Early Design Tools and Methods of Representation

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2 Early Design Tools and Methods of Representation -Ancient Architectural Forms and Spaces -Early Architectural Representation -Geometrical Proportions -The Human Scale in Architecture -The Invention of the Perspective Drawing -Understanding Perspective -Perspective as a Spatial Tool -Illustrations as Design and Communication Tools -Drafted Construction Drawings -Rendered Persepectives -Collage -Paintings The Use of the Computer in Architectural Design and Representation -Diagrams -Analytical and Informational -2D diagrams and illustrations -3D diagrams and illustrations -Digitally i Produced d Drawings -Drafting -Construction Drawings and Communication -Digtial Renderings -Digital Models -Materials and Maps -Atmospheres and Effects -Digital Fabrication -2D Cutting -3D Solid Modeling

3 Ancient Architecture Stonehenge England circa BC The Pyramids of Giza Egypt circa 2500 BC

4 Classical Architecture The Parthenon Athens, Greece (447BC-438BC) Greek Orders Doric, Ionic, Corinthean Greek proportions; Module is the radius of the column base. Each module is divided into 30 equal parts. Relationship of parts to the whole.

5 Vitruvian Man (1490) Leonardo da Vinci Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore Florence,Italy ( ) Fillipo Brunelleschi (dome)

6 Substituting sight lines with strings; The point where the string crosses the picture plane was marked with crossing strings and the crossing was marked on a screen panel. Alb ht D ( ) G P i t Albrecht Durer ( ) German Painter perspective machines substituting sight lines with strings

7 Cortile del Belvedere Florence,Italy Circa 1560 Donato Bramonte

8 The representation of buildings communicate different information to different people. The perspective rendering of the house illustrates the design and provides the client with an image. The construction documents and/or working drawings communicate information to the contractor/builder. Both can be used by the architect as design tools to better understand the architecture. Fallingwater Bear Run, Pennsylvania 1935 Frank Lloyd Wright

9 In order to communicate their designs, theories, concepts, and visions of future architectural conditions, both Archigram and Superstudio (in the 1960 s) used collage techniques; mixing drawings, renderings, photos, newsprint, graphics, etc. to create illustrations. Archigram Living City 1960 s Superstudio 1960 s

10 Painting as a means of exploration and conceptualization of space. Zaha Hadid Paintings Various dates

11 THE USE OF THE COMPUTER AS A DESIGN TOOL UNIVAC The first commercially available computer 1952

12 Adobe Illustrator Interface Diagrams and Graphic Design

13 London Underground Maps Map - interactive, animated Graphic design and Illustration programs allow for precise diagrams offering a wide spectrum of colors, lineweights, linetypes, fonts, etc.

14 The Seattle Public Library Seattle, Washington Completed 2004 Office of Metropolitan Architecture (OMA)

15 The Yokohama Ferry Terminal Yokohama, Japan Completed 2002 Foreign Office Architects

16 Stackable Sky Village High Rise Copenhagen, Denmark 2008 (competition entry) MVRDV

17 Computer Aided Drafting and Design (CADD) AutoCAD Interface

18 Level 05 Plan Level 10 Plan Stackable Sky Village High Rise Copenhagen, Denmark 2008 (competition entry) MVRDV

19 The Yokohama Ferry Terminal Yokohama, Japan Completed 2002 Foreign Office Architects

20 The MIT Stata Center Cambridge, Massachusetts Completed 2004 Frank O. Gehry & Associates

21 Rhino Interface Digital Modeling and Rendering

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24 Diller Scofidio + Renfro (Left) Alice Tully Hall, New York, NY (Right) The Phantom Eco-House

25 Stackable Sky Village High Rise Copenhagen, Denmark 2008 (competition entry) MVRDV

26 Guggenheim Museum (competition entry) Guadalajara, Mexico Asymptote In this example, the use of the computer allows the architects to explore complex forms and geometry which has a great influence on the design of their buildings. NURBS geometry is used generate a complex, double curved form. The computer rendering technique also influences and allows for very specific spatial and atmospheric qualities, such as reflectivity and glow. The wireframe geometry of the model begins to indicate a finer layer of scale and implies a panelization of the surface, bringing a tectonic quality to the representation of the building.

27 Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) [Digital Fabrication] Water Jet Cutter

28 2D Cutting CAM Tools -Laser Cutter -Water Jet Cutter -CNC Milling Machine

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31 Ol i A ti C t Olympic Aquatic Center London, England Zaha Hadid

32 The Instant House Housing for New Orleans, LA 2008 MIT (Larry Sass) In this proposal, Larry Sass uses CNC fabrication technology to produce mass customized housing for the city of New Orleans in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Stacks of plywood could be delivered to the site, and using a laptop and CNC router, panels would be cut to size and labeled. The panels could be assembled in a similar manner to assembling puzzle pieces, providing a quick and efficient construction process.

33 The de Young Museum The de Young Museum San Francisco, California Completed 2005 Herzog & demeuron