E$=$%*+*>8G'=A'%f?=A*G%>'C#$8G8G'=fG=I'+I$B='C'%$89*=*%$>'E=G8G'='A 89$A*>889*889$$HGB8$=>$'AB?>9*=*>8G'=GBG=>'=BGB8$=8FG8989$$B8*J+GB9$(+GCG8B'A89$8%*(G8G'=*+ *=(B8*8?8'%D>*?B$B'A*>8G'=F9G>9*%$*I*G+*J+$8'*8%*($%G=%$B#$>8'A(*C*E$>*?B$('%89%$*8$=$( JD*>'C#$8G8'%RQ9'B$+GCG8BKF9G>9($AG=$89$J'?=(*%DJ$8F$$=89$*%$*'A+$E*+'%$Y?G8*J+$%$B8%*G=8 *=(#%'8$>8G'=*=(89$*%$*'A?=8%*C$++$(>'C#$8G8G'=KG=>%$*BG=E+D%$A+$>8F9*889$%$B#'=BGJ+$ L*%+G*C$=8'%L*%+G*C$=8B9*I$($8$%CG=$(8'J$89$*##%'#%G*8$J*+*=>$J$8F$$=>'C#$8G=E>+*GCB *=(#'+G>G$BRg$G89$%+$E*+#%G=>G#+$='%B'>G*+?8G+G8D%$Y?G%$B'%F*%%*=8B89$'J+G8$%*8G'='A89*8 J'?=(*%DJD89$GC#'%8*8G'='A*>*?B$'A*>8G'=F9'B$C*G=>9*%*>8$%GB8G>GB89$B>'#$G8*++'FBK?=($% 9GE9^B'?=(G=EE$=$%*+Gh*8G'=BKA'%]?(G>G*+G=(?+E$=>$'AG(G'BD=>%*8G>='8G'=B'AF9*8GBA*G%G=89$ 1BB$=8G*++DG=W?B8%*+G*K>AFG8989$i\W7F9$%$89$%*8G'=*+$'%GEG=*8$(5FG:KF$$=>'?%*E$ >'C#$8G8G'=` PROTECTION OF IP UNDER LOCAL LAW AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES Local law 2'CC'=F$*+892'=B8G8?8G'= o Bd"7HIGG:NFG89%$B#$>88';>'#D%GE98K#*8$=8B'AG=I$=8G'=B*=(($BGE=B*=(QTB@ " "#12-++3%+<%H7%&%I/=%7.///:./.2&M5S6K89$32WB*G(NBd"7HIGGG:B9'?+(J$ G=8$%#%$8$(J%'*(+D8'G=>+?($#+*=8I*%G$8G$B*=(>G%>?G8+*D'?8BR o Bd"7HHGH:NFG89%$B#$>88'$H8$%=*+*AA*G%BR o gj?7%<,20#>(2/#3%3#49%+<%12/("(*/%12%/=(%)=+3(%#"(#%+<%12/(33(4/,#3%-"+-("/$%)#*%0(>+2*/"#/(0%d$%/=(% G+,2012;%G#/=("*%+<%7,*/"#31#A%/=(%0"#</("*%+<%+,"%2#/1+2#3%I+2*/1/,/1+2BBB%E=(%/(J/%K+<%*%LMNJ&111OP%)#*% 2+/%01*4,**(0C%Z%$=>92e I+-$"1;=/%74/%MQRS%7289: $2-*,-3&'0-&4556&MT-2N# T(*1;2*%74/%UVVW%7289: )27*&82)93&'0-&455:#MT-2N# International conventions SUBSTANTIVE 6#"1*%I+2&(2/1+2%<+"%/=(%6"+/(4/1+2%+<%520,*/"1#3%6"+-("/$%"bb4k o cc'=89#%g'%g8d(*8$a'%qtb*=(($bge=[".a'%#*8$=8b 8("2(%I+2&(2/1+2%<+"%/=(%6"+/(4/1+2%+<%.1/("#"$%#20%7"/1*/14%H+"9*%NMSSRO X+>(%I+2&(2/1+2%NMQRMO 7;"((>(2/%+2%"#0(Y"(3#/(*%7*-(4/*%+<%#2/(33(4/,#3%$"+-("/$%X1;=/3%N"#$%O%"665k o W+B'A*>G+G8*8$B$=A'%>$C$=8 7,*/"#31#YZ[%G"((%E"#0(%7;"((>(2/%UVV\%N7Z[GE7O%k o kkq9$b$8%$*8g$b$b8*j+gb98'4'858#1-3473$71 5

5 International conventions PRACTICE-RELATED E"#0(>#"9%.#)%E"(#/$%MQQ\% o X1-3/6'12%1#3#8'4'858#378'4'1-$3-'&%#1-3473$7#7A*>G+G8*8G=E%$EGB8%*8G'=*>%'BBC?+8G#+$ >'?=8%G$B: [12;#-+"(%E"(#/$%+2%/=(%.#)%+<%E"#0(>#"9*%UVVR%7G=$AA$>8K*%$IGBG'='A89$"6658%$*8D: '14(%7;"((>(2/%I+24("212;%/=(%52/("2#/1+2#3%I3#**1<14#/1+2%+<%++0*%#20%[("&14(*%<+"%/=(%6,"-+*(*%+<% X(;1*/"#/1+2%+<%F#"9*%MQL] 72/1YI+,2/("<(1/12;%E"#0(%7;"((>(2/%UVMV F#0"10%6"+/+4+3%X(3#/12;%/+%/=(%52/("2#/1+2#3%X(;1*/"#/1+2%+<%E"#0(%F#"9*%MQSQ%k 6#/(2/%I+Y+-("#/1+2%E"(#/$%N6IEO%MQ]V%k o \G=E+$*##+G>*8G'=KB$=88'%$Y?$B8$(>'?=8%G$B o kkq9$b$8%$*8g$b;e%$*b$89$e+'j*+*##+g>*8g'=f9$$+b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lO)'%+(<=8$++$>8?*+ L%'#$%8Dl%E*=GB*8G'=7igJ'(D::9'F$I$%K(GAA$%$=8>'?=8%G$BCGE988*,$(GAA$%$=8IG$FB'=89$ '?8>'C$'AD'?%)<Ll*##+G>*8G'= J+,U#*54@-')41> " ;<=8$%=*8G'=*+@%$EGB8%*8G'=*>8GIG8G$B7>$=8%*+GB$(*(CG=GB8%*8G'=A'%%$>$G#8'A%$EGB8%*8G'= *##+G>*8G'=B:. L%'C'8$BG=8$%E'I$%=C$=8*+>''#$%*8G'=G=<L*(CG=GB8%*8G'=*=(9$+#B>'?=8%G$BFG89 89$G%<L*(CG=GB8%*8G'= 4 L%'C'8$B*=(?#(*8$B$HGB8G=E8%$*8G$BKC*,$B=$F8%$*8G$BK%?=B>'=A$%$=>$BR L%$^EX56[)<LlF*B$B8*J+GB9$(8'*(CG=GB8$%N o Q9$6#"1*%I+2&(2/1+2%*=(8("2(%I+2&(2/1+2O2)(%&%$F#-2%1%#237#15/1-34-'36#12)$-@)8'4C1:N " Q9$DA*G+$(8'%$Y?G%$BGE=*8'%G$B8'*('#8C*=DCG=GC?CB8*=(*%(B'A#%'8$>8G'=G= 89$G%('C$B8G>+$E*+BDB8$CB7=*8G'=*+8%$*8C$=87W%8dKj$%=$KA'%$H*C#+$:R " Q9$D(G(='8#%'IG($$AA$>8GI$$=A'%>$C$=8*=((GB#?8$%$B'+?8G'=#%'>$BB$BO (GB#?8$%$B'+?8G'=89%'?E9<2eR J23-#'1#"#$%; o 1BB$=8G*++DJ%'?E98*J'?8JD89$i\G=%$B#'=B$8'>'=>$%=B*J'?8'I$%B$*B#G%*>DK*+89'?E9 G8F*BY?G8$>'=8$=8G'?BJ$8F$$=($I$+'#G=E*=(($I$+'#$(>'?=8%G$BG8E'8?#*=(F*B >'=>+?($(G="665R o )QlC$CJ$%BC?B8BGE=?#8')Ql%?+$BKG=>+?(G=EEX56[O89$D89$=E$8*>>$BB8' J$=$AG>G*+8%*($%?+$B*=(*>>$BB8'(GB#?8$%$B'+?8G'=R d

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7 TOPIC 2: INTRODUCTION TO TRADE MARKS & RATIONALES FOR gj*+b'89*889$e"#0(%f#"9*%74/%mqq\%7289:f*b#*bb$(7*=(b$>?%$(m'd*+wbb$=8:8'j%g=ew?b8%*+g* G=8'>'C#+G*=>$FG89EX56[KJ?889GB=$I$%>*C$G=8'A'%>$R What is a TM??V"#1#;LNWQMWX1TWMmGB*BGE=?B$(K'%G=8$=($(8'J$?B$(K8'7'1-'4C5'12E''(B'%B$%IG>$B ($*+8FG89'%#%'IG($(G=89$>'?%B$'A8%*($JD*#$%B'=A%'CE''(B'%B$%IG>$BB'($*+8FG89'% #%'IG($(JD*=D'89$%#$%B'=R J23-#'1#3#1'C4:E##?V"#1#YNG=>+?($B89$A'++'FG=E'%*=D>'CJG=*8G'='A89$A'++'FG=EK=*C$+DK*=D+$88$%KF'%(K=*C$K BGE=*8?%$K=?C$%*+K($IG>$KJ%*=(K9$*(G=EK+*J$+K8G>,$8K*B#$>8'A#*>,*EG=EKB9*#$K>'+'?%KB'?=('% B>$=8R W8%*($C*%,GB*BGE=89*89$+#BD'?%$>'E=Gh$89$B'?%>$'A*#%'(?>8RZ'%$H*C#+$N B9*#$'A#*>,*EG=E F'%(BG=A*=>DB>%G#8 B9*#$#%'(?>8 >'+'?% B+'E*= Q%*($C*%,G=(G>*8$B>'=BGB8$=>D'AB'?%>$%*89$%89*=G($=8G8D'AB'?%>$GR$R89*889$#$%B'=F9'C*($ 89$#%'(?>889$AG%B88GC$GB89$'=$C*,G=EG889GB8GC$R Trade mark functions??2%#b$'8%#@)4@%$4#)*#-2%#?v"#'1#('-2#-2%#@3b3@'-a#)*#3#?v#-)#7'1-'4c5'12#-2%#c))71#)*#-2%#$%c'1-%$%7# )(4%$#*$)8#-2)1%#)*#34)-2%$#-$37%$F#9'F$I$%?=('?J8$(+D#$%A'%C'89$%A?=>8G'=BN " j*(e$'a'%geg= o <R$RG=(G>G?C'A89$C*=?A*>8?%$'%Y?*+G8D'AE''(BB'+(?=($%'%JD%$A$%$=>$8'G8K* E?*%*=8$$8'89$>'=B?C$%'A89$'%GEG='A89$E''(B'%B$%IG>$B7.C^"(#3: o Q9GB%$#%$B$=8B89$'4-%$%1-1#)*#-2%#@)4158%$1#G=*I'G(G=E($>$#8G'='%>'=A?BG'=*B8'89*8 '%GEG=. L%GI*8$#%'#$%8D o Q9$%$GB89$'4-%$%1-1#)*#-2%#-$37%$1KJ'89G=#%'8$>8G=E89$G%E''(FG++89%'?E989$>%$*8G'='A B8*8?8'%DB#$>G$B'A#%'#$%8D#%'8$>8$(JD89$*>8G'=*E*G=B8G=A%G=E$C$=8*=(G=8?%=G=E89GB #%'#$%8D8'I*+?*J+$*>>'?=8JD+G>$=BG=E'%*BBGE=C$=8GAB'C$'=$>*=@8%$+G*J+DG($=8GAD E''(B89$=8%*($%B9*I$+$BB'A*=G=>$=8GI$8'$=B?%$89$Y?*+G8D'A89$E''(B789$Y?*+G8D A?=>8G'=: o QTB*%$#%$(G>8'%B'AY?*+G8DPJ*(E$'AY?*+G8DO8%*($%B*%$89$%$A'%$G=>$=8GIGB$(8'G=I$B8 4 W(I$%8GBG=EP>'CC?=G>*8G'=P#%'C'8G'= S

8 o XGB8G=>8GI$C*%,B>*=9*I$*>*#*>G8D8'*(I$%8GB$K*=(89$%$A'%$8'#%'C'8$B*+$B'A #%'(?>8BB'+(?=($%'%JD%$A$%$=>$8'89$C7_E5`%.C^"(#3: o Q9GB%$#%$B$=8B89$'4-%$%1-1#)*#-2%#B$)75@%$1KQTB*%$I$%DI*+?*J+$G=#*%8J$>*?B$89$D >*=*>8*B*A'>*+#'G=8A'%#$%B?*BGI$*(I$%8GBG=E89*8B$$,B8'*88*>9$C'8G'=BKGC*E$B*=( B8*8?B8'*J%*=(K*=(9$=>$C*,$#%'(?>8BB'C*%,$(C'%$*88%*>8GI$R o L%'8$>8G=I$B8C$=88%*($%BC*,$G=89$G%#%'(?>8*=(89$G%J%*=(O " Z%*=,\>9$>98$%N89$%$GB9*%C8'89$QT'F=$%F9$=89$%$GB*;E%*(?*+F9G88+G=E *F*D'%(GB#$%BG'='A89$G($=8G8D*=(9'+(?#'=89$#?J+G>CG=('A89$C*%,'% =*C$JDG8B?B$?#'=='=^>'C#$8G=EE''(BRQ9$C'%$(GB8G=>8GI$'%?=GY?$89$ C*%,K89$($$#$%GBG8BGC#%$BB?#'=89$#?J+G>>'=B>G'?B=$BBK*=(89$E%$*8$%G8B =$$(A'%#%'8$>8G'=*E*G=B8IG8G*8G'='%(GBB'>G*8G'=A%'C89$#*%8G>?+*%#%'(?>8G= >'==$>8G'=FG89F9G>9G89*BJ$$=?B$(@ 5 2?+8?%*+%$B'?%>$U o g$f+d^%$>'e=gb$(#?j+g>g=8$%$b8g=89$$aa$>8'aqt?b$'=a%$$('c'a>'c#$8g8g'=*=( >'CC?=G>*8G'= o <B89GB89GBUU o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d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b

9 C*%,FG89*>'C#$8G8'%K9$+'B$B>'=8%'+'I$%89$E''(FG++*BB'>G*8$(FG8989$C*%,RQ9$%$#?8*8G'= 'A9GB'F=E''(BFG++J$9*%C$(GA89$>'C#$8G8'%B$++BG=A$%G'%E''(BR Q9$#%GC*%DA?=>8G'='A*8%*($C*%,K8%*(G8G'=*++DK9*BJ$$=8'G($=8GAD89$>'CC$%>G*+'%8%*($ '%GEG='A89$E''(B7'%B$%IG>$B:8'F9G>9G8GB*##+G$(RQ9GBK'A>'?%B$KGB'A>$=8%*+GC#'%8*=>$8'* 8%*($%*B89$C*%,89$=G=(G>*8$B8'89$C*%,$889*889$B$E''(B*%$9GBK$I$=GA9$GB='8#$%B'=*++D G($=8GAG$(K*=(G8J$>'C$B89$A'>?BA'%9GBE%'FG=EE''(FG++'%%$#?8*8G'=G=89*8C*%,$8R 6"+/(4/%4+2*,>("*N Z%'C89$>'=B?C$%nB#'G=8'AIG$FK$Y?*++D?=($BG%*J+$>'=B$Y?$=>$BFG++$=B?$KJ$>*?B$89$>+*%G8D 'A89$BGE=*+8%*=BCG88$(JD89$8%*($C*%,FG++J$GC#*G%$(RQ9$>'=B?C$%FG++J$>'=A?B$(*=( CGB+$(R Q9$$BB$=8G*+A?=>8G'='A*8%*($C*%,$H8$=(B8'#%'8$>8G'=A%'C*BB'>G*8G'=*B8''%GEG=R Z?+#+4-%$43-')436#G"#&#T)88)4(%36-2-./".032W54[7./".:.6"W&Mcc6 ZW2Q\N2'=B8G8?8G'=*+>*B$($>G($(JD32'=#+*G=#*>,*EG=E+$EGB+*8G'=R2GE*%$88$#*>,*EG=E>*==' +'=E$%(GB8G=E?GB9J%*=(BA%'C'=$*='89$%'89$%89*=JD]?B8B*DG=E89$=*C$'=G8RQ9GBC$*=B8%*($ Q9$+*FB*DB89$8'J*>>'>'C#*=G$B>*=,$$#89$G%%$EGB8$%$(8%*($C*%,BK89$DB8*D'=89$%$EGB8$%R >'C#*=G$B8%G$(8'*%E?$89*889$DF$%$($#%GI$('A89$B?JB8*=>$'A89$G%%GE98BR o 2'=BG($%N1#[;M...'N#4a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a?cc'fen8%*($c*%,+$egb+*8g'=v%$#%$b$=8b*=*>>'cc'(*8g'=j$8f$$=89$g=8$%$b8b'a8%*($%bk G=89$?B$'A8%*($C*%,BG=($I$+'#G=E89$E''(FG++'A89$G%J?BG=$BB$B*=(8?%=G=E89GB8'*>>'?=8 JD+G>$=BG=E*%%*=E$C$=8BK*=(89$G=8$%$B8B'A>'=B?C$%BKG=%$>'E=GBG=E8%*($C*%,B*B*J*(E$'A '%GEG='AE''(B'%B$%IG>$B*=(*I'G(G=E($>$#8G'='%>'=A?BG'=*B8'89*8'%GEG=R 6

10 <=F#//(3jG==G$eB*G(89*8%$EGB8$%$(8%*($C*%,B'#$%*8$(o*B*,G=('AB9'%8>?88'E$8>'=B?C$%B 8'F9$%$89$DF*=88'E'K*=(G=89*8F*D#$%A'%C*,$DA?=>8G'=G=*C*%,$8$>'='CDpR 2$%8*G=I*+?*J+$%GE98B*=(G=8$%$B8B'A%$EGB8$%$('F=$%BK*?89'%GB$(?B$%B*=(*##+G>*=8BA'% %$EGB8%*8G'=?=($%89$Q%*($T*%,BW>8*%$='8*AA$>8$(JD89$'#$%*8G'='A89$L*>,*EG=EW>8RZ'% $H*C#+$K89$%GE98'A*%$EGB8$%$('F=$%7'%*=*?89'%GB$(?B$%:8'B$$,%$+G$AA'%G=A%G=E$C$=8'A* %$EGB8$%$(8%*($C*%,#?%B?*=88'L8".'A89$Q%*($T*%,BW>8GB='8(GB8?%J$(R a?cc'fen89$qtwk+g,$'89$%8%*($c*%,+$egb+*8g'=k('$b='8>'=a$%'=%$egb8$%$('f=$%b'% *?89'%GB$(?B$%B*+GJ$%8D8'?B$%$EGB8$%$(8%*($C*%,BA%$$A%'C%$B8%*G=8BA'?=(G='89$%B8*8?8$BR a?cc'fenf9g+$89$8%*($c*%,b%$c*g='=89$a*>$'a89$%$egb8$%k89$g%i*+?$*=(?8g+g8da'% *BBGE=C$=8*=(+G>$=BG=EGBI$%DB?JB8*=8G*++DGC#*G%$(R 2%$==*=eN?B$(*+'=$K*+J$G8G=89$C*==$%%$B8%G>8$(JD89$L*>,*EG=EW>8K89$J%*=(=*C$B o)g=ag$+(pkox?=9g++pko2*c$+p*=(ol+(3'+j'%=p*%$>*#*j+$'a(gb>9*%eg=e89$>'%$a?=>8g'='a* *=(C*G=8*G=G=EE''(FG++R Are there any costs of a TM system? WQT>*=GC#'B$B$I$%$+GCG8*8G'=B'='89$%8%*($%BK($#$=(G=E'=89$B8%$=E89'A89$QTOA'% $H*C#+$'89$%8%*($%BC*DJ$#%$I$=8$(A%'C?BG=E8%*($C*%,$(F'%(BKBGE=BKBDCJ'+B'%>'+'?%B C*,G=EG89*%($%A'%89$C8'C*%,$889$G%#%'(?>8B*=(>'C#$8$ o <8>*=*+B'#%$I$=8#$'#+$C*,G=E*A?=>8G'=*+#%'(?>8J$>*?B$89$%$GB*8%*($C*%,'=89$ '=+D#%*>8G>*+F*D'AC*,G=E89$#%'(?>8R Q9$QTBDB8$C#+*>$B#'8$=8G*++GCG8B'=>'C#$8G8G'=[*=(A%$$B#$$>9O>'=BG($%GAD'?F*=8$(8' #%'8$B8*E*G=B8gG,$*=(#?889$G%+'E''=*BGE=KGB89GBG=A%G=E$C$=8U72'=BG($%KGB89GB*QT?B$: W+B'89$*(CG=GB8%*8GI$>'B8BG=I'+I$(G=*##+DG=EK#%'8$>8G=E*=(%$*##+DA'%*QTC*DJ$ #%'9GJG8GI$8'B'C$BC*++$%8%*($%BOJ?%$*?>%*>DGB>'B8+DK]?(E$BKQT%$IG$F$%BK Registered and unregistered TMs g'8*++qtb*%$%$egb8$%$(k'=+d89'b$f9g>9*%$e$889$#%'8$>8g'=*aa'%($(jd89$qtw i=%$egb8$%$(c*%,b>*=j$#%'8$>8$(89%'?e9#*bbg=e'aa'%cgb+$*(g=e*=(($>$#8gi$>'=(?>87>+"b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o kkl%'j+$cgb89*8*b$*%>9'a89$%$egb8$%>*='=+dj$*b8*%8g=e#'g=8k%$egb8$%gb='8 >'=>+?BGI$J$>*?B$B'C$C*%,B*%$='8%$EGB8$%$( "/

11 R%C'1-$3-')4#)B-')41# W##+D89%'?E9<LW?B8%*+G*G=W?B8%*+G* W##+D89%'?E9)<Ll?=($%89$F#0"10%6"+/+4+3*=(='CG=*8$W?B8%*+G**B*#+*>$D'?F*=8 #%'8$>8G'= e?b89*i$8'('f=+'*(*=*##+g>*8g'=a'%c*=(b$=(g8g=fg89*a$$rq9*8bgc#+$ B$*%>989$G=8$%=$8KB#$*,8'B'C$'=$G=89$G=(?B8%D*BB'>G*8G'=K9G%$*C*%,$8G=EAG%C'%B'C$'=$ 8'>'=(?>889$B$*%>9KB$*%>9J?BG=$BB=*C$%$EGB8$%'%('C*G==*C$%$EGB8$% Special TMs : collective TMs, certification TMs, defensive TMs T)66%@-'&%#83$01#M,-#;[F#11#;Y;\;YLNN'F=$(JD*='%E*=GB*8G'=*=(?B$(8'G($=8GADC$CJ$%B'A*= *BB'>G*8G'=KB$$B"c.R T%$-'*'@3-')4#83$01#M,-#;YF#11#;Y]\;]^NN('='8G=(G>*8$8%*($B'?%>$J?8G=(G>*8$*Y?*+G8DK*>>?%*>D'% B'C$'89$%>9*%*>8$%GB8G>'A89$E''(BK>$%8GAG$(JD*#$%B'=KB$$B"c6 1EK9$*%8A'?=(*8G'=8G>,'A*##%'I*+ lf=$%'a8$=fg++='8?b$89$c*%, T*%,FG++J$?B$(JDC*=D(GAA$%$=8AG%CB 1I$=>'C#$8G=EE''(BPB$%IG>$BFG++?B$89$B*C$C*%, P%*%41'&%#-$37%#83$01#M,-#;LF#11#;]_\;]`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

12 Application process for registering a TM 7j%G$A+DRgj*QTC?B8J$>*#*J+$'A(GB8G=E?GB9G=E89$*##+G>*=8@BEPBA%'C'89$%BR: DUTOG>#89$(GAA$%$=>$J$8F$$=89$E%'?=(B'A'##'BG8G'=89*8>*=J$%*GB$((?%G=E%.38'43-')4*B >'C#*%$(8'(?%G=E)BB)1'-')47*=(F9*889'B$#%'>$BB$B*%$: ( 7789:;8(<=(->?@A7A7B(&8BAC?;@?AD7(DE(@(0;@F8(3@;G( Application (s27) in approved form. Examination (s31) to ensure accordance with the Act and no grounds for rejection. Report (s31) explaining any deficiencies. Acceptance (s34) Notice of acceptance sent to applicant and advertised in Official Journal. Applicant Response Reconsideration Registration (s71) Registrar gives owner a certificate and advertises registration. Initial registration for 10 years from filing date. Hearing by Registrar Registrar must give applicant with opportunity to be heard before an application is rejected. Opposition Another person may oppose registration under Pt 5 Hearing by Registrar Unsuccessful opponent can appeal: s55 Rejection (s33) If application fails any criteria in Pt 4 Div 2. Result must be reported to applicant and advertised in Official Journal: s 34 Unsuccessful applicant may appeal to Federal Court: s 35 Refusal to register After hearing opposition Registrar may decide to refuse to register the TM Unsuccessful applicant may appeal to Federal Court: s 55 Renewal Every 10 years Appeal to Federal Court ".