Elizabeth I and Ireland

Transcription

1 Elizabeth I and Ireland The past generation has seen a veritable revolution in scholarly work on Elizabeth I, on Ireland, and on the colonial aspects of the literary productions that typically served to link the two. It is now commonly accepted that Elizabeth was a much more active and activist figure than an older scholarship allowed. Gaelic elites are acknowledged to have had close interactions with the crown and continental powers; Ireland itself has been shown to have occupied a greater place in Tudor political calculations than previously thought. Literary masterpieces of the age are recognised for their imperial and colonial entanglements. Elizabeth I and Ireland is the first collection to fully connect these recent scholarly advances. Bringing together historians of Ireland and England, and literary scholars of both vernacular languages, this is the first sustained consideration of the roles played by Elizabeth and by the Irish in shaping relations between the realms. brendan kane is Associate Professor of History at the University of Connecticut. valerie m cgowan-doyle is Associate Professor of History at Lorain County Community College and Adjunct Faculty in Irish Studies/Humanities, John Carroll University.

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3 Elizabeth I and Ireland Edited by Brendan Kane and Valerie McGowan-Doyle

4 University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. Information on this title: / Cambridge University Press 2014 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2014 Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Elizabeth I and Ireland / edited by Brendan Kane and Valerie McGowan-Doyle. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (hard-back : alk. paper) 1. Great Britain History Elizabeth, Great Britain Foreign relations Ireland. 3. Ireland Foreign relations Great Britain. 4. Ireland History 16th century. I. Kane, Brendan Michael, 1968 II. McGowan-Doyle, Valerie. DA355.E dc ISBN Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

5 To Vincent Carey Friend, mentor, and inspiration In Memoriam Nancy Comarella Robin Worley

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7 Contents List of illustrations List of contributors Acknowledgements List of abbreviations page ix x xiii xv 1 Elizabeth I and Ireland: an introduction 1 brendan kane and valerie mcgowan-doyle 2 Ireland s Eliza: queen or cailleach? 15 richard a. m ccabe 3 Elizabeth on Ireland 40 leah s. marcus 4 A bardic critique of queen and court: Ionmholta malairt bhisigh, Eochaidh Ó heodhasa, peter mcquillan 5 Recognising Elizabeth I: grafting, sovereignty, and the logic of icons in an instance of Irish bardic poetry 86 b. r. siegfried 6 Coming into the weigh-house: Elizabeth I and the government of Ireland 113 ciaran brady 7 An Irish perspective on Elizabeth s religion: Reformation thought and Henry Sidney s Irish lord deputyship, c to mark a. hutchinson 8 Elizabeth I, the Old English, and the rhetoric of counsel 163 valerie m cgowan-doyle vii

8 viii Contents 9 Base rogues and gentlemen of quality : the earl of Essex s Irish knights and royal displeasure in paul e. j. hammer 10 Tempt not God too long, O Queen : Elizabeth and the Irish crisis of the 1590s 209 hiram morgan 11 War poetry and counsel in early modern Ireland 239 andrew hadfield 12 Elizabeth on rebellion in Ireland and England: semper eadem? 261 brendan kane 13 Print, Protestantism, and cultural authority in Elizabethan Ireland 286 marc caball Bibliography 309 Index 335

9 Illustrations 1 Christ before Pilate. Source: Reproduced by kind permission of Trinity College Library, Dublin. page 94 2 Militant Seaán MacOliverus Burke. Source: Reproduced by kind permission of Trinity College Library, Dublin A Shovve of the Protestants Petigrevv as ye haue it before at large deducted. Source: Reproduced by kind permission of the Burke Library at Union Theological Seminary, Columbia University Libraries. 103 ix

10 Contributors ciaran brady: Professor, Early Modern History and Historiography, Trinity College, Dublin. Brady s many publications include The Chief Governors: the rise and fall of reform government in Tudor Ireland, (Cambridge, 1994) and the collection British interventions in early modern Ireland (Cambridge, 2005), coedited with Prof. Jane Ohlmeyer. His most recent book is James Anthony Froude: an intellectual biography of a Victorian prophet (2013). marc caball: Senior Lecturer, University College Dublin, School of History and Archives and current chairman of the COST (European Co-operation in Science and Technology) Domain Committee for Individuals, Societies, Cultures and Health. Caball has published widely on the cultural history of early modern Ireland. Among his recent publications are: Responses to transformation: Gaelic poets and the plantation of Ulster, in Éamonn Ó Ciardha and Micheál Ó Siochrú (eds.), The plantation of Ulster: ideology and practice (2012), pp , and Solid divine and worthy scholar : William Bedell, Venice and Gaelic culture, in James Kelly and Ciarán Mac Murchaidh (eds.), Irish and English: essays on the Irish linguistic and cultural frontier, (2012), pp He edited (with Andrew Carpenter), Oral and print cultures in Ireland, (2010). andrew hadfield: Professor, English, University of Sussex. Hadfield is the author and editor of a number of works, most recently, Edmund Spenser: A Life (2012), and The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern Prose, (2013). He is currently editing the works of Thomas Nashe and working on a study of lying in the early modern period. paul e. j. hammer: Professor, History, University of Colorado. x Hammer is author of The polarisation of Elizabethan politics: the political career of Robert Devereux, 2nd earl of Essex, (Cambridge,

11 Notes on contributors xi 1999) and Elizabeth s wars: government and society in Tudor England, (2003). Among his present book projects is one on the Essex Rising of mark a. hutchinson: Junior Research Fellow, Lichtenberg-Kolleg, University of Göttingen Institute of Advanced Study. Hutchinson was formerly an IRC Government of Ireland Postdoctoral Fellow at University College Cork. He is interested in the influence of reformed theology, as well as early modern statist thought, on Elizabethan government in Ireland. He recently contributed an article to the Sidney Journal in He is also working on a monograph that will examine Irish government policy from the 1550s to the 1590s, and the emergence of a modern notion of the state within Irish government correspondence. brendan kane (coeditor): Associate Professor, History, University of Connecticut. Kane s The politics and culture of honour in Britain and Ireland, appeared with Cambridge University Press in He is currently working on a study of knowledge/power relations in early modern England and Ireland. With Thomas Herron he co-curated the exhibition Nobility and newcomers in Renaissance Ireland (Folger Shakespeare Library, 19 January 19 May 2013) and co-wrote the exhibition catalogue of the same name. richard mccabe: Professor, English, Merton College, University of Oxford, FBA. McCabe s many publications include Spenser s monstrous regiment: Elizabethan Ireland and the poetics of difference (2002), Incest, drama and nature s law (Cambridge, 1993), and The pillars of eternity: time and providence in The Faerie Queene (1989). He also edited Edmund Spenser: the shorter poems (1999) and The Oxford Handbook of Edmund Spenser (2010). His current research addresses literary patronage in the early modern period and Renaissance tragedy. valerie m cgowan- doyle (coeditor): Associate Professor, History, Lorain County Community College, and Adjunct Faculty, Irish Studies/Humanities, John Carroll University. McGowan-Doyle is the author of The Book of Howth: Elizabethan conquest and the Old English (2011) as well as several essays on the Old English in the late Tudor and early Stuart periods. Her current work addresses women and violence in early modern Ireland.

12 xii Notes on contributors peter mcquillan: Associate Professor, Department of Irish Language and Literature, University of Notre Dame. McQuillan is author of Modality and the Subjunctive Mood in Irish (2002) and Native and Natural: Aspects of the Concepts of Right and Freedom in Irish (2004). He is now engaged on a study of Gaelic concepts of civility from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. leah marcus: Edwin Mims Professor of English, Vanderbilt University. Marcus s many publications include Puzzling Shakespeare: local reading and its discontents (1988) and Elizabeth I: collected works (coedited with Janel Mueller and Mary Beth Rose; 1986). She is currently finishing a book entitled How Shakespeare became colonial. hiram morgan: Senior Lecturer in History, University College Cork, and Director of CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts of Ireland. Morgan s many publications include Tyrone s rebellion: the outbreak of the Nine Years War in Ireland (1993) as well two edited essay collections, Political ideology in Ireland, (1999) and TheBattleof Kinsale (2004). He has recently coedited Great deeds in Ireland: Richard Stanihurst s De Rebus in Hibernia Gestis (2013) and is currently completing a biography of Hugh O Neill, earl of Tyrone, for the Royal Irish Academy. b. r. siegfried: Nan Osmond Grass Professor of English Literature, Brigham Young University. Siegfried s recent publications explore Irish influences on Elizabethan thought, including essays in the edited collections Ireland and the Pale (2011), The foreign relations of Elizabeth I (2011), Sidney Studies Journal special edition on the Pale (2011), and Elizabeth I: always her own free woman (2001). Gráinne Ní Mháille is the subject of her current booklength project.

13 Acknowledgements This project began as a conference of the same name hosted by the University of Connecticut (12 14 November 2009). Robert Tilton was instrumental in convincing us to organise it and in encouraging a broad disciplinary approach. The other members of the organising committee were vital in bringing together just such an interdisciplinary programme: Kenneth Gouwens, Elizabeth Hart, Rachael Lynch, and Gregory Semenza. In the days of uncertainty over whether we could host such an ambitious conference in the midst of global financial downturn, the University of Connecticut Humanities Institute came to the rescue with the funding that allowed it to go ahead. We are immensely grateful to its director, Sharon Harris, for allowing both the conference and thus ultimately this collection to happen. Funding was also provided by the University of Connecticut s Departments of History and English, the Research Administration, the Office of the Dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, European Studies, the Renaissance Colloquium, and Irish Studies, and we thank the following for all their assistance in that process: Richard Brown, Mary Burke, Nancy Comarella, Clare Costley-King oo, John Davis, Hap Fairbanks, Wayne Franklin, Charles Mahoney, Jeffrey Ogbar, Shirley Roe, Gregory Semenza, Jeremy Teitlebaum, Robert Tilton, and Robin Worley. Thanks go to our plenary speakers, Marc Caball, Paul Hammer, Leah Marcus, and Hiram Morgan, and to those who gave presentations: Jean Brink, Ruth Canning, Vincent Carey, Kim Draggoo, Stephen Galbraith, Thomas Herron, Karen Holland, Mark Hutchinson, Stuart Kinsella, Eric Klingelhofer, Wayne E. Lee, Brian Lockey, Chris Maginn, Adam McKeown, Peter McQuillan, John Montano, Eoin O Neill, Rory Rapple, Brandie Siegfried, and Natalie Sweet. We also wish to praise those who chaired panels, Mary Burke, Clare Costley-King oo, Elizabeth Hart, and Donald McNamara. Rebecca Rondeau and Steve Rugens in Conference Services made it all work smoothly. Gratitude, finally, is owed to those who attended the conference, providing lively and productive discussion. xiii

14 xiv Acknowledgements Special thanks are also due to Peter Lake for his support of the project from its inception. We extend our deepest gratitude to the editors and staff at Cambridge University Press in particular to Elizabeth Friend-Smith, Maartje Scheltens, Katy Mack, Joanna Breeze, Karen Anderson Howes, and Chloe Dawson for their tremendous assistance and patience as well as to the anonymous readers for their close attention to the text and productive comments. Intellectually, this collection is indebted to the path-breaking work on the topic of Elizabeth I and Ireland by Hiram Morgan and Vincent Carey. The volume is dedicated to Vincent as small thanks for his many years of encouragement and intellectual inspiration. It is also dedicated in memoriam to two wonderful people without whom the conference would never have happened: Nancy Comarella, Graduate Program Assistant in History, and Robin Worley, Business Manager in English, both at the University of Connecticut. Beloved friends and colleagues, they are mourned and missed by all who knew them. And, finally, with love and thanks we acknowledge our greatest supporters, Patrick, Maebh, Mary Clare, Sandy, Eoin, and Gavin.

15 Abbreviations BL Cal. Carew CSPD British Library Calendar of the Carew manuscripts preserved in the archiepiscopal library at Lambeth, , J. S. Brewer and William Bullen (eds.), 6 vols. (London, ) Calendar of state papers, domestic, R.Lemon and M. A. E. Green (eds.), 12 vols. (London, ) CSPI Calendar of state papers relating to Ireland , H.C.Hamilton,E.G.Atkinson, and R. P. Mahaffy (eds.), 11 vols. (London, ) DIB HMC, Salisbury Letters and memorials LPL ODNB Sidney SP SP TNA Dictionary of Irish biography, James McGuire and James Quinn (eds.), 9 vols. (Cambridge, 2009) Historical Manuscripts Commission, Calendar of manuscripts of the... marquess of Salisbury preserved at Hatfield House, 24 vols. (London, ) Arthur Collins (ed.), Letters and memorials of state, 2 vols. (London, 1746) Lambeth Palace Library Oxford dictionary of national biography, H.C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (eds.), 60 vols. (Oxford University Press, 2004) Sidney state papers, , Tomás Ó Laidhin (ed.) (Dublin, 1962) The National Archives, State Papers, Ireland The National Archives, London xv