A comparative study of the leadership of Republican factions in Iowa,

Transcription

1 University of Iowa Iowa Research Online Theses and Dissertations 1956 A comparative study of the leadership of Republican factions in Iowa, Eli Daniel Potts University of Iowa No known copyright restrictions. This thesis is available at Iowa Research Online: Recommended Citation Potts, Eli Daniel. "A comparative study of the leadership of Republican factions in Iowa, " MA (Master of Arts) thesis, State University of Iowa, Follow this and additional works at: Part of the United States History Commons

2 A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE LEADERSHIP OF REPUBLICAN FACTIONS IN IOWA, by E li D aniel P o tts A th e s is subm itted in p a r t i a l f u lf illm e n t of the req u irem en ts f o r the degree o f M aster of A rts, in th e D epartm ent of H isto ry in th e G raduate C ollege of th e S ta te U n iv e rs ity o f Iowa June, 1956 Chairman: Assistant Professor Samuel P. Hays

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction... The Sample A g e N ativ ity... Number of Rural Dwellers in th e Three Factions and Urban Population D istrib u tio n of Those Members of the Three Groups who Lived in Areas with over 500 Population Occupation and Economic Class D ivision E d u c a t i o n Religion... Membership in F ratern al O rganizations... Veterans Previous P o litic a l Alignment Previous P o litic a l E xperience Conclusion... Thesis B ibliography Introduction to Appendix I Appendix I (Biographical) Appendix II (Other Roosevelt Progressive Leaders) Appendix Bibliography ii

4 Number TABLE OF TABLES Page 1. Political Posts Held by Progressive Party Leaders Selected Political Posts Held by Cummins Progressive Party Leaders Selected Political Posts Held by Standpat Republican Party Leaders Selected... Mean and Median Ages Age Distribution of Three Republican Groups, as of a. Paternal Nativity B. Number and Percentage of Iowa Population with One or Both Parents Foreign Born; and Number and Percentage of Total Sample (300) with One or Both Parents Foreign Born Birthplace Age of Arrival in Iowa of Those Members of the Three Factions who Were Born Outside of the State Population of Town or City in Which Leaders of the Three Factions Had Their Major Residences at the Time They V/ere Leaders Father1s Primary Occupation at Birth of Republican Leaders Occupations Economic Class Division... i i i

5 Number TABLE OF TABLES (Continued) Page 13. Highest Educational Level Religion Membership in Fraternal Organizations Number of Fraternal Organizations Belonged To by Each Man Who Was a Member of at Least One Previous Political Experience Before 1908, , or iv

6 1 INTRODUCTION As one looked over th e broad f lo o r of th e P ro g re s s iv e N a tio n a l Convention in 1912 he could see h e re and th e re such v aried d e le g a te s as the h u m an itarian lane Addams and the f in a n c ie r George P e rk in s. These and many o th e rs met on t h i s s u l t r y August day in Chicago to fo rm ally launch a new p o l i t i c a l p a rty on th e always rough sea of p o l i t i c s. I t i s a C h ris tia n C rusade, you m ight have heard someone sa y. But a s k e p tic m ight have asked: a g a in s t whom and f o r whom were th e C rusaders e n te rin g the fray? A gainst the poor and downtrodden? C e rta in ly th ey were n o t going to re c e iv e f u r t h e r blows from such as lane Addams. The e v il ric h? Then why d id men lik e George P e rk in s support th e p a rty so generously w ith t h e i r tim e and fo rtu n e s. The g re a t American M iddle-c lass? That would be th e h e ig h t of fo o lis h n e s s ; w e re n 't a l l th ese d e le g a te s of t h i s g re a t American M iddle-c lass? Who were th e s e P ro g re s s iv e s and what was t h e i r movement a l l about? Many approaches have been used to exp lo re th is q u e stio n : tra c in g th e h i s t o r i c a l developm ent of p ro g re ssiv ism in th e U n ited S ta te s w hich f i n a l l y le d to the crusade of , exam ination o f th e p e rso n a l m otives

7 2 of Theodore Roosevelt, and analysis of the party*s p la t form and speeches by i t s lead ers. More recen tly, h isto ria n s have undertaken studies of the Party* s leadership which have shed considerable new lig h t on its composition and i t s meaning. Two stu d ies of th is nature are e sp ec ially imp o rtan t. In the f i r s t Professor George Mowry examined the personal h is to rie s of forty-seven C alifo rn ia Progressives in order to form a c o lle ctiv e p o rtra it of the "typical*1 Progressive leader. Mowry says th a t th is "typical** leader was from the m iddle-class, was P ro te sta n t, had a western background and/or a north European name, was quite often a Mason, and had generally been, at le a s t u n til 1900, a conservative Republican w illin g to go along with men lik e Senator Hanna and P resident McKinley.*1' A lfred D. Chandler, J r. in a study or 260 Progressive P arty leaders reached sim ilar conclusions. The ty p ic a l Progressive, argues Chandler, was urban and middlec la ss, native American P ro te sta n t, was quite lik e ly to be a professional man and a college graduate and had had l i t t l e experience in p o litic s and then as a rule only in 1. George George Mowry, Mowry, The CThe alifornia C alifornia Progressives Progressives (Berkeley and Los Angeles: U niversity of C alifo rn ia P ress), pp

8 3 local p o litic s. This lack of p o l it i c a l experience, Chandler argues, combined with the lack of any in s titu tio n a l d i s cipline and the in d iv id u a lis tic m iddle-class a ttitu d e s of the group caused the decline of the Progressive P a rty.2 Chandler divides h is 260 leaders in to geographical sections and the conclusions reached d iffe r in some respects according to section. These studies by Mowry and Chandler have been esp ecially im portant in forming the foundation of an in creasingly accepted theory as to the ro o ts of progressivism. Professor Mowry r e lie s larg ely upon his c o lle ctiv e biography to support the view th at the Progressive movement was a m iddle-class rev o lt against the power of both b ig business and organized labor. More recen tly P rofessor Richard H ofstadter in v The Age of Reform, has accepted these two studies and has b u ilt upon them an impressive body of theory about the Progressive movement. I t was, he argues, a m iddle-class in d iv id u a lis tic response to changing p atterns in American society. The Progressive movement, H ofstadter says, was a 2. Alfred D. Chandler, J r., T,The Origins of Progressive L eadership, The L etters of Theodore H oosevelt, eds. E lting E. Morison, John M. Blum, Alfred D. Chandler, J r., and Sylvia Rice (Cambridge: Harvard U niversity Press, 1954), V III, Appendix I I I, pp

9 4 statu s revolution of the m iddle-class ag ain st: the newly rich, the grandiousely or corruptly ric h, the masters of g reat corporations, who were bypassing the men of the Mugwump type the old gentry, the merchants of long standing, the small m anufacturers, the e sta b lished professional men, the civic leaders of an e a rlie r e r a.3 Thus the Progressive party was, according to H ofstadter, a t- revolt of the old ag ain st the in creasin g ly dominant new. These th eo ries of Mowry and H ofstadter go too u f a r. For while they assume th a t the Progressives were uniquely m id d le-class, th e ir c o lle c tiv e biographies, the major evidence on which th e ir conclusions are based, do not prove th is to be tru e. Mowry and Chandler have shown what the backgrounds of two groups of Progressives were, but not what was unique about those backgrounds. The major question should be: was the ty p ic a l Progressive leader d iffe re n t from the leaders of the other two Republican factions and i f so in what way? Only a fte r answering th is question w ill we know what was d is tin c tiv e about the Progressive P arty, and only a fte r we find what was d is tin c tiv e can we begin to theorize sa fely as to the reasons for the ris e of the party. 3. Richard Hof st ad te r, The Age of Reform (New York: Alfred D. Knopf, 1955), p

10 Oar major problem then, despite the Mowry- Chandler studies, still remains: in what ways were the Progressives distinctive? Suppose that this study, for example, should find that the leaders of all three factions were of the middle-class. Then the idea of Mowry, Chandler, and Hofstadter that the Progressive movement was a mid die-class revolt would lose much of its validity. Moreover, we would be able to argue that in its middleclass character the Progressive Party v s like all American political parties at the time in that they drew their leadership from the middle-class. The mere fact that the Progressives were middle-class fails to establish the fact that they were uniquely or the middle-class. The Mowry-Chandler studies have assumed, and Professor Hofstadter has accepted and elaborated on their assumptions, that the Progressive party leaders were somehow different from leaders or the other two factions. But they have certainly offered no comparative proof that this is so. If it was found that the Progressive leaders were really unique in background from the other two groups studied herein, then we would have a true basis on which to foim generalizations about their uniqueness. On the other hand, if it was found that the Progressive Party leaders were 5

11 6 n o t unique in background then we would c e r t a i n l y have to look elsew here fo r our e x p la n a tio n of the P ro g re ss iv e P a rty. P ro fe ss o rs Mowry, C handler, and H o fs ta d te r, moreo v e r, fre q u e n tly imply t h a t g e n e ra liz a tio n s based upon c e r ta in groups of P ro g re ss iv e P a rty le a d e rs c o r r e c tly desc rib e the P ro g re ssiv e movement. Here th e y f a i l to d i s tin g u is h between the B ull Moose P a rty of 1912 and broader fe a tu re s of p ro g re ssiv ism p rio r to and a f t e r the B u ll Moose P a rty ( ) w hich might have d iffe re d from th e p a rty i t s e l f. In Iowa, w ith which t h i s paper is p rim a rily concerned, the p ro g re ssiv e movement th riv e d from 1901 to 1912 alm ost e x c lu s iv e ly under the le a d e rs h ip of Governor and S enator A lb e rt B aird Cummins.^ Might n o t the Cummins move- / ment have d if f e r e d from th e B u ll Moose P a rty? In o th e r words to know what was unique about R oosevelt P ro g re ss iv e s we must d isc o v e r hew th e y were d i s t i n c t i v e n o t only in th e 4. S enator Cummins was e le c te d Governor in 1901 and S en ato r in 1908 a lth o u g h Mowry says 1902 and H o fsta d te r says 1910 as th e date f o r h is f i r s t e le c tio n as Governor. One of th e m ajor problem s of th e P ro g re ss iv e P a rty in 1912 was th a t many of th e s e Cummins P ro g re s s iv e s, in c lu d ing S enator Cummins h im self and S e n a to r Kenyon, did not break openly w ith the R epublican P a rty in 1912; many of them d id, however, su p p o rt R o osevelt s e m i-p riv a te ly.

12 7 to ta l p ictu re, but among P rogressives t h e m s e l v e s. ^ The techniques of c o lle c tiv e biography and s t a t i s t i c a l analysis as used by Mowry, Chandler, and other students in various fie ld s w ill be used herein to d e te r mine the differences among the three factio n s of Iowa Republicans. Categories used to describe the p o litic a l leadeis are for the most p art the same as those used by Mowry and Chandler, although a few others have been added. Personal h is to rie s of one-hundred men of each of ^ f the three factions w in be described, compared and contraste d in th e main body of th is th e s is. By determining in what categories the three groups were sim ilar and d is sim ilar i t is hoped th a t some r e a l in sig h t w ill be gained into the composition of the Progressive P arty. We must know what is d is tin c tiv e about the Progressives before we can safely go fu rth e r into analyzing the party and/or 6 movement. 5. The three-way s p l i t in the Iowa Republican Party in 1912 suggests th a t there were differen ces between the Progressive fa c tio n s. These three wings of 1912 were the Roosevelt P rogressives, Standpats, and the Cummins Progressives. 6. Of a d d itio n al importance here is the attem pt to determine i f the Cummins Progressives were d iffe re n t in background as, i f th is proves to be the case, i t might help to explain why they did not unite with the Progressive P arty in i t s crusade of 1912.)

13 8 THE SAMPLE For this study our sample co n sists of 100 p o litic a l leaders from each of three Iowa Republican fac tio n s. Such a sample seems s u ffic ie n tly large to make valid comparisons and contrasts; a t the same time i t is convenient for pur- 7 poses of calcu latin g percentages. Members of the sample occupied a v a rie ty of positions in the party. Holders of s ta te and n atio n al o ffices and candidates for such o ffice s comprise by fa r the la rg e s t group; others were members of the s ta te party organizations who held no public o ffic e, s ta te and n a tio n a l convention delegates, o ffice rs of p o litic a l clubs, and prominent campaigners. Tables 1, 2, and 3 present a complete breakdown 7. The m ajority of the sample for the Cummins Progressive and Standpat factio n s was taken from the f i l e s of the Des Moines R egister and Leader fo r The s p l i t between these two Republican groups was quite apparent th is year and the R egister and Leader was in the h ab it of breaking down the groups of men dis cussed into the two factions; thus i t provides a good source for obtaining names of men belonging to each of the factio n s which were so evident in The names of the Roosevelt Progressives were taken for the most part from the Iowa O ffic ia l R egister of and C ertain sections of these books lis te d the candidates for o ffic e s for each p arty plus members of the s ta te and n atio n al party organiz a tio n s. As the Progressive Party wasn*t in existence u n til 1912 i t was impossible to obtain a breakdown of the membership before th a t date.

14 9 Table 1 POLITICAL POSTS HELD BY PROGRESSIVE PARTY LEADERS SELECTED How S e le c te d Number D elegates to P ro g re s s iv e N a tio n a l C onvention, A lte rn a te D eleg ates to P ro g re ss iv e N a tio n a l Convention, D elegates to S ta te P ro g re ss iv e Convention w ith no o th e r p o s itio n, Members of S ta te P ro g re ss iv e C onvention Com m ittees, P ro g re ssiv e can d id ates fo r E le c to r, P ro g re ssiv e can d id ate s fo r S ta te R e p rese n t a t i v e, P ro g re ssiv e can d id ate s fo r S ta te S e n a to r, P ro g re ssiv e can d id ates fo r S ta te R ep resen t a t i v e, P ro g re ss iv e can d id ate s f o r S ta te S e n a to r, P ro g re ssiv e c an d id ate s fo r s ta te o f f ic e s, P ro g re ssiv e c an d id ates f o r s ta te o f f ic e s, P ro g re ssiv e can d id ates fo r U.S. C ongress, P ro g re ssiv e c an d id ate s fo r U.S. C ongress, O ffic e rs of S ta te P ro g re ss iv e C onvention, O ffic e rs of S ta te P ro g re ss iv e C onvention, P ro v is io n a l S ta te Committeemen, P ro g re ssiv e S ta te Committeemen, P ro g re ssiv e cam paigners w ith no o th er p o s itio n 1

15 10 Table 2 POLITICAL POSTS HELD BY cummins p r o g r e s s iv e party leaders selected How S e le c te d Number 3 t a t e R e p r e s e n ta tiv e, S t a te S e n a to r, Cummins P r o g r e s s iv e s e le c t e d S t a te S e n a to r, Cummins P r o g r e s s iv e s e le c t e d S t a t e R e p re s e n t a t i v e, S ta te o f r i c e r s l i s t e d a s Cummins P r o g r e s s iv e s, C a n d id a te s in 1908 R e p u b lic a n p r im a r ie s f o r s t a t e o f f i c e who w ere l i s t e d as Cummins P r o g r e s s iv e s, C o n g re s s io n a l c a n d id a te s o r C ongressm en l i s t e d a s Cummins P r o g r e s s iv e s, D e le g a te s to R e p u b lic a n S t a t e C o n v e n tio n, P ro m in en t Cummins c am p aig n e rs a s l i s t e d i n R e g is te r and L e a d e r, Cum m ins's C lub P r e s i d e n t s, V ic e - P r e s id e n ts o r S e c r e t a r i e s,

16 11 Table 3 POLITICAL POSTS HELD BY STANDPAT REPUBLICAN PARTY LEADERS SELECTED How Selected Number State Representatives, State Senators, Congressional Candidates or Congressmen, Candidates for state office, Candidates for State Representative, Men mentioned as candidates against Cummins for Senator after death of Senator Allison, Delegates to Republican State Convention, Members of Standpat Conference which nominated Lacey for Senator, Campaigners for Allison and/or Lacey 6 Officers of Allison Clubs 1

17 12 of the p a rty p o s itio n s h eld by our group o f le a d e r s. A number of le a d e rs, prom inent in Iowa R epublican p o l i t i c s, do not a p p ea r in our sam ple. Some of th ese were excluded because i t was p r a c t i c a l l y im p o ssib le to c la s s if y them w ith e ith e r the Cummins P ro g re ss iv e or S tan d p at f a c tio n s. At t h i s p e rio d (1908) in Iowa h i s t o r y many men stood on th e fence so to speak w hile o th e rs l e f t one f a c tio n to move to the o th e r. P erhaps the m ost n o ta b le example of t h i s group is S en ato r Jonathan P. D o lliv e r, who, a f t e r th e d eath of S en ato r A llis o n in 1908 was a man tem p o rarily w ith o u t a f a c tio n. S ta n d p ats co n sid ered S enator D o lliv e r to be a P ro g re ss iv e and co n v ersely P ro g re s s iv e s thought he was a S ta n d p a t. There was no such d i f f i c u l t y w ith P ro g re ssiv e P a rty le a d e rs o f 1912; th e se men were e ith e r members of the P ro g re ssiv e P a rty or th e y were n o t. However, i t was e s p e c ia lly d i f f i c u l t to fin d m a te ria l about many of the prom inent R oosevelt P ro g re s s iv e s ; th e se th e re fo re were excluded from th e sam ple. A l i s t of men of t h i s fa c tio n fo r which no m a te ria l save t h e i r county of re sid e n c e could be found appears in Appendix I I.

18 13 AGE C om positely, the C a lifo rn ia P ro g re ss iv e le a d e r was a young man, o ften le s s th an f o r ty years o ld. The Iowa R oosevelt P ro g re ss iv e le a d e r was e q u a lly young, and younger than le a d e rs of e i t h e r o f th e o th e r two f a c tio n s. While th e mean age of the R o o sev elt P ro g re ss iv e as of 1910 was 47, th a t of the Cummins P ro g re ssiv e was 52 and of th e S ta n d p at, 56. Thus, th e re e x is te d a spread of nine y e ars in age between the B u ll Mooser and the S ta n d p a t. Table 4 MEAN AND MEDIAN AGES P a rty Mean Median R oosevelt P ro g re ss iv e S tandpat Cummins P ro g re ssiv e P ro p o rtio n s of each group in v a rio u s age c a te g o rie s a ls o d iffe re d g r e a t ly. F ive p e r-c e n t of the 8. Mowry, 0. c i t,, p. 86,

19 14 R oosevelt P ro g re s s iv e s were under t h i r t y ; none of the S tandp a ts o r Cummins P ro g re s s iv e s were t h i s young. W hile 30$ o f the R oosevelt P ro g re s s iv e s were under f o r ty, only 14$ o f the Cummins P ro g re s s iv e s and only 4$ of the S ta n d p ats f e l l in th e same b ra c k e t. The age group, under f i f t y, d isp la y s a s im ila r d iffe re n c e ; 54$ of th e R oosevelt P ro g re s s iv e s, 40$ of th e Cummins P ro g re s s iv e s and 19$ of th e S tan d p ats f e l l in t h i s c ateg o ry. Table 5 AGE DISTRIBUTION OF THREE REPUBLICAN GROUPS, AS OF 1910 R oosevelt P ro g re ss iv e S tandpat Cummins P ro g re ss iv e Under Over

20 15 F ig u res fo r th e upper-age c a te g o rie s re v e a l also th e r e l a t i v e youth of the R o o sev elt P ro g re ss iv e s and age of the S ta n d p a ts. While 42$ o f th e S tan d p ats were over s ix ty, only 26$ o f th e Cummins P ro g re s s iv e s and 24$ of th e R oosevelt P ro g re s s iv e s were in th e same c a te g o ry. On the o th e r hand, 19$ o f th e S tan d p ats were over sev en ty, w hile only 7$ o f each of the o th e r two f a c tio n s were in th is group. One S ta n d p a tte r, S en ato r W illiam B. A llis o n, would have been eig h ty -o n e in 1910 had he s t i l l liv e d.

21 16 NATIVITY Professor Chandler remarks th a t his 260 Progressive P arty leaders "were native born..only n ine...w ere Q born outside the United S t a te s." 7 P rofessor Mowry, though he presents no exact figu res, sta te s th a t the C alifornia Progressive "had probably been born in the Middle W est... and...carried a north-european name."'*'0 The Iowa Roose- v e lt Progressives were a lso predominantly native-american, but so were the other two Republican fac tio n s. In fa c t, the Standpats were more native born than were e ith e r the B ull Moosers or the Cummins P rogressives. This i s re fle c te d in the n a tiv ity of both the le a d e rs 1 fa th e rs and the leaders them selves. Of the fa th e rs of Roosevelt Progressives 70% were born in the United S ta te s; on the other hand 71$ of the fath ers of Cummins P rogressives and 79% of those of the Standpats were native born.-*--*- Of the leaders them selves, 9. Chandler, 0. cit»,p Mowry, 0. c i t., p U nfortunately th ere is a large unknown group here. Some of these fa th e rs are known to have been born in the United S tates and where th is is known i t i s so given both in Table 6a and in the Appendix. A large group of men also e x ists fo r which no inform ation as to father*s b ir th place is known a t a ll. The t o t a l number unknown was 20 for the Roosevelt P rogressives and 23 for each of the other two groups.

22 17 87c/o of th e R o o sev elt P ro g re s s iv e s, 89% of the Cummins P ro g re ss iv e s and 90% o f th e S ta n d p ats were n a tiv e born. Both of th e P ro g re ss iv e f a c t io n s, th e r e f o r e, were l e s s n a tiv e -b o rn and gave more r e p r e s e n ta tio n t o fo re ig n n a tio n a lity groups than d id th e S ta n d p a ts. This is e s p e c ia lly tr u e of th e S candinavian elem ent. The f a th e r s of fiv e each of th e Cummins and R oosevelt P ro g re ss iv e s were S candinavian born, w h ile among the S tan d p ats th e f a th e r of only one was S can d in av ian. On the o th e r hand, fo u r of th e R o o sev elt P ro g re ss iv e s were them selves S candinavian born, two of th e Cummins P ro g re ssiv es, and none of th e S ta n d p a ts. These f a c t s help to support th e view t h a t both P ro g re ss iv e groups rec e iv e d co n sid era b le S candinavian su p p o rt, a f a c t a lre a d y su g g ested by th e o b se rv a tio n th a t th e stro n g h o ld o f both P ro g re ssiv e fa c tio n s la y in n o rth c e n tr a l and n o rth w e ste rn Iowa where most o f the Iowa S candinavian s e ttle m e n t took p la c e. L eaders from Canadian and B r i t i s h backgrounds a lso found im p o rtan t r e p r e s e n ta tio n in the two P ro g re ssiv e groups. Among th e R o o sev elt P ro g re ss iv e le a d e r s, th e p a re n ts of n in e were born in G reat B r ita in, as compared to th ir te e n fo r th e Cummins P ro g re s s iv e s, and only f iv e f o r the S ta n d p a ts; a t the same tim e two each of the R o o sev elt

23 18 P ro g re ssiv e s and S tan d p ats and th re e of the Cummins P ro g re s s iv e s were born in G reat B r i ta i n. Not a s in g le S tandp a t le a d e r was born in Canada or had p a re n ts of Canadian n a ti v i ty. Yet of the R o osevelt P ro g re ss iv e s th e p a re n ts of two were born in Canada, as was tru e o f one Cummins P ro g re ssiv e ; a t the same tim e fo u r R oosevelt P ro g re ss iv e s them selves were born in Canada and so were fo u r Cummins P ro g re ss iv e s. E q u ally s t r i k in g is th e d is p ro p o rtio n a te number o f le a d e rs of I r i s h d e sc e n t among the S ta n d p a ts. Of th e leaders* f a t h e r s, ten of th e S ta n d p a ts were I r i s h, s ix of the R o o sev elt P ro g re ss iv e s and s ix of th e Cummins P rog re s s iv e s. On the o th e r hand, w hile fiv e of the S tan d p at le a d e rs them selves were born in Ire la n d, n o t one of e ith e r of the P ro g re ssiv e f a c tio n s were n a tiv e s of th e Emerald I s l e. D is tin c tio n s w ith re s p e c t to o th e r n a t i o n a l i t i e s a re n o t so s t r i k in g as fo r th e S can d in av ian s, the B r i ti s h, the C anadians, and the I r i s h. For exam ple, th e p a re n ts o f nine R oosevelt P ro g re s s iv e s were born in Germany, of S tan d p ats fo u r, and of Cummins P ro g re s s iv e s th re e ; a t the same tim e th re e R oosevelt P ro g re s s iv e s them selves were born in Germany, th re e S ta n d p a ts, and no Cummins

24 19 P ro g re s s iv e s. Only th re e o th e r n a t i o n a l i t i e s are r e p r e s e n t ed in th e e n tir e group, one of Dutch parentage was a Cummins P ro g re s s iv e, one of Swiss paren tag e a S ta n d p a t, and one born in Rumania who was a Cummins P ro g re ss iv e. This l a s t in d iv id u a l was th e only le a d e r among the 300 who d id not have a n o rth e rn European, C anadian, or American a n c e s try. Of th e 2,224,771 people liv in g in Iowa as of 1910, 1, 660,870 o f % were born of n a tiv e -b o rn p a re n ts. We have seen th a t 70% o f the R o osevelt P ro g re ssiv e s f a th e r s were born in th e U nited S ta te s and th a t 71% of the Cummins P ro g re ss iv e s and 79% o f th e S tan d p ats were a ls o n a tiv e born. Both or the P ro g re ss iv e f a c tio n s, th e r e f o r e, gave more re p re s e n ta tio n to fo re ig n n a ti o n a li t y groups th an t h e i r p ro p o rtio n of th e t o t a l p o p u la tio n, w hile the S ta n d p ats gave d is p ro p o rtio n a te r e p r e s e n ta tio n to th e n a tiv e - b o r n. Iowans of German p a ren tag e formed 11.74% of the p o p u la tio n of Iowa in 1910; y e t only 5%, or l e s s than o n e -h a lf of the p ro p o rtio n in the t o t a l p o p u la tio n, of the 300 le a d e rs were of German born p a re n ta g e. R oosevelt P ro g re ssiv e s came c lo s e s t to th e t o t a l p o p u latio n r a t i o w ith 8% of t h e i r le a d e rs having a t l e a s t one p a re n t German- born; however, among th e Cummins P ro g re s s iv e s only 4% and

25 20 the Standpats only 3% of th e ir leaders came from th is group. Irishmen and descendents of men and women horn in Great B rita in were overrepresented among the 300 leaders in comparison with th e ir proportion of the to ta l population. Irishmen formed only 3.33% of the to ta l population of Iowa in 1910 yet 7.33% of the 300 were Iris h. The Standpats esp ecially gave the I r is h a d isproportionate rep resen tatio n of 10% of th e ir lead ers. The picture for Great B rita in varies somewhat here as the two Progressive groups grant a disproportionate amount of rep resen tatio n to people with parents born th ere. D irect descendants of the B ritis h formed 2.98% of the Iowa population in 1910; yet 9% of the 300 leaders were of such parents. The picture becomes even more unbalanced when we see that of 100 Cummins Progressives th irte e n had a t le a st one parent born in Great B rita in ; the Roosevelt Progressives also had a high percentage here w ith nine although the Standpats only had 5% in th is category. Elsewhere there seems to be l i t t l e or no d is to rtio n between percentage of n a tio n a lity groups in the 12. Here the term is used to rep resen t those leaders having one or both parents who were born in Irelan d.

26 21 to ta l population of Iowa and percentage of these groups among the 30 0 Iowa lead ers. The M iddle-a tlantic region was the birthplace of most of the fath e rs of a ll the 300 leaders and ranked th ird for the members of the three factio n s them selves. Twenty-three percent of the Roosevelt Progressive fath ers were born in th is area, as were 20% of the fathers of each of the other groups of 100. Again the Roosevelt Progressives led in the number of leaders born there with 15% while 13% of each of the other two factions were born in one of the M iddle-a tlantic s ta te s. More leaders of a l l three groups were born in 13 the Old Northwest than in any other area outside of Iowa. J A high 34$ of the Cummins Progressives as compared with the much lower 22% fo r the Roosevelt Progressives and i Standpats were o rig in a lly from th is area. On the other hand, 15% of the Standpats fathers were born in th is region while only 11% of the Cummins Progressives and 13% of the Roosevelt Progressives f i r s t saw lig h t in the Old Northwest. Standpats once again led in the number of fath ers born in the South with 10% while the number dropped rather 13. The Old Northwest includes the s ta te s of Ohio, Indiana, I l l i n o i s, Nichigan and W isconsin.

27 2 2 sharply to 6% fo r the Cummins Progressives and a s t i l l lower 5$ fo r the Roosevelt P ro g ressiv es1 fa th e rs. A sim ilar s itu a tio n presents i t s e l f when we see th a t 3% of i the Standpats themselves were born in th is region a l though no Cummins Progressives and only one Roosevelt Progressive could c a ll a part of Dixie his o rig in a l home. The numbers of New Englanders who came to Iowa was large, but many f i r s t stopped in some s ta te of the old Northwest so the numbers represented in th is study are not too large although there is s t i l l a sizeable rep resen tatio n fo r the P u ritan s. Of the Cummins Prog re ssiv e s fa th e rs 9% were born in New England; the percentage gradually drops to 8% f o r the Standpats and 7fo for the Roosevelt P ro g ressiv es fa th e rs. The Standpats them -v selves led in the number born in one of the New England sta te s as is the case w ith the Southern born lea d ers. The percentage or Standpats so born is the same as the percentage fo r the Standpat fa th e rs who were born in New England 8. The Progressive groups dropped o ff abruptly as the Cummins Progressives had 5% and the Roosevelt Progressives Wfo of th e ir leaders who were born in the extreme N ortheastern s ta te s of the United S ta te s. No fath ers were born in regions other than those

28 2 3 previously discussed and Iowa; however, a few of the leaders themselves were born in other areas. The ICO Roosevelt Progressives included three men who were born in sta te s other than Iowa of the Western Midwestonly one of each of the other lwo factio n s was born in one of those newer Midwestern s ta te s. One Roosevelt Progressive was born in Texas to complete the p ic tu re. Of the S tandpatst fathers 3% were born in Iowa; however, this is not much d iffe re n t from the s itu a tio n for the fath ers of the other two factions as 2% of each of these were also born in Iowa. As one might expect a much larg e r percentage of the 300 lea d ers themselves were born in the Corn S ta te. The Standpats led with 1+2% of th e ir leaders having been born in Iowa. For the Roosevelt Progressives 41% were born in Iowa so th a t hardly in d icates any major difference; however, only 37% of the Cummins Progressives were born in Iowa. Although the Cummins Progressives were at the bottom of the l i s t as regards number born in Iowa, i t may be remembered th a t they led in the percentage of leaders born in the neighboring sta te s of the Old Northwest. 14. Western Midwestern s ta te s represented here are Minnesota and Kansas.

29 24 I t has been i n d i r e c t l y noted th a t 63% of the Cummins P ro g re s s iv e s were born o u tsid e of Iowa; 41% of th e s e, however, came to Iowa b e fo re t h e i r tw e n tie th b irth d a y. T w enty-three p e r-c e n t of the R o o sev elt P ro g re s s iv e s ( t o t a l 59 born o u tsid e of th e s ta te ) and 31 of the S ta n d p ats ( t o t a l 5& born o u tsid e of th e s ta te ) a ls o a rriv e d in Iowa b e fo re reach in g the age of tw enty. This d iffe re n c e is shown even more d iarp ly when i t is r e a liz e d th a t 15% of* the Cummins P ro g re s s iv e s a rriv e d in. Iowa befo re rea c h in g ten w hile f o r th e S ta n d p ats th e percentage was only n in e and fo r th e R o o sev elt P ro g re ss iv e s e le v en. Only tw elve R o o sev elt P ro g re s s iv e s a rriv e d in the s t a t e between the ages of ten and tw enty; 22% o f the S tan d p ats and 26% of th e Cummins P ro g re s s iv e s a rriv e d in Iowa w hile o f th a t age. The rem ainder of those born o u tsid e o f Iowa, except f o r th o se f o r which no m a te ria l was found, came to Iowa a f t e r th e age of tw enty. A h ig h 31% o f the R oosevelt P ro g re s s iv e s, 27% o f the S ta n d p a ts and 21% of the Cummins P ro g re ssiv e s were old enough to vote or n e a rly so by the tim e they reached the Hawkeye s t a t e.

30 2 5 Table 6 A PATERNAL NATIVITY Roosevelt Progressive s Standpats Cummins Progressives Unknown United States (state unknown) Iowa Old Northwest South Middle Atlantic New England Canada Ireland Great Britain Norway, Sweden, and Denmark Germany S 4 3 Holland Switzerland Total Northern Europe (Canada through Switzerland)

31 2 6 T ab le 6B NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OE IOWA POPULATION WITH ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN; AND NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL SAMPLE (3 0 0) WITH ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.* T o ta l lo v e P o p u la tio n ( ) ~ 2,2 2 4,7 7 1 Number o f Iow a P o p u la tio n F o re ig n Born P e rc e n ta g e o f Iow a P o p u la tio n F o re ig n B orn Number o f Sam ple F o re ig n B orn P e rc e n ta g e o f Sam ple F o re ig n B orn Canada 2 8, I r e la n d 7 4, G re a t B r i t a i n 6 6, S c a n d in a v ia 108, Germany 2 6 1, H o llan d 1 7, S w itz e rla n d 7, TOTALS 563, * B ased on U. S. C ensus o f 1910.

32 27 T a b le 7 BIRTHPLACE R o o s e v e lt P r o g r e s s iv e s S ta n d p a ts Cummins P r o g r e s s iv e s Iow a Old N o rth w e st O th e r M idw est S o u th w est S o u th M iddle A t l a n t i c New E ngland Canada I r e l a n d G re a t B r i t a i n S c a n d in a v ia Germany S w itz e rla n d Rum ania T ab le 8 AGE OF ARRIVAL IN IOWA OF THOSE MEMBERS OF THE THREE FACTIONS WHO WERE BORN OUTSIDE OF THE STATE R o o s e v e lt Cummins P r o g r e s s iv e s S ta n d p a ts P r o g r e s s iv e s Number b orn o u t of s t a t e U nder Over Unknown 5 0 1

33 2 8 NUMBER OF RURAL DWELLERS IN THE THREE FACTIONS AND URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION OF THOSE MEMBERS OF THE THREE GROUPS WO LIVED IN AREAS WITH OVER 500 POPULATION "The le a d e rs of the P ro g re ss iv e P a rty were c i t y m e n..." 1 '* T his a ls o was a d i s t i n c t i v e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of w th e Iowa R o o sev elt P ro g re s s iv e. While 23$ each of the S tan d p ats and Cummins P ro g re s s iv e s came from r u r a l a re a s (farm s, and towns under 500), only 13$ of th e R o osevelt P ro g re ss iv e s liv e d in th e same a re a s. The R oosevelt P ro g re ss iv e s were n o t drawn d is p r o p o r tio n a te ly sim ply from towns over 500, but more p r e c is e ly from c i t i e s over 10,000. L eaders of a l l th re e groups came in alm ost th e same prop o rtio n from towns between 500 and 10,000 p o p u la tio n (56$ R oosevelt P ro g re s s iv e s, 56$ S ta n d p a ts, and 57$ Cummins P ro g re s s iv e s ); but w hile 36$ o f th e R oosevelt P ro g re ssiv e s came from c i t i e s over 1,000 p o p u la tio n, only 27$ of the S tan d p ats and 23$ o f th e Cummins P ro g re s s iv e s came from are a s of s im ila r s iz e. S ta n d p ats and Cummins P ro g re s s iv e s co n tain ed the same percen tag e of r u r a l d w e lle rs; how ever, th e re were a few d iffe re n c e s r e s p e c tin g th e g eo g ra p h ica l C handler, o. c r t., p

34 29 d istrib u tio n of these ru ra l men. The Cummins Progressive ru ral leaders were concentrated in northwestern and n o rth cen tral Iowa while the Standpat r u ra l leaders tended to be located in southern or eastern Iowa. This agrees with other stu d ies made of the su b ject of geographical d is trib u tio n of the Cummins Progressives and Standpats. However, in the small and medium size towns (500-10,000) no such uneven geographical d is trib u tio n appears. This is c e rta in ly one place where a much la rg e r sample would be necessary before any d e fin ite conclusions could be reached. In c itie s over 30,000 geographical d ifferen ces in d is trib u tio n appear, but these are mainly due again to the lack of a larg er sample. Most of the la rg e r c itie s in Iowa were located in the Standpat centers of southern Iowa and on the M ississippi and M issouri borders. This p a rtia lly accounts for the fac t th at 15% of the Standpat leaders were re sid e n ts of c itie s from 30,000 to 50,000 population; while 12% of the Roosevelt Progressives and only 2% of the Cummins Progressives resided in these border c itie s. C entral Iowa and Des Moines were noted as being Progressive during most of th is period (Des Moines was

35 30 T ab le 9 POPULATION OF TOWN OR CITY IN WHICH LEADERS OF THE THREE FACTIONS HAD THEIR MAJOR RESIDENCES AT THE TIME THEY WERE LEADERS R o o s e v e lt P r o g r e s s iv e s S ta n d p a ts Cummins P r o g r e s s iv e s R u ra l $ , , , , , , , , , , , ,000-50,000* v e r-5 0,0 0 0 * * * S io u x C ity, D a v e n p o rt, Dubuque, C ed ar R a p id s ** D es M oines

36 31 S en ato r Cummins s home) and th e re fo re t h i s m ight e x p la in why only 5% of th e S tan d p ats were r e s id e n ts of Des M oines, w hile 11% of the R o o sev elt P ro g re ss iv e s and 10% of the Cummins P ro g re ss iv e s liv e d in Iow a s c a p ita l c i t y.

37 3 2 OCCUPATION AND ECONOMIC CLASS DIVISION Occupations Thus does Professor Chandler sum up his remarks on the occupations of h is 260 Progressive Party lead ers. The occupations of these Progressive leaders make im pressively c le ar th e ir urban middleclass backgrounds. At a time when the professio n al classes were much sm aller than to d ay...o v er six ty p e r- c e n t...were professional m en...t he remaining n in ety -fiv e leaders were businessmen, but only a very few were owners and operators of re a lly small b u sinesses. Among the 260 there v;ere no farmers, no laboring men, and only one labor-union leader. Nor were there any rep re se n tativ es of the non-professional or w h ite -c o lla r w o rk ers...16 Professor Mowry sums up in almost the same fashion by remarking th at "This was a group of highly l ite r a te, independent fre e v" e n te rp rise rs, and professional men."^7 All three groups in th is study were found to have a m ajority of m iddle-class professionals and business- 1 8 men. There are, however, some differences here. Of the 16. Chandler, o. c i t., pp Mowry, o. c i t., p Professionals as used in th is study include: medical doctors, educators, v e te rin a ria n s, h o r tic u ltu r is ts, a rc h ite c ts, college presidents, and d ru g g ists. Chandler includes in addition: lawyers, authors, so c ial workers,

38 33 Roosevelt Progressives 17$ were professionals (other than v lawyers) while only 8% of the Standpats and 7$ of the Cummins Progressives held p ro fessio n al occupations. Twenty of the thirty-tw o professionals were medical doctors; 11$ of the Roosevelt P rogressives, 5? of the Standpats and only of the Cummins Progressives we re M.D. s. Among the remaining ten professionals there was l i t t l e difference between the three groups of 100. Each fa c tio n had two educators; the remaining four professionals were d i s t r i buted among two factio n s and three occupations. Strangely enough no m inisters appeared in the l i s t of Roosevelt Progressives; one Roosevelt Progressive was a m in iste r, but at th is time he was acting in his capacity as a college president. Fathers of some members of the three groups were m inisters; 5% the fa th e rs of both Progressive factions and 6fo of the fath e rs of the Standpats performed m in iste ria l d u t i e s. ^ Fathers of six of the Cummins engineers, and experts in a g ric u ltu re or municipal government. Lawyers here are tre a te d in a separate category; th is study included none of the other professionals lis te d by Chandler which do not appear in my l i s t of professio n al occupations. 19. The occupation of the fath e rs of the leaders of the three fac tio n s a t the b irth of these leaders (or as close to the date of b irth as can be determined) is what is given here and in Appendix I as the f a t h e r s occupation.

39 34 P ro g re ss iv e s were m edical d o c to rs as compared w ith 3% fo r the R oosevelt P ro g re s s iv e s and 2% fo r the S ta n d p a ts. Lawyers were n o t w e ll re p re se n te d as f a t h e r s. F a th e rs of 4% of th e R o o sev elt P ro g re ss iv e s were law yers; a s t i l l lower 3% and 2% of the f a th e r s of the o th e r two groups were la w y e rs.^ 0 Lawyers, however, were f a r more prom inent among the le a d e rs th em se lv es. A h ig h 36% o f the Cummins P ro g re s s iv e s were law yers w hile the R oosevelt P ro g re ss iv e s had 31% and the S ta n d p a ts 27%, in c lu d in g th re e c o rp o ra tio n a tto r n e y s. Bankers were m ost prom inent in th e S ta n d p at f a c tio n. Of the S ta n d p ats 9% w ere bankers w hile 8% o f the Cummins P ro g re ss iv e s and only 5% of th e R oosevelt P ro g re ss iv e s were of t h i s o ccupation. None of th e 300 l e a d e r s 1 f a th e r s were b a n k ers. Each p ro g re ssiv e f a c tio n had one f a th e r who was an e d ito r; none o f the S ta n d p at f a th e r s were of t h i s categ o ry. S ta n d p a ts, however, led in th e number of e d ito r s among the le a d e rs th em se lv es. E d ito rs com prised 20. The o ccu p atio n s of f a th e r s are unknown f o r many o f the R oosevelt P ro g re s s iv e s ; the 19% unknown f o r the R oosevelt P ro g re ssiv e c o n tra s ts w ith 13% unknown fo r th e S tan d p ats and the much lower percentage of 8 fo r the Cummins P ro g re s s iv e s.

40 35 11$ of the Standpats and 7$ of each of the Progressive factions. The number of businessmen in the Roosevelt Pro- X gressive faction was a high 26$; the figure for the Cummins Progressive and the Standpats is the same and is low er--17$. Manufacturers were represented by four Standpats and by two Roosevelt and Cummins P rogressives. There was not much d isp a rity among the three groups in the number of fa th e rs who were businessmen. Of the Cummins P ro g re ssiv e s'fa th e rs 10$ had owned and/or operated a business; the percentage here fo r the other two groups is a somewhat higher 12. Among the fathers* occupations a f a ir ly sharp difference w ill be noted i f the three categories of laborers, mechanics, and engineers are combined. Here we see th at 10$ of the fath e rs of the Roosevelt Progressives and only 1 $ of the fath e rs of the leaders of the other two factions were in th is jo in t category. The other occupations, with the exception of farm ers, are not w ell enough represented to reveal any sig n ific a n t differen ces. Fathers of three of the Standpats were teachers; the other two groups were not represented here. Roosevelt Progressives and Standpats each had one

41 36 fath e r who was a stone-mason; the Cummins Progressives were again not represented. One lead er from each factio n was in law school a t the time he was a leader. Semi- professional classes had one leader on the Standpat and Cummins Progressive factio n s, but none of the Roosevelt Progressives held a sem i-professional occupation. A larg e percentage of the fath e rs in a l l three groups were farmers; yet the background of the Roosevelt Progressives was fa r less ru ra l than th a t of the other two groups. While the fath e rs of only 45/6 of the Roosevelt Progressives were farm ers, fu lly 59% of the Standpats and 67/6 of the Cummins P ro g ressiv es fath e rs were of th is occupation. A s t i l l sharper percentage difference is shown by the number of farmers which each fa c tio n had as leaders. The Standpats and Cummins Progressives with twenty-two and twenty-one farmers had twice as many as the Roosevelt Progressives with eleven. This seems to b co rrelate f a i r l y well with the numver of ru ral vs. number of c ity dwellers in each fa c tio n and w ith the occupational background of the le a d e rs fa th e rs. These fa c ts as to number of farmers fu rth er underscores the re la tiv e ly low ru ra l q u ality of the Bull Moose movement.

42 37 Economic C lass D iv isio n A f u r th e r a tte m p t was made to d iv id e th e th re e fa c tio n s in to th re e c la s s e s re p re s e n tin g employed people; self-em ployed people in c lu d in g farm e rs, e d ito r s, prof e s s io n a ls, and m ost b u sin e ss men; and la rg e farm ers, businessm en, c o rp o ra tio n a tto r n e y s, and m an u factu rers. T his d iv is io n was p rim a rily made in o rd er to determ ine i f th e re was a la r g e r number of what m ight be c a lle d big 21 businessm en in one group than in th e o th e r tw o. As can be e a s ily seen in Table 12 a huge m a jo rity of a l l th re e fa c tio n s were in th e m iddle d iv is io n o f s e l f - employed p eople. The Cummins P ro g re ss iv e s led w ith 91% of t h e i r le a d e rs in t h i s d iv is io n, and th e o th e r two f a c tio n s each had a h igh 85% of t h e i r le a d e rs h e re. I t was found th a t th e re a c tu a lly was a la r g e r number of S tan d p ats in th e h ig h e s t c a te g o ry I I I. S tand- p a ts had 14% of t h e i r le a d e rs in t h i s c a te g o ry w hile 10% o f the R oosevelt P ro g re s s iv e s and only 6% of th e Cummins P ro g re ss iv e s f i t t e d in h e re. At the o p p o site end of th e sc a le the R oosevelt P ro g re ss iv e s le d in th e number of employed people w ith 5%; 21. No r e a l l y huge b u sin e sse s were lo c a te d in Iowa a t t h is tim e, but th e re were a few th a t were o f f a i r l y good s iz e.

43 3 7 Economic Class D ivision A fu rth e r attem pt was made to divide the three factions into three classes representing employed people; self-employed people including farm ers, e d ito rs, profe ssio n a ls, and most business men; and large farmers, businessmen, corporation atto rn ey s, and m anufacturers. This division was prim arily made in order to determine if there was a la rg e r number of what might be called big 21 businessmen in one group than in the other two. As can be e a sily seen in Table 12 a huge m ajority of a ll three factio n s were in the middle d iv isio n of s e lf - employed people. The Cummins Progressives led with 91% of th e ir leaders in th is division, and the other two fac tions each had a high 85% of th e ir leaders here. I t was found th a t there actu ally was a larger number of our big businessmen in the highest category I I I. Standpats had 14% of th e ir leaders in th is category while 10% of the Roosevelt Progressives and only 6% of the Cummins Progressives f itte d in here. At the opposite end of the scale the Roosevelt Progressives led in the number of employed people with 5%; 21. No re a lly huge businesses were located in Iowa at th is time, but th ere were a few th a t were of f a ir ly good size.

44 38 th e Cummins P ro g re s s iv e s had 3$ and the S tan d p ats only 1% of t h e i r le a d e rs in t h i s group.

45 39 Table 10 FATHER13 PRIMARY OCCUPATION AT BIRTH OF REPUBLICAM LEADERS R o o s e v e lt P ro g r e s s iv e s S ta n d p a ts Cummins P r o g r e s s iv e s F arm ers Law yers D o c to rs M in is te r s B usinessm en L a b o re rs M echanics E n g in e e rs E d ito r s T e a c h e rs Stone-M asons Unknown

46 40 T a b le 11 OCCUPATIONS R o o s e v e lt P r o g r e s s iv e s S ta n d p a ts Cummins P r o g r e s s iv e s F arm ers L aw yers C o rp o ra tio n A tto rn e y s B u sin essm en M a n u fa c tu re rs B ankers E d ito r s S tu d e n ts S e m i- P r o f e s s io n a ls M edical D o c to rs E d u c a to rs V e te r in a r y H o r t i c u l t u r i s t A r c h ite c t C o lle g e P r e s i d e n t D ru g g is t T ab le 12 ECONOMIC CLASS DIVISION R o o s e v e lt P r o g r e s s iv e s S ta n d p a ts Cummins P r o g r e s s iv e s C la s s I (em ployed) C la s s I I ( s e lf-e m p lo y e d ) C la s s I I I

47 41 EDUCATION Seventy-five per-cent of the C alifornia Progressives studied by P rofessor Mowry had received a college education. * Professor Chandler remarks th a t: "At a time when college graduates were much fewer, over s ix ty p e r-c e n t...were professional men, a large number of whom 23 attended graduate sc h o o ls.n ^ Each factio n studied here contained a large group of college and u n iv ersity men; 52% of the Roosevelt v/ Progressives had received some college tra in in g as had 45% of the Cummins Progressives and 43% of the Standpats. Generally speaking the Roosevelt Progressives had a la rg e r number of men who had received some graduate work. As might be expected, most of the college or u n iv ersity train ed people attended school in Iowa, p a r ticu larly the S tate U niversity of Iowa. This is e sp ec ially true in the case of the lawyers. Twenty-two per-cent of the Cummins Progressives, 18% of the Standpats, and 17% of the Roosevelt Progressives attended the State U niversity. 22. Mowry, 0. c i t., p Chandler, op. c i t.. p

48 42 Other Iowa colleges and universities were attended by 13%, 15%, and 16% of tiie leaders of each fac tio n In the same order as before. A high 19% of the Roosevelt Progressives received th e ir highest education outside of Iowa; th is co n trasts with 10% for each of the other two fac tio n s. There appears to be l i t t l e difference among the other educational categories except in the case of those members of each of the factio n s who had received th e ir highest education a t a business college. Seven per-cent each of the Roosevelt P rogressives and Standpats and only 1% of the Cummins Progressives were business college men.2^ Por 4% of each factio n no m aterial was available on the subject of education. One Standpat had stated th at he had received no formal education.

49 43 T ab le 13 HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL LEVEL Roosevelt Progressives Standpats Cummins Progressives Unknown Public Schools High School Business College College or University Special Medical School 4 3 Normal School Special Trades School 1 0 No formal education 0 l 0

50 44 HELIGIOU Professor Chandler s ta te s th a t h is Roosevelt Progressives were P r o t e s t a n t. 2 ^ Professor Mowry goes a l i t t l e more in to d e ta il: The long relig io u s hand of New England rested heavily upon C alifo rn ia progressivism, as i t has on so many American movements. Of the twenty-two progressives whose biographies in dicate a re lig io u s a f f i l i a t i o n, seven were C o n g reg atio n alists, two were U n itarian s, and four were C hristian S c i e n t i s t s.2^ The great m ajority of the leaders of a l l three Republican factio n s in Iowa were P ro te s ta n t. 2^ Of the 100 Roosevelt Progressives studied, 85% were known P ro te stan ts; 87% of the Standpats and 84% of the Cummins Progressives were also known to be P ro te sta n ts. On the other hand the Roosevelt Progressive fa c tion p ra c tic a lly had a monopoly on C atholic lead ers. While only 4% of the Roosevelt Progressives were C atholics; only 1% of the Cummins Progressives and none of the Standpats were of th is fa ith. 25. Chandler, o. clt., p Mowry, 0. c r t., p A person, fo r these purposes, is considered to be a P ro testan t if no denomination was stated in any source, but i f i t was stated th a t he was a member of a P ro testan t fra te rn a l organization, or i f a close re la tiv e was found to be a P ro te sta n t.

51 45 Table 14 RELIGION Roosevelt Progressives Standpats Cummins Progressives P ro testan t (denomination unknown) Unknown Catholic Methodist Presbyterian B aptist Episcopalian Lutheran Congregational C hristian Science Evangelical U nitarian C hristian Church of God United Brethren Church of C hrist 1 0 0

52 46 The main P ro te stan t denomination in Iowa in the period studied were the M ethodists. M ethodists comprised 19% of the Roosevelt P rogressives, 26% of the S tandpats, and only 18% of the Cummins P rogressives. P resbyterians rank second in number of members among the 300 w ith 11%, 13% and 16% in the same order. C ongregationalists rank th ird among the P ro testan t se cts with 10% of the Cummins Progressives being of th is fa ith while 9% of the Roosevelt Progressives and 5% of the Standpats were also members of the Congregational church. The only important d ifferen ces among the P ro te s t ants are found in the number of U nitarians and C h ristian S c ie n tists the Roosevelt Progressive group contained and the somewhat la rg e r number of members of the various 28 evangelical sects among the other two fa c tio n s. Five per-cent of the Roosevelt Progressives were known to have been U nitarians or C h ristian S c ie n tis ts while no U nitarians were found among the leaders of the other two factions a l though one Standpat was a C h ristian S c ie n tis t. Otherwise there seems to be l i t t l e or no differences in re lig io n 28. Evangelical sects as used in th is paper re fe r to a ll P ro te stan t sects w ith the exception of U nitarians and C hristian S c ie n tis ts which are discussed sep arately in th is paper.

53 4 7 between the three factions except for the number of Catholics as previously discussed.

54 4 8 MEMBERSHIP IN FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS "He [the C a lifo rn ia P ro g ressiv e/ was more o fte n 29 than n o t a Mason." What Mowry has sa id concerning the / f r a t e r n a l a f f i l i a t i o n of the C a lifo rn ia P ro g re ss iv e holds tru e fo r the Iowa R o osevelt P ro g re s s iv e ; i t i s a ls o tru e fo r th e o th e r two f a c tio n s. Masons were re p re se n te d by 46$ o f the Cummins P ro g re s s iv e s. Many members of the th re e groups were a ls o members of o th e r o rg a n iz a tio n s of a s im ila r n a tu r e. A ll in a l l th e re ap p ears to be l i t t l e d iffe re n c e among th e th re e fa c tio n s re s p e c tin g th e o th e r f r a t e r n a l o rg a n iz a tio n s to which many of them belonged. A sm a lle r p ercen tag e of the R oosevelt P ro g re ss iv e s were n o t (o r unknown) members of any f r a t e r n a l o rg a n iz a tio n s. This 32$ fo r th e R oosevelt P ro g re ss iv e s c o n tr a s ts w ith th e h ig h e r 41$ fo r the S tan d p ats and 44$ fo r th e Cummins P ro g re s s iv e s. A ty p ic a l Cummins P ro g re ss iv e tended more to belong to few er o rg a n iz a tio n s th an did a ty p ic a l member of one of the o th er two f a c tio n s. Twenty p e r-c e n t of the R oosevelt P ro g re ssiv e s and 18$ of the S tan d p ats were members of th re e or more such o rg a n iz a tio n s, w hile only 12$ of th e Mo wry, 0. c i t., p. 8 8.

55 4 9 Table 15 MEMBERSHIP IN FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS Roosevelt Progressives Standpats Cummins Progressives Masons Knights of Pythias Shrine Odd Fellows Modern Woodmen United Workmen Elks Master Workmen Sons of American Revolution E astern S tar Woodmen of the World Modern Brotherhood Phi Beta Kappa Rotary Order of F oresters Catholic Order of F oresters Yeomen of America Moose Mystic T oilers Knights of Columbus United Sons of America Sons of Veterans Eagles Royal Arcamum Known to be member of none Unknown, nothing said about fra te rn a l organizations

56 50 T able 16 NUMBER OF FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS BELONGED TO BY EACH MAN WHO WAS A MEMBER OF AT LEAST ONE R o o s e v e lt P r o g r e s s iv e s S ta n d p a ts Cummins P r o g r e s s iv e s E ig h t Seven S ix F iv e F our T hree Two One

57 51 Cummins Progressives belonged to more than three fra te rn a l so c ie tie s. Twenty-four per-cent of the Roosevelt Prog ressives, 20% of the Standpats, and only 11% of the Cummins Progressives were members of two of these fra te rn a l organizations.

58 52 "VETERANS C ivil War veterans were represented among the v 300 by 24% ol* the Standpats, 10% of the Roosevelt Progressives, and Sfo of the Cummins Progressives; a l l presumably were members of the Grand Army of the Republic. On the other hand, the Roosevelt Progressives led in the number of Spanish-American War veterans with 8%; Cummins Progressives had 5$ and the Standpats 2% of th e ir leaders represented in th is war. This may or may not be due p a rtly to the adm iration which some people had fo r the hero of San Juan h i l l which might have led them to support Roosevelt while they might not otherwise had done so. However, the number of veterans is probably due (both Spanish-American and C ivil War) more to the age factor than to anything e ls e. One Roosevelt Progressive claimed to be a veteran of the Indian Wars, having served in the reg u la r army from 1879 to I

59 53 PREVIOUS POLITICAL ALIGNMENT As is generally assumed, and as Chandler and Mo wry both s ta te, the great m ajority of the Roosevelt Progressives were former Republicans. This is why the author has taken the lib e rty to c all them merely a faction of the Republican party although as w ill be shown th is is far from being a completely correct assumption. Inform ation was found on a l l but 13% of the Roosevelt Progressives in regard to th e ir previous p o litic a l alignment. I t is probably th a t these th irte e n were Independents up u n til Seventy-four per-cent of the Roosevelt Progressives were lis te d as being Republicans up to Six per-cent had been Democrats u n til 1912 and Wfo had been Democrats who had broken w ith the party a fte r the nominatio n of Bryan in One Roosevelt Progressive d e fin ite ly lis te d himself as an Independent up u n til Two p e r cent had sta te d th at they had never belonged to e ith e r major party so they too might be c la s s ifie d as Independents. One Roosevelt Progressive reportedly had belonged to the P ro h ib itio n ist P arty prior to 1912.

60 54 Two Standpats had been Democrats u n til 1896; afterwards they had lis te d themselves as Republicans. One Standpat had lis te d him self as a L iberal Republican P arty member in Only 2% of the Cummins Progressives are known to have ever given th e ir allegiance to a p arty other than the Crand Old P arty. One had been a member of the Greenback Party when th a t movement was flo u rish in g in Iowa; another had been a Whig before the days of the Republicans. Undoubtedly, many of the other older men in a l l three factions had also been Whigs in th e ir younger days, but nowhere, except in th is one instance, is th is so sta te d.

61 5 5 PREVIOUS POLITICAL EXPERIENCE The Iowa Roosevelt Progressive leader was p o litic a lly inexperienced. None of them had held s ta te executive or n atio n al o ffices and only ten had, previously to 1912, held office a3 a S tate R epresentative or Senator. F orty-four percent of the Roosevelt Progressive leaders, as fa r as is known, had held no o ffice s e ith er electiv e or in lo cal Republican or Democratic organizations p rio r to 1912; only 8% of the Cummins Progressives and a s t i l l lower 4$ of the Standpats were inexperienced. This jibes w ell with Professor Chandler s statem ent th a t: "The Progressive leaders had had l i t t l e experience out- 30 side of local p o l i t i c s.t ^ T hirteen categories of o ffic e s were computed and are presented in ta b le 17. This chart viv id ly shows th at the Roosevelt Progressive was p o litic a lly inexperienced when compared to the average Cummins Progressive or Standpat. The Standpats had held a t o t a l of 218 m ultiple offices (see footnote under ta b le 17); the C u m in s Progressives had held 196 and the Roosevelt Progressives 30. Chandler, ojd. c i t., p

62 56 only 95 of the offices listed. Between the Cummins Progressives and the Standpats there does not seem to havebeen any significant differences in political experience although the Standpat did, on the average, have slightly more political experience than did the Cummins Progressive leader.

63 57 Table 17 PREVIOUS POLITICAL EXPERIENCE BEFORE , 1912, or 1914 R o o sev elt P ro g re s s iv e s S tan d p ats Cummins P rog re s s iv e s Had served on School Board Had held C ity o f f ic e s Had held Township o f f ic e s Had held County o f f ic e s Had been an o f f i c e r in County or C o n g ressio n al D i s t r i c t o rg a n iz a tio n of R epublican or D em ocratic p a rty Had been D eleg ates to Rep u b lican or D em ocratic N a tio n a l C onventions Had h eld S ta te E xecutive o ffic e s Had h eld N a tio n a l o f f ic e s o r had been Congressmen Had served as Regent Had served as S ta te S en ato r o r S ta te R e p re se n ta tiv e Had been an o f r i c e r o f a S ta te p a rty convention or a member of a p a rty C e n tra l Committee Had been e le c te d E le c to r Had held J u d ic ia l D i s t r i c t o ffic e s TOTALS A m u ltip le l i s t i n g is made in t h i s ta b le. That i s, i f a man had held o f f ic e s in more than one of the th ir te e n c a te g o rie s he i s counted more th an once. Because of t h i s, 218 i s l i s t e d as th e t o t a l number of c a te g o rie s of o f f ic e s held by th e S tan d p ats and 196 i s l i s t e d fo r the Cummins P ro g re ss iv e fo r the same re a so n.

64 5 8 CONCLUSION What was the background of the Progressive Party leader of Iowa? Was it uniquely different from the background of leaders of the other two factions? In some ways the Progressive Party leaders were truly unique, yet in other characteristics the differences were slight, if they existed at all. Taken as a whole, we probably could generalize, for Iowa at least, that the Progressive Party leader was unique in background. The two characteristics which show an unique difference to the greatest extent are those of political experience and age. The Roosevelt Progressive truly had a lack of political experience when compared with his brother in one of the other two factions. In the field of comparative number of men who had held political offices other than minor local posts this lack of experience is especially evident. The age of the Roosevelt Progressive certainly indicates that he was, on the whole, younger than a member in one of the other two groups. Together with the age and political experience factors, the Roosevelt Progessive is different, yet not to as great a degree, in some other characteristics. It

65 59 has been shown, for example, that the Roosevelt Progressive did have more of an urban background than did the average Cummins Progressive or Standpat. Also the Roosevelt Progressive had slightly more education than an average member of one of the other factions. Occupational field is a third way in which the Roosevelt Progressive is somewhat different. All three groups were composed primarily of middle-class professionals and businessmen, but a few differences emerge within these groupings. The Roosevelt Progressive was not nearly as likely to be a farmer as a member of another faction would be. At the same time he was more apt to be a businessman (one-third more than either of the other two), or a professional other than a lawyer (seventeen vs. eight for each of the other two factions). In the field of economic class division the Standpats did have a few more members of the upper class and the Roosevelt Progressives a few more of the lower middle-class. In still other characteristics there ware no, or very slight and certainly not unique, differences among the three factions. Nativity is one of these categories. All fathers of members of the three factions were from northern Europe or were born in the United States with

66 northern European names; only one of the three hundred men surveyed was born in southern Europe. There were a few differences among the factions concerning the nationality distribution of the fathers from northern Europe and of the leaders themselves from both northern Europe and the United states. For example, it has been shown that the two Progressive factions both tended to give more representation to foreign nationality groups than did the Standpats and that this was especially evident in the case of those fathers of leaders born in Scandinavia or Britian. There was very little that might really be termed unique in the field of religious affiliation. All three factions were composed overwhelmingly of Protestants. The Progressive Party leaders did, however, have a small group of Catholics and members of the more liberal Protestant sects.(i.e., Unitarians),while the Standpat and Cummins Progressive was more likely to be a member of one of the evangelical sects. The same situation, as in religious affiliation, applies in the case of comparative membership in fraternal societies. The Roosevelt Progressive was usually a Mason and quite often belonged to other fraternal societies as well; the same applies to both the Standpat and Cummins Progressive groups. The Roosevelt Progressive as a rule was more of a joiner than was the typical member of one of the other factions. 60

67 61 A second question remains to be answered. Was ^ the Cummins Progressive clo ser in background to the Standpat or to the Roosevelt Progressive? as is the case with the Roosevelt Progressive we find th at in some ways he was sim ilar to both groups and in other ways closer to e ith e r the Roosevelt Progressive or Standpat factio n in background. The Cummins Progressive had about the same amount of p o litic a l experience as the average Standpat. The slig h t difference (196 Cummins Progressive, 21S Standpat) may probably be explained by the s lig h t age d ifferen ce. The Cummins Progressive was also sim ilar to the Standpat in respect to the number of ru ra l and number of urban residents in each fa c tio n. Lawyers formed a great percentage of the Cummins Progressive group than of any of the other two. On the other hand, the Cummins Progressive and Standpat groups had a b a sic a lly sim ilar number of farmers, businessmen, and professionals other than lawyers. In some fe a tu re s, however, the Cummins Progressive was more lik e the Roosevelt P rogressive. The Cummins Progressive was younger than the Standpat, although not q u ite as young as the Roosevelt Progressive. The two Progressive factions were also b a sic a lly sim ila r, or a t le a st

68 6 2 closer to each other than to the Standpats, in the field of nativity. As has been shown, there were few or no differences among all three groups in such fields as education, religion, and fraternal affiliation. In light of the Mowry-Chandler studies what does this study imply concerning the composition of the Progressive Party leadership? As mentioned in the introduction, Mowry and Chandler give us a picture of two selected groups of Progressive Party leaders, but make no comparisons of these leaders with leaders of the other political factions of the day. It has been noted that the Iowa Progressive Party leader was very much like the leader surveyed by Professors Mowry and Chandler. To repeat, he was: middle-class, protestant, native American or northern European, often a professional, well educated, and was lacking in practical political experience. But it has also been noted herein that the Progressive Party leader was not uniquely of the middle-class,andwas notunique in many other features mentioned by Mr. Mowry and Mr. Chandler.

69 6 3 The fact th at Mowry and Chandler noted th a t the Progressive leader was of the m iddle-class has been seized upon by Professor H ofstadter and others to p a rtia lly explain the Progressive movement and party as a sta tu s re volt of the m iddle-class. But we have seen th a t a l l three Republican factio n s were predominantly m iddle-class. So, if the Progressive movement and p a rty of 1912 was a middleclass rev o lt as Professor H ofstadter and others have said, the fa ilu re of the other two large groups of m iddle-class Republicans to re v o lt c e rta in ly needs more explanation than i t has ever been given in any known study of the period. I t seems a fau lty assumption even to say i t was a m iddle-class revolt when such strong evidence is a v a ilable, showing th a t only one segment of the m iddle-class was in re v o lt. Tftiat then does th is study show th at might be used to explain p a r tia lly the Progressive Party and movement? The two major c h a ra c te ristic s in which the Roosevelt Progressives are d iffe re n t are in the fie ld s of age and p o litic a l experience. These two n a tu ra lly are clo sely re late d as men gain p o litic a l experience generally as they grow older. Now we would have to determine whether these Roosevelt Progressives on th e ir own free w ill kept out

70 64 of p o litic s before 1912, or were they kept out by the older and more established p o litic ia n s of the other factio n s. No doubt a few of the Progressive Party leaders of 1912 had not entered p o litic s before because they honestly had no desire to so il th e ir hands. For the great mass of the v/ lead ers, however, i t seems much more plausible to say th at they were iso lated and kept from p a rtic ip a tin g in p o litic s unless they worked th e ir way up through the Cummins Progressive or Standpat machines; newcomers were generally not welcomed into the higher councils of e ith e r of these factions unless they had the proper connections. I t is suggested, th ere fo re, th a t the Progressive v movement of 1912 was not a m iddle-class rev o lt and scarcely had any connection w ith such a thing; but was instead a revolt of young p o litic ia n s against the old who had hereto fo re excluded them from active p a rtic ip a tio n in p o litic s. When these younger men were refused entrance into the higher councils of e ith e r of the two older machines they simply attempted to form one of th e ir own when the opportu n ity g larin g ly presented i t s e l f in th a t glorious summer cf 1912.

71 65 THESIS BIBLIOGRAPHY32 Books Chandler, Alfred D., J r. "The Origins of Progressive L eadership. The L e tters of Theodore R oosevelt. Vol. V III, Appendix I I I. E dited by E lting E. Morison, John M. Blum, Alfred D. Chandler, J r., and Sylvia Rice. Cambridge: Harvard Univ e rs ity P ress H ofstadter. Richard. The Age of Reform. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 197?. Mowry, George. The C alifornia P ro g re ssiv e s. Berkeley and Los Angeles": U niversity of C alifornia Press Other Sources Des Moines R egister and Leader and Kottman, Richard. "An Analysis of the People s Party Delegation in Congress, " Unpublished M aster s th e s is, Department of H istory, State U niversity of Iowa, T hirteenth Census of The United S ta te s Taken in the Year 19l0. VoT. I I. P o p u latio n, Alabama-Montana. Washington: Government Pri nt ing 0f tice. T Another bibliography is given at the end of the Appendix and th is l i s t s a l l sources used to gather m aterial on the 300 men studied. The sources lis te d in the th e sis bibliography are those used d ire c tly, in the w ritin g of the main body of the th e s is.

72 66 APPENDIX I T hree H undred B io g r a p h ic a l S k e tc h e s

73 67 INTRODUCTION The following sketches are intended to be for the use of any future student of Iowa p o litic s of th is period or for any in te re ste d person. Most of the m aterial gathered by the author about each man is presented. For th is reason, among others, a l i s t of source(s) lias been provided at the end of each sketch. A dditional m aterial may be found about each man included in th is appendix by consulting one or more or these sources. A system of simple code numbers has been devised to elim inate the necessity of f u ll notes on sources. The f i r s t number under "See" in a l l cases re fe rs to the number of the book or other source as lis te d by number in the appendix bibliography. The second number in the code, i f there are three numbers, ( i. e., ), re fe rs to the volume number of the work c ite d. I f the volume number is under fiv e, as is the case with a l l county h is to rie s, th is number is then given in Roman numerals. I f a work or se rie s has over fiv e volumes, the volume number is then given in Arabic numerals. In the case of one volume works the second number cited ( i. e., ) re fe rs to the page number. In the multi-volume works the th ird number lis te d is the page number. I f more

74 68 than one source is l is t e d, each source is divided by a semi-colon ( ;). The address given in these sketches is the address of the Cummins Progressives and Standpats as of 1908 and the address of the Roosevelt Progressives as of City and county names should provide no tro u b le, though i t should be remembered th a t many Iowa c itie s are not located in counties of the same name. The c ity of Des Moines, fo r example, is not in Des Moines County. The term Roosevelt Progressive, Cummins Progressive, and Standpat are used in the loose sense. Of course, there were some men in the Cummins camp, for in stance, who did not consider themselves closely attached to Senator Cummins. N evertheless, a ll the men lis te d under each group may generally be considered of th a t general group. See the u n it on "The Sample" for more inform ation on th is subject. The office held, or contested, by each man is given next. In a few cases a man held or ran for no office; in these cases a short statem ent is made concerning the position of each of these men w ithin the group. Age as given in these sketches is based on the

75 69 age of each man concerned in In two cases age could not be found, but other dates were which made i t possible to closely estim ate th e ir ages. No d if f ic u lty was occasioned concerning place of b irth. The f a th e r s birth p lace was found in most cases. In a few cases, however, no m aterial was discovered concerning paternal n a tiv ity. In th is case as in a l l others \ (except p o litic a l experience) where information about the leaders could not be found, there is simply a blank in the sketch. The fa th e r s occupation is the occupation a t the b irth of the leader, or as nearly afterw ards as could be determined. The early occupation of the subject is th e ir occupation(s) before they entered the occupation(s) they were believed to hold in 1908, 1912, or A man could be a farmer up to 1907, for instance, and a merchant th e re a fte r. Farmer would be lis te d as the early occupation and merchant as the occupation in 1908 i f he was a Cummins Progressive or Standpat. I f a man went d ire c tly from school to the occupation he held in 1908, 1912, or 1914 the early occupation is lis te d as student. Education as given in these sketches re fe rs to the highest formal education known to have been achieved

76 7 0 by the man in question. I t may be safely assumed th at a ll men who went to college had had previous education of a high school le v e l. Some m aterial about the in d iv id u a l s education was found in alm ost every instance; however, i t was often only stated th at a man had attended "public schools." This could conceivably include everything from kindergarten through high school. No in te rp re ta tio n is attempted here. The statement "public schools" is in many cases, a d ire c t quote from sources used. All the lawyers lis te d who did not attend a law school or college presumably read law. In some cases th is is to sta te d in biographies, and is given in these sketches. P o litic a l experience is not usually a subject which is l e f t out of county h isto ry biographies or other biographical works. ones considered here. E lectiv e o ffice s are usually the only There are, however, in several cases statem ents as to appointive o ffices held. I f a v a ila b le, dates or years an office was held are included; but no special e ffo rt was made to compile a l l the dates of many minor o ffic e s. The fact th a t a man held a c e rta in office is the important th in g. These biographies do not, in most cases, extend beyond 1908, 1912, or I f, however, c ertain facts are known about a man a f te r one of the above

77 71 dates these fa c ts are included i f they are deemed of importance. For the Roosevelt Progressives the previous p o lit i c a l alignment, if known, is given. In a few cases in the other two factio n s there are men included who had shifted p a rtie s. The proper statem ent is then made to th at e ffe c t. Veterans of the C ivil War and Spanish-American War are noted as is one veteran of the Indian Wars. Church a f f i l i a t i o n, if known, is given. I f a man, as an example, attended the M ethodist church, but was not a member, he is s t i l l considered to be a Methodist for our purposes. I f a man was known to be a P ro te sta n t, but the denomination was unknown, the word " P ro te sta n t is a l l th a t is given. Masons and members of other P ro te sta n t sem i-secret so c ie tie s are considered to be P ro te stan ts for purposes of church membership. Membership in fra te rn a l organizations is next given. College f r a t e r n it i e s, w ith the exception of Phi Beta Kappa, are not included. Membership in commercial, so c ial, or p o litic a l clubs as a rule is not given. I f the above inform ation f a i l s to answer any

78 72 questions the reader might have a f te r looking over a p a rtic u la r sketch, i t is suggested, th a t he consult the sources lis te d where he w ill find a l l the m aterial used fo r the preparation of the sketch. With a very few exceptions, a ll sources used may be found in the lib ra ry of the State H isto ric a l Society of Iowa.

79 73 Progressive. Delegate to Progressive National Convention, Age 32, born in Iowa. Father bom in Germany, a shoemaker. Education, public schools. Early occupation, pharmacist. Occupation in , real estate and loan business. Owner of 4000 acres of land. No previous known political experience. Elected State Senator in 1916 and 1920 on Republican ticket. Former Republican. Veteran of Spanish-American War. Congregational Church. Member Masons, Shrine, Knights of Pythias, Eastern Star, Elks. Class IX. S ee: ; ALLEN, Joseph. Pocahontas, Pocahontas. Cummins Progressive. State Senator, Age 4 0, bom in Iowa. Father American born, a farmer. Education, State University of Iowa, B.A., LL.B. Early occupation, farmer. Occupations in 1912: banker, lawyer, merchant. Member Board of Regents State University of Iowa, Veteran of Spanish- Ameriean War. Methodist Church. Member Masons,Odd Fellows, Modern Woodmen, Knights of Pythias. Class II. S ee: ; ALLEN, Lucius P. Clinton, Clinton. Roosevelt Progressive. Delegate to Progressive National Convention, Age 7 7, born in New York. Father born i n Connecticut

80 7 4 a m in iste r. Education, law school in New York City, 4 years. Early occupations: seminary teacher, newspaperman. Occupation in 1912, manager A llen P rin tin g Company. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Former Republican. P resbyterian Church. Masons. Class I I. See: ALLISON, W illiam B. Dubuque, Dubuque. Standpat. U.S. Senator, Age 81, bom in Ohio. F ather born in Pennsylvania, a farm er. Education, Western Reserve College. Early occupation, stu d en t. Occupations in 1908, U.S. Senator, lawyer. U. S. R epresentative , U.S. Senator from 1873, others. P resbyterian Church. Masons. Died in Class I I. See: ; ; ; others. ALLRED, W illiam P. Rural, Wayne. Standpat. S tate R epresentative, Age 64, bom in North Carolina. Father American born, a farmer. Education, d is tr ic t schools. Farmer e n tire l i f e. Had served as Township Clerk, Township T rustee, member of School Board, County Recorder, County Republican C entral Committee. C ivil War veteran. Methodist Church. Masons. Class I I. See: ; ANDERSON, T. T. Indianola, Warren. Standpat. Candidate fo r E lecto r a t Large in 1908 Republican prim aries. Age 66, born in Ohio. F ather bom in Pennsylvania, a farm er.

81 7 5 Educated, public schools. Early occupations; farm er, harness maker. Occupation in 1908, E d ito r of Indianola H erald. Clerk of D is tr ic t Court, C ivil War veteran. M ethodist Church. United Workmen. Class I I. See: ANDERSON, William. Jew ell, Hamilton. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 58, bom in Canada. Father born in Scotland, a farmer. Educated at a seminary. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in President of Jewell S tate Bank. Owner of several farms. County Auditor, ; County Superintendent of Schools, Died a t Ames, March 4, Class I I. See: ; ; ARNEY, W allace. Rural, M arshall. Cummins Progressive. S ta te R epresentative, Age 48, born in Iowa. Father American born, a farm er. Education, Oskaloosa College. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, farmer. In te re ste d in several banks. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Class I I. See: BAILEY, M. W. Washington, Washington. Standpat. Candidate fo r E lecto r in Republican prim aries, Age 40, born in Iowa. F ather born in Iowa, a farm er. Educatio n, S tate U niversity of Iowa, B.A., LL.B. Early occupation,

82 7 6 student. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. City Attorney 3 terms, County Attorney 2 terms, Delegate to Republican N ational Convention, P resbyterian Church. Died in Class I I. See: 128-II-5; ; BASCOM, J. L. M ilford, Dickinson. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 50, bom in Iowa. Father bom in Vermont, a farmer. Education, Indiana Normal School. Early occupation, student. Occupatio n in 1908, lawyer. In tere sted in re a l e s ta te. No previous known p o litic a l experience. P ro te sta n t. Class I I. See: ; BAUGHMAN, Jacob S. B urlington, Des Moines. Roosevelt Progressive. Delegate to Progressive N ational Convention, Age 52, born in Iowa. Father born in Ohio, a farmer. Education, K irk sv ille School of Osteopathy. Early occupation, teacher. Occupations in 1912: osteopathic physician, inventor. No previous p o litic a l experience. Former Republican. M ethodist Church. Member Masons, Shrine. Class I I. See: BEALER, Elmer J. C. Cedar Rapids, Linn. Standpat. Candidate fo r A lternate Delegate a t Large in Republican prim aries, Age 65, born in Sw itzerland. F ather born in Sw itzerland, a stonemason. Education, public

83 77 ru ra l schools. Early occupation, farm hand. Occupations in 1908: construction co n tracto r, quarryman, bank presid en t, P resident of Cedar Rapids Canning Company. School D irector, 6 years. S tate R epresentative, Veteran of C ivil War. P ro te sta n t. Masons. Commander of Iowa G.A.R., Died September 11, Class I I I. See: ; BEERY, Enoch. Rural, Henry. Standpat. S tate R epresentative, Age 54, born in Iowa. F ather born in Ohio, a farmer. Education, academy. Farmer e n tire l i f e. No previous known p o litic a l experience. P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Knights of P ythias. Class I I. See: ; BELL, Rice H. Fort Madison, Lee. Roosevelt Progressive. Delegate to Progressive S tate Convention, Age 51, born in West V irg in ia. Father born in Pennsylvania, a farm er. Education, Washington and J e f f e r son College. Early occupation, student. Occupations in 1912: lawyer, d ire c to r of a stove company. Had served as Chairman of Republican County Central Committee and Judge of Superior Court. Former Republican. P resbyterian Church. Member Masons, Odd Fellow s, Knights of P ythias. Died at Keokuk, July 26, Class I I. See: ; ;

84 78 BENNETT, Theophilis W. Lenox, Taylor. Standpat. Elected S tate Senator, Age $8, born in Iowa. Father born in New Jersey, a farmer. Education: S ta te U niversity of Iowa; College of Physicians and Surgeons of Keokuk. Early occupation, stu d en t. Occupation in 1908, medical doctor. Member of Town Council and Board of Education for many years. County Coroner, 2 term s. Methodist Church. Member Masons, Shrine, E astern S ta r. Died a t Long Beach, C a lifo rn ia, February 2, Class I I. See: ; ; BERRY, William H. Indianola, Warren. Cummins Progressive. Campaigned for Cummins, Age 61, born in I l l i n o i s. F ather born in V irg in ia, a farmer. Education, Simpson College, B.S., M.S. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. S tate Senator, Delegate to Republican N ational Convention, M ethodist Church. Member Masons, Odd Fellows, United Workmen. Died a t Indianola, March 25, Class I I. See: ; ERRYHILL, James G-. Des Moines, Polk. Standpat. Mentioned as a possible candidate against Cummins in September, Age 53, born in Iowa. Father born in Penns3/lv a n ia, a merchant. Education, S tate U niversity of Iowa, LL.B., B.A. Early occupation, stu d en t. Occupation

85 79 in 1908, lawyer. In tere sted in rea l e sta te, banking, farming, and finance. S tate R epresentative, Moved to Berkeley, C alifornia in 1914 and died there December 18, Class I I. See: ; ; BETTY, Harry B. Davenport, S co tt. Roosevelt Progressive. Member of Progressive S tate Committee on Permanent Organization, Progressive candidate for Lieutenant-Governor, Age 36, bom in I l l i n o i s. Father bom in Irela n d, a farm er. Education: Northern U niversity, B.A.; Chicago Law School, LL.B. Early Occupatio n, teacher. Occupation in 1912, lawyer. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Former Republican. Presbyte ria n Church. Class I I. See: BIRDSALL, Benjamin P. C larion, W right. Stand- pat. U.S. R epresentative, Mentioned as a candidate fo r Senator against Cummins, Age 52, bom in Wisconsin. F ather born in New York, a r e t a il lumberman. Education, S tate U niversity of Iowa. Early occupation, student. Occupations in 1908: lawyer, Congressman. D is tr ic t Judge (11) Mayor, 6 years. P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Shrine, E lks. Died a t Clarion, May 26, Class I I. See: ; ; ;

86 8 0 BIXBY, Ransom J. Edgewood, Delaware. Standpat. S tate R epresentative, Age 56, born in Iowa. Father born in Vermont, a B aptist m in ister and farmer. Education, W ilton College. Early occupations; teacher, merchant, druggist. Occupation in 1908, farm er. Had served as Township Clerk and as member of School Board. B ap tist Church. Member Masons, Shrine, Knights of P ythias. Class I I. See: ; 143-IH -275; BLACKMORE, A. C. Northwood, Worth. Cummins Progressive. S tate R ep resen tativ e, Age 67, bom in New York. Father American born, a farm er. Occupation in 1908, bank manager. County Auditor, Also served as Township Clerk and County Supervisor. Veteran of C ivil War. M ethodist Church. Member United Workmen, Odd Fellow s. Died at Northwood, August 29, Class I I. See: ; ; BLAKE, I. M. Webster C ity, Hamilton. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for E lector, Age 54, bom in Iowa. Father born in West V irg in ia, a farmer. Education, E astern Iowa Normal School. E arly occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1912, lawyer. Mayor (Jew ell), 1 year. Also served as City Clerk, City S o lic ito r, and member of Town Council. L isted as Democrat in 1889 and as Republican in P ro te sta n t. Member

87 81 Masons, Modern Woodmen, American Yeomen. Class I I. See: ; BLANK, A. H. Des Moines, Polk. Cummins Progressive. A Cummins Businessmen s Club Leader in Des Moines, Age 30, born in Rumania. Education, public schools. Businessman in No previous known p o litic a l experience. P ro te sta n t. Class I I. Masons. See: BLEAKLY, John L. Ida Grove, Ida. Standpat. S tate Senator, Elected S tate Auditor, Age 53, born in Irela n d. Father born in Ire la n d. Education, business college. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, merchant. Served on School Board 12 years, 3 years P resid en t. M ethodist Church. Member Masons, Modem Woodmen, United Workmen. Died at Des Moines, June 17, Class I I. See: ; 140-III-1371; ; BLYTHE, J. W. B urlington, Des Moines. Standpat. Leading man in standpat finance. Age 60, born in New Jersey. F ather bom in Kentucky, a m in iste r. Education, Princeton U niversity, B.A., M.A. Early occupations: teacher, lawyer. Occupation in 1908, General Attorney of Chicago, B urlington, and Quincy R ailroad. Had no previous p o litic a l experience as an o ffice -h o ld e r, wielded tremendous

88 8 2 power in Iowa p o litic s up to his death. E piscopalian Church. Died a t B urlington, March 6, Class I I I. See: ; ; 160-March 7, 1909-p. 1. BONWELL, John C. Rural, Audubon. Standpat. S tate R epresentative, Age 68, born in Ohio. Father born in V irg in ia, a farmer. Education, normal school. Early occupations: teacher, bookkeeper, d ru g g ist. Occupation in 1908, stock farm er. Had held many township o ffices and was member of County Board of Supervisors 7 years. Veteran of C ivil War. M ethodist Church. Member Masons, Shrine. Class I I. See: 5-528; BRAUDE, Edward B. C rin n ell, Poweshiek. Roosevelt Progressive. Member of Progressive S tate Committee on Nominations, Age 44, born in W isconsin. Father born in England, a m in iste r. Education: C rinnell College, 3 years; S tate U niversity of Iowa, 2 years. Early occupatio n, bookkeeper. Occupation in 1912, wholesale lumberman. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Former Republican. B aptist Church. Member Odd Fellows, E lks. Class I I. See: and 750. BRAUDES, Henry C. Rural, Pottaw attam ie. Standpat. S tate R epresentative, Age 53, born in Germany. Father born in Germany. Education, public schools. Farmer

89 83 e n tire l i f e. County Supervisor, 10 years. Delegate to county and sta te Republican conventions. P ro te stan t Member Odd Fellows, E lks. Died a t Council B luffs, October 24, Class I I. See: ; ; BREWER, Luther A. Cedar Rapids, Linn. Standpat. Member of Standpat Conference which nominated Lacey fo r Senator, Age 52, born in Pennsylvania. Father bom in Pennsylvania, a farmer. Education, Pennsylvania College (Gettysburg). Early occupations: teacher, bank clerk, bookkeeper. Occupation in 1908, newspaperman. Had been Secretary of Linn County Republican C entral Committee and Chairman of Cedar Rapids Republican Committee. S tate Inspector of Illum inating O ils, 3 years. Lutheran Church. Knights of Pythias. Class I I. See: R00KHART, Smith. Washington, Washington. Cummins Progressive. Campaigned fo r e le ctio n of Cummins, Age 41, born in M issouri. Father born in Ohio, a farmer. Education, Iowa State Normal and S c ie n tific I n s titu te (Bloomfield). Early occupation, teacher. Occupatio n in 1908, lawyer. Washington County Attorney, Veteran of Spanish-American War. M ethodist Church, Knights of Pythias.. L ater United S ta te s Senator. Died a t Whipple Arizona, November 16, 1944* Class I I. See: ;

90 ; ; other more 'complete biographies a v a ilable. BROCKS, John T. Sigourney, Keokuk. Standpat. Member of Standpat Conference which nominated Lacey fo r Senator, Age 60, bom in Iowa. Father bom in Ohio, a farm er. Education, Iowa Wesleyan U niversity. Early occupation, lawyer. Occupation in 1908, banker. Had extensive investm ents in re a l e sta te and farms. S tate Senator, Mayor (Hedrick), 10 years. T reasurer of School Board (Hedrick) 17 years. M ethodist Church. Masons. P resident of Iowa S tate Bankers A ssociation in Died at Claremont, C a lifo rn ia, February 28, Class I I. See: 76-11; BOWEN, Daniel H. Waukon, Allamakee. Standpat. Candidate for E lecto r in Republican prim aries, Age 60, born in Wisconsin. Father born in Pennsylvania, a farmer. Education, Rush Medical College, M.D. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, medical doctor. State R epresentative, County Coroner, 2 term s. Mayor. Member of School Board, 20 years. A lternate delegate a t large to Republican N ational Convention, P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Knights of P y th ias. Died a t Waukon, August 27, Class I I. See: 2-II-80;

91 85 3R0WN, John D. Leon, Decatur. Standpat. Elected S ta te Senator, Age 70, born in Ohio. Father bom in New York, a farm er. Education, high school. Early occupation, farm er. Occupation in 1908, farm manager (owner of sev era l). Held considerable business stock. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Veteran of Civil War (C aptain). P ro te sta n t. L ater Commander of Iowa G. A. R. Class I I I. See: BRUCE, James E. A tla n tic, Cass. Cummins Progressive. S ta te Senator, Age 50, born in Iowa. Father born in Ohio, a farm er. Education, State U niversity of Iowa, LL.B. Early occupations, lawyer. Occupations in 1908: banker, lawyer. County A ttorney, P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, E lks, Knights of P ythias, Odd Fellows. Died at Santa Monica, C alifo rn ia, February 2b, Class I I. See: BURGESS, H.C. Cresco, Howard. Cummins Progressive. S tate Senator, Age 64, born in Maine. Father American born. Education, private schools of high school le v e l. Early occupations: teacher, c le rk, merchant. Occupation in 1908, lumber business. Had been member of School Board and Town Council. Congregational Church. Died at Cresco, March 8, Class I I. See:

92 86 BYERS, Howard W. Harlan, Shelby. Cummins Progressive. Attorney-General of Iowa, Age 54, born in Wisconsin. F ather American born, a medical doctor. Education, public schools. E arly occupations; farm laborer, teacher, c le rk. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. Member of General Assembly, 6 years. Temporary Chairman of Republican S tate Convention, P ro te sta n t. Died a t Des Moines, March 24, Class I I. See; ; CARPENTER, Charles A. Columbus Junction, Louisa. Cummins Progressive. Campaigner fo r Cummins in 1908 se n a to ria l campaigns. Age 46, born in Iowa. Father born in New York, a farm er. Education, S tate U niversity of Iowa, LL.B. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 'x. >' vv -: - 7 7, 7 7"7,* 1908, lawyer. Member of S tate Senate, 4 years. C ity Attorney, 1 term. Mayor, 3 term s. Delegate to Republican National Convention, Was considered to be a Democrat in his e a r lie r years, before 1896 probably. P ro te sta n t. Died at Columbus Junction, October 5, Class I I. See: ; ; CARROLL, Beryl F. Bloomfield, Davis. Standpat. Candidate for Governor, Auditor of S tate, Age 50, bom in Iowa. Father born in Ohio, a farmer. Education, M issouri S tate Normal. Early occupation, teacher.

93 87 Occupations in 1908: E d ito r of Davis County Republican. S tate A uditor. Sixth D is tr ic t E lecto r, State Senator, M ethodist Church. Member United Workmen, Modern Woodmen. Died a t L o u isv ille, December 16, Class I I. See: ; 148-8( )-392; ; CASSADY, Edward M. W hiting, Monona. Standpat. S tate R epresentative, Age 62, born in Ohio. Father born in Irela n d, a farm er. Education, public schools. Early occupation, farm er. Occupations in 1908; bank presid en t, merchant, stock farmer. Had held various township o ffic e s. Veteran of C ivil War. Congregational Church. Died February 21, Class I I. See: ; ; ; CASTLE, E. B. Marion, Linn. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive Candidate fo r S tate R epresentative, Age 33, born in I l l i n o i s. Education, high school. Early occupation, railw ay employee. scale construction contractor. Occupation in 1912, large No previous known p o litic a l experience. Veteran of Spanish-American War. P ro te sta n t. Member of Masons and Odd Fellow s. Class I I I. See:

94 8 8 CHASE, D. Cady. Webster City, Hamilton. Cummins Progressive. Campaigner fo r Cummins, Age 51, born in Iowa. Father born in New York, a lawyer and judge. Education, S tate U niversity of Iowa, LL.3. Early occupatio n, newspaperman. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. Served as C ity Attorney, S tate R epresentative, I 892- I 8 9 6, Delegate a t Large to Republican National Convention, Republican E lecto r, P ro te sta n t. Elected State Senator in 1910, 1914, and Died a t Webster City, March 2, Class I I. See: ; (fa th e r); ; CHESIRE, Thomas A. Des Moines, Polk. Cummins Progressive. Campaigner for Cummins, Age 55, born in Iowa. Father born in North C arolina, a farmer. Educatio n, S tate U n iv e rsitie s of Iowa and Michigan, LL.B. Michigan. Early occupation, stu d en t. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. State Senator, Died a t Anamosa, December 22, Class I I. See: CLARK, Charles A. (Colonel). Cedar Rapids, Linn. Standpat. Mentioned as candidate for Senator against Cummins in Standpat Convention, Age 71, born in Maine. Father born in Maine, a lawyer. Education, academy. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, lawyer.

95 8 9 Had served as Mayor of Cedar Rapids and as a Regent on th e State Board of Education, Democrat u n til Veteran of C ivil War where he won the Medal of Honor and was breveted Lieutenant-C olonel. P ro te sta n t. Masons. Died at Cedar Rapids, December 22, Class I I. See: ; CLARK, Howard I. Des Moines, Polk. Cummins Progressive. Cummins Businessmen s Club Leader (Des Moines), Age 42, bom in Iowa. Father bom in Ohio, a farmer. Education, Drake U niversity, LL.B. Early occupation, student. Occupation..in 1908, lawyer. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Congregational Church. Masons. Died February 16, Class I I. See: ; CLARK, Philo D. Red Oak, Montgomery. Roosevelt Progressive. Delegate to Progressive N ational Convention, Age 31, born in Iowa. Education, Yale U niversity, B.A. Early occupation, bank c le rk. Occupation in 1912, employee of a calendar manufacturing company. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Class I. See: CLARKE, Edgar E. Cedar Rapids, Linn. Standpat. Mentioned as a candidate for Senator against Cummins in Standpat Convention, In te rs ta te Commerce Commissioner

96 90 head of Order of Railway Conductors of America. No known political experience. Protestant. Member of Masons, Elks. Died December 1, Class III. See: ( )- 349; ( ) ; CLARKE, E. W. Grinnell, Poweshiek. Cummins Progressive. State Senator, Age 6 3, born in Vermont. Father American born, a farmer. Education, Rush Medical College. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1903, medical doctor. Served as State Representative, , Had served as School Board member, City Councilman, Mayor. Protestant. Once President of Iowa State Medical Society. Class II. See: ; CLARKE, George. Adel, Dallas. Cummins Progressive. Elected Lieutenant-Governor, State Representative, Age 58, born in Indiana. Father born in Ohio, a farmer. Education: Oskaloosa College, B.A.; State University of Iowa, LL.B. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. No previous known political experience. Christian Church. Rotary. Died at Adel, November 28, Class II. See: ; I I - 5 ; H I ; ; ; o t h e r s. CLEAVES, R. L. Cherokee, Cherokee. Roosevelt Progressive. Delegate to Progressive National Convention,

97 Age 66, born in Maine. Father born in Maine, a businessman. Education, Medical Department of Harvard U niversity. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1912, medical doctor. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Former Republican. Congregational Church. Masons. Class I I. See: ; 2 8 -II-8. CONRAD, A lbert E. R ural, F ayette. Roosevelt Progressive. Member of Progressive S ta te Committee on Permanent O rganization, Age 41, born in Iowa. Father born in New York, a farmer. Education, Upper Iowa U niversity, 3 years. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1912, farmer. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Formerly a P ro h ib itio n is t party member. C hristian Church. Class I I. See: COOPER, W. S. W interset, Madison. Cummins Progressive. Candidate for E lector in Republican prim aries, Age 37, born in Pennsylvania, a farm er. Education, U niversity of V irg in ia. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. County A ttorney, * Presbyterian Church. Knights of P ythias. Class I I. See: and 60. CONN, Stanley. Parkersburg, B utler. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 55, born in

98 9 2 Canada. Father born in Canada, a fanner. Education, rural public schools. Occupation farmer for entire life. Had served as Township Assessor, School Board member, City Councilman, County Supervisor. Class II. See: CONNER, lames P. Denison, Crawford. Cummins Progressive. U. S. Representative, Age 59, born in Indiana. Father born in North Carolina, a medical doctor. Education, State University of Iowa, LL.B. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1908, lawyer and Congressman. District Attorney, ; Circuit Court Judge, ; District Judge, ; Delegate to Republican National Convention, Methodist Church. Not a member of any fraternal organizations. Died at Denison March 19, Class II. See: ; ; ; 143-IV-260; COPELAND, William W. Burlington, Des Moines. Cummins Progressive. Republican primary candidate for Elector at Large, Age 54, born in Pennsylvania. Father born in Pennsylvania, a storekeeper. Education, public schools. Early occupations: farmer, clerk.

99 93 Occupations in 1908: owner and operator of a commission house, candy m anufacturer. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Congregational Church. Masons. Class I I I. See: CORRIE, Samuel M. Rural, Id a. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 52, born in New York. Father born in Scotland, a merchant. Education, 1 year high school. Farmer e n tire l i f e. Had served as Township Clerk, Township T rustee, and as a member of the School Board. Church of God. Masons. President Corn Belt Meat Producers A ssociation. Class I I. See: 140-III-1009; COUSINS, Robert G. Tipton, Cedar. Standpat. U. S. R epresentative (from 1893), Age 51, born in Iowa. Father born in Iowa, a farmer. Education, Cornell College, B. C. E. Early occupation, c iv il engineer. Occupation in 1908, lawyer and Congressman. S tate House of R ep resen tativ es, County A ttorney, Republican P re sid e n tia l E lecto r, 1888, Others P ro te stan t (probably M ethodist). Died June 19, 1933.

100 94 Class II. See: ; ; 148-5( )-416; ; ; 154-entire; others. COWLES, LaMonte. Burlington, Des Moines. Standpat. Member of Standpat Conference which nominated Lacey to Senator, Age 51, born in Iowa. Father born in New York, a minister. Education, Iowa Wesleyan, B.A. Early occupation, civil engineer. Occupation in 1908, corporation lawyer. Had served as City Attorney, Chairman of Republican Congressional District Committee, and as a member of Republican State Central Committee. Methodist Church. Member Masons, United Workmen, Modern Woodmen, Elks, Shrine. Served in State Senate, Class III. See: ; CRANE, Edward H. Odebolt, Sac. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for U. S. Representative, Age 35, born in Iowa. Father born in England, a farmer. Education: Iowa State Teachers College, B.A.; State University of Iowa, M.D.; Harvard University, postgraduate medical school. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1912, medical doctor. No previous known political experience. Methodist Church. Member Masons, Odd Fellows. Class II. See:

101 9 5 CUMMINGS, Benjamin F. Marshalltown, Marshall. Cummins Progressive. Campaigner for Cummins, Age 45, bom in New York. Father a medical doctor. Education, State University of Michigan, LL.B. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. City Attorney, County Attorney, State Representative, 5 years. Had been School Board member. Died at Marshalltown, August 25, Class II. See: 140-III-883; CUMMINS, Albert B. Des Moines, Polk. Cummins Progressive. Governor and Senator, Age 6 0, born in Pennsylvania. Father born in Virginia, a farmer. Education, Y/aynesburg College. Early occupation, engineer. Occupation in , lawyer. Served as Governor, ; State Representative, ; Presidential Elector at Large, 1892; Temporary Chairman State Convention, 1892; National Committeeman, ; others. Served as U. S. Senator, ; acting Vice-President of U. S., Protestant. Died at Des Moines, July 30, Class II. See: ; ; ; many other sources, a full biography is under preparation. CURTIS, George M. Clinton, Clinton. Cummins Progressive. President of Clinton Cummins Club, Age 66, born in New York. Father bom in New York, a farmer.

102 96 Education, Rock River Seminary. Early occupations: clerk, lumber manufacturer. Occupations in 1908: banker, manufacturer. Served in U. 8. House of Representatives, (not a candidate for re-election); State House of Representatives, ; Delegate to Republican National Convention, 1892, 1904, Protestant. Masons. Died at Clinton, February 9, Class III. See: 34-24; ; DARRAH, John H. Chariton, Lucas. Cummins Progressive. State Representative, Age 36, born in Illinois. Father bom in Ireland, a farmer. Education, academy attendance. Early occupation, clerk. Occupation in 1908, owner and operator of a department store. Served on city council, Protestant. Class II. See: DAVENPORT, J. C. Mason City, Cerro Gordo. Cummins Progressive. Secretary of Mason City Cummins Club, Age 41, born in Iowa. Education, State University of Iowa, B. A. Early occupation, printer. Occupation in 1908, editor and publisher. City Clerk, Methodist Church. Member Masons, Knights of Pythias. Class II. See:

103 97 DEIHL, John D. Wapello, Louisa. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive Candidate fo r S tate Representativ e, 1914* Age 28, born in Iowa. Father born in Iowa, a farmer. Education, Drake U n iv ersity. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1914, Cashier of Wapello Savings Bank. Served on School Board, Former Republic a n. M ethodist Church. Class I. See: and 437. DEWELL, Hiram. Rural, Cedar. S tandpat. State R epresentative, Age 61, born in Indiana. Father born in Ohio, a farmer. Education, ru ra l public schools. Farmer e n tire l i f e. Had served as Township A ssessor, Township T rustee, and as S ecretary of lo cal School Board. B aptist Church. Died a t Clarence, July 19, Class I I. See: ; ; DEWEY, Henry K. Guthrie Center, G uthrie. Standpat. Elected State R epresentative, Age 6 4, born in Vermont. Father born in Vermont, a farm er. Education, H artford (Conn.) Business College. E arly occupations: clerk, farmer, banker. Occupation in 1908: re a l e s ta te, loan, and a b stract business. Had served as County A uditor, ; City Clerk, City Councilman, C ity T reasurer. Methodist Church. Masons. Class I I. See: ;

104 98 DINNING, David. C incinnati, Appanoose. Cummins Progressive. Cummins campaigner, Age 51, bom in Scotland. Father born in Scotland, a miner. Education, public schools. Early occupation, coal miner. Occupatio n in 1908, coal mine owner and operator. No known previous p o litic a l experience. P resbyterian. Masons. Class I I. See: 3-474; 143-V-370. D0NH0WE, H. N. Story C ity, Story. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive A lternate Delegate to N ational Convention, Age 38, born in Iowa. Education, academy. Early occupations: auctioneer, clerk. Occupatio n s in 1912: banker, auctioneer. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Former Republican. Elected State R epresentative in 1920 and 1922 on Republican tic k e t. Died a t Story C ity, A pril 4, Class I I. See: ; DORAN, Ju stin R. Beaver (township), Boone. Cummins Progressive. S ta te R epresentative, Age 60, born in New York. Father born in Irela n d, a farmer. Education, public schools. Farmer e n tire life acres in Had served as School D irector, School T reasurer, and Township T rustee. S tate Senator, Was one time a f f ilia te d with the Greenback party. P ro te sta n t.

105 99 Member Masons, Odd Fellows. Died October 13, Class I I I. See: ; ; DOW, Daniel W. Hampton, F ranklin. Standpat. S tate R epresentative, Age 75, born in Michigan. Father bom in Vermont, a farm er. Education, academy. Early occupations: carpenter, teacher. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. Served as Clerk of D is tric t Court, 6 years; County A ttorney, 4 years; Mayor, 1 term. Veteran of C iv il War. P ro te stan t. Died a t Hampton, August 18, Class I I. See: ; DOWER, lames M. Marengo, Iowa. Roosevelt Prog ressive. Chairman of Progressive State Convention, Age 42, bom in Iowa. Father born in Irelan d, a farmer. Education: U niversity of V alparaiso, B.A., S tate U n iv ersity of Iowa, LL.B. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1914, lawyer. County A ttorney, Former Democ ra t. C atholic. Class I I. See: DRURY, W ill. Rural, Sac. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 48, born in Iowa. Father born in England, a farm er. Education, high school. Farmer e n tire l i f e, prim arily stock in as Township Assessor and Township T rustee. Had served M ethodist Church. Member Masons, Shrine, Knights of P ythias. Died

106 1 0 0 a t E arly, February 9, Class I I. See: ; ; DUNHAM, George W. Manchester, Delaware. Standpat. State Senator, Age 53, born in Iowa. Father born in Vermont, a teacher. Education, State Univ e rsity of Iowa, LL.B. Early occupation, student. Occupatio n in 1908, lawyer. Served as State R epresentative, 4 years; Chairman of County Central Committee, P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Knights of P ythias. Class I I. See: ; ; DUNN, Henry. M iles, Jackson. Standpat. State R epresentative, Age 73, bom in Irelan d. Father born in Ire la n d, a farmer. No formal education. E arly occupation, farmer. Occupation in 1908, re tire d implement d ealer. Had very large land holdings. Had served on School Board, 16 years; as Mayor; on C ity Council; as C ity Treasurer. Was P resid ent of Jackson and Clinton Counties Farmer s Mutual Aid Insurance Company fo r 4 terms. Veteran of C ivil War. P ro te sta n t. Odd Fellows. Class I I. See: ; DYE, Charles C. Rural, D ecatur. Standpat. State Representative, Age 50, born in Iowa. Father American born, a farmer. Education, high school graduate.

107 1 0 1 Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, farmer (500 a c re s). Had served as Road Overseer, 20 years. Class I I. See: DYE, Willoughby. Macedonia, Pottaw attam ie. Standpat. State R epresentative, Age 53, born in Iowa. F ather American born, a farmer. Education, academy graduate. Early occupations: teacher, clerk. Occupations in 1908: dry goods merchant, bank p resid en t. Owned several farms and some business stock. Had served as member of Town Council. Democrat u n til 1896, since Republican. P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Odd Fellows, Elks. Class I I. See: ; DYER, Joseph A. Des Moines, Polk. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive E lecto r a t Large, Age 47, born in Texas. Father born in Indiana, a m in ister. Education, Drake U niversity, LL.B. Early occupation, stu d en t. Occupation in 1912, lawyer. Ran for Congress on Democratic tic k e t in Former Democrat, p rio r to 189b. After 1896, to 1912, Independent. C h ristian Church. Member Knights of P y th ias, American Yeomen. Class I I. See: 107-II7295;

108 102 ECKLES, Charles. Rural, M arshall. Cummins Progressiv e. S tate Senator, Age 70, bom in England. Father born in England, a brick-yard operator. Education, public schools in England and U. S. Farmer e n tire l if e (700 acres in 1908). Bank D irector. S tate R epresentative, Veteran of C ivil War. Congregational Church. Died July 9, Class I I. See: ; ELERICK, James. Rural, Van Buren. Standpat. S tate Senator, Age 72, born in Ohio. Father a farm er. Education, public schools. E arly occupation, grain, livestock, and lumber business. Occupation in 1908, farmer. S tate R epresentative, County S h e riff, 4 years. Veteran of C ivil War (Captain). Methodist Church. Died a t Monrovia, C a lifo rn ia, August 7, Class I I. See: ; ELLIOTT, Jesse D. H aw leyville, Page. Standpat. S tate Representative, Age 59, born in I l l i n o i s. Father born in North C arolina, a farm er. Education, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Keokuk. E arly occupations: farmer, merchant. Occupations in 1908: medical doctor, stock farmer. Served on Republican County Central Comm ittee, 20 years; Township Clerk, 9 years. P ro te sta n t. Odd Fellows. Class I I. See: ;

109 103 EMERY, David H. Ottumwa, Wapello. Roosevelt Progressive. Delegate to Progressive R ational Convention, Age 73, born in I l l i n o i s. Father born in Pennsylvania, a farmer. Education, 2 terms Abingdon College. E arly occupation, student. Occupation in 1912, lawyer. S tate R epresentative, Had served as County Attorney, City A ttorney, School Board. Former Republican. Veteran of C ivil War. Methodist Church. Class I I. See: ; ; ENFIELD, C. M. Je fferso n, Greene. Roosevelt Progressive. Delegate to Progressive Rational Convention, Age 70 (estim ated), born in New York. Education, Medical College of Columbia U niversity M.D. Early occupatio n, student. Occupation in 1912, medical doctor. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Former Republican. Veteran of C iv il War. Class I I. See: ; ENGLISH, Emory. Des Moines, Polk. Cummins Progressive. S tate P rin te r, Age 39, born in Iowa. Father born in Kentucky, a medical doctor. Education, public schools. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1908, e d ito r and publisher (Mason City Times). State Representative, C hristian Church. Member, Masons, Knights of P ythias. At presen t (1956) Editor of the Annal s of Iowa. Class I I. See: ; ;

110 ERICSON, Charles J. A. Boone, Boone. Cummins Progressive. S ta te Senator, Age 70, born in Sweden. Father born in Sweden, a farmer. Education, public schools. Early occupations: lab o rer, merchant. Occupation in 1908, bank presid en t. S ta te R epresentative, S tate Senator, Had also served as Alderman, City T reasurer, P resident of School Board. Road Supervisor, and had held various township o ffic e s. Presbyte ria n Church. Member Masons, Shrine. Died a t Boone, August 7, Class I I. See: ; ETHRIDGE, Samuel S. Des Moines, Polk. Standpat. Member of Standpat Conference which nominated Lacey for Senator, Age 72, born in New Hampshire. Education, Wesleyan U niversity (Middletown, Conn.), graduate. Early occupation, stu d en t. Occupations in 1908: lawyer, President of E clipse Coal Company. No known previous e le c tiv e p o litic a l experience. Had held appointments in several lo ca l appointive U. S. o ffice s. Veteran of C ivil War. P ro te sta n t. Died a t Des Moines, June 7, Class I I I. See: FEE, Thomas G. C e n te rv ille, Appanoose. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive E le c to r, Age 33, born in

111 105 Iowa. Father, see next sketch. Education, State University of Iowa, LL.B. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1912, lawyer. County Attorney, Former Republican. Veteran of Spanish-American War. Methodist Church. Member Masons, Knights of Pythias, Elks. Class II. See: ; ; FEE, Thomas M. Centerville, Appanoose. Cummins Progressive. Candidate for Elector at Large in Republican primaries, Age 70, born in Ohio. Father born in Pennsylvania, a merchant. Education, academy. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. Had served as District Attorney of second judicial district of Iowa, 4 years. District Judge, Veteran of Civil War. Methodist Church. Member Masons, Odd Fellows, Shrine, Elks. Died April 13, Class II. See: 3-40; ; FEELY, Guy A. Waterloo, Black Hawk. Cummins Progressive. State Representative,1908. Age 35, born in Iowa. Father American bom, a farmer. Education, State University of Iowa, LL.B. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. No previous known political experience. Veteran of Spanish-American War. Protestant. Knights of Pythias. Died at Waterloo, November 14, Class II. See: ;

112 1 0 6 FELT, Banjamin F., J r. Rural, Clay. Cuinmins Progressive. State R epresentative, Age 48, born in I l l i n o i s. Father born in New York, a newspaperman. Education, academy. Farmer e n tire l i f e. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Congregational Church. Class I I. See: ; FENN, Jo el M. Rural, Clarke. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 66, born in Ohio. Father American born, a farmer. Education, normal school. E arly occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, stock farmer (owned several other farm s). Had held various township o ffices. Died a t Murray, May 7, Class I I. See: ; ; FISHER, Simon. Rock Rapids, Lyon. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive E le cto r, Age 4 8, born in Indiana. Father born in V irg in ia, a farmer. Education: U niversity of Ohio, B.A.; S tate U niversity of Iowa, LL.B. Early occupation, teacher. Occupations in 1912 j lawyer, fin an c ie r. County A ttorney, Former Republican. P ro te sta n t. Odd Fellows. Class I I. See: FLUGUM, C hristian M. Rural, Winnebago. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 51, born in Norway. Father born in Norway, a farmer. Education,

113 107 Luther College. E arly occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, farm er. Township Clerk, 2 years. School Board member, 3 years. Lutheran Church. Died November 9, Class I I. See: ; ; FOX, John. Rural, D allas. Standpat. S tate R epresentative, Age 71, born in England. Father born in England, a mechanic. E arly occupation, teacher. Education, public schools. Occupation in 1908, stock farmer (400 acres). Had served as Township Trustee and as a School Board member. Veteran of C iv il War. Methodist Church. Member Masons, Odd Fellow s. Class I I. See: ; FRAILEY, Joseph R. Fort Madison, Lee. Roosevelt Progressive. P rovisional F ir s t D is tr ic t S tate Committeeman, Age 34, born in Iowa. Education, S tate U niversity of Iowa, B.Ph., LL.B. E arly occupation, student. Occupatio n in 1912, lawyer. C ity A ttorney, Former Republican. Veteran of Spanish-American War. P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, E lks. Eagles, Moose, Woodmen of the World, Modern Woodmen, U nited Workmen. S tate Senator, and (Republican). Died a t Fort Madison, October 5, Class I I. See: ; ;

114 108 FRANCIS, Bruce. Cedar Falls, Black Hawk. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for Auditor of State, Age 45, born in Iowa. Father born in Ohio, a farmer. Education: Iowa State Teachers College, M. Di.; State University of Iowa, B. Ph.; graduate work at University of Chicago. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1914, Superintendent of Schools in Cedar Falls. No previous known political experience. Methodist Church. Modern Woodmen. Class II. See: 7-II-471; FRANCIS, Leslie E. Spirit Lake, Dickinson. Cummins Progressive. Elected State Senator, Age 39, born in Iowa. Father born in England, a farmer. Education, State University of Iowa, LL.B. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. Had extensive land holdings. County Attorney, Presbyterian Church. Masons. Class II. See: ; FULLER, Quintus C. Milford, Dickinson. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for State Representative, Age 43, born in Illinois. Father born in Vermont, a farmer. Education, Drake University, M.D. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1914, medical doctor. Had served on School Board for 13 years and as a member of the Town Council. Former Republican. Protestant. Member Masons, Knights of Pythias, Modern Woodmen. Class II.

115 109 See: FULLMER, G-rant B. Marengo, Iowa. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for S tate Representativ e, Age 39, born in Michigan. Father born in New York, a farmer. Education, S tate U niversity of Iowa, 2 years. Early occupation, p rin te r. Occupation in 1914, E ditor of Marengo S e n tin e l. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Methodist Church. Member Knights of P ythias, Odd Fellow s. Class I I. See: FULTON, Charles I. F a irfie ld, Jefferso n. Standpat. Elected S tate R epresentative, Age 50, born in Iowa. Father born in Ohio, a farm er. Education, Parsons College, B.A. Early occupation, farm er. Occupation in 1908, part-owner of Louden Machinery Company. Mayor of F a irfie ld, P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Odd Fellows, E lks. Class I I. See: 143-IV-179; FUNIC, Abraham B. S p irit Lake, Dickinson. Cummins Progressive. Campaigner fo r Cummins and leading Cummins Progressive of extreme Northwest Iowa, Age 56, born in I l l i n o i s. Father born in Ohio, a m in ister. E arly occupation, newspaperman. Occupation in 1908, E ditor of S p irit Lake Beacon. S tate Senator, Mayor of S p irit Lake a t one time. Delegate to Republican National

116 110 Convention, Candidate for Republican nomination for Governor, 1897 ( lo s t). Others. B a p tist Church. Masons. Died May 30, Class I I. See: ; GALE, Absalom H. Mason City, Cerro Gordo. Standpat. S tate Senator, Age 47, born in Iowa. Father born in England, a construction co n tracto r. Education, S tate U n iv ersity of Iowa, B.C.E. E arly occupatio n, engineer. Occupation in 1908, banker. Had served as City Clerk. Treasurer of Board of Education. Methodist Church. Member Masons, Knights of Pythias, E lks, Modern Woodmen, Modern Brotherhood of America. Class I I. See: ; GARDNER, Charles F. Osage, M itchell. Roosevelt Progressive. A lternate Delegate to Progressive N ational Convention, Age 67, born in New York. Father born in New York, a farmer. Education, Cedar Valley Seminary. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1912, h o r tic u ltu r is t (Gardner Nursery Company). Had served on C ity Council, 3 years; School Board, 3 years; J. P., 8 years. Former Republican. Veteran of C iv il War. P ro te stan t. Member Masons, Odd Fellows. Class I I. See:

117 111 GARST, Warren. Coon Rapids, C arro ll. Cummins Progressive. Lieutenant-Governor and Governor, Age 60, born in Ohio. Father born in Holland, a medical doctor. Education, public schools. Early occupation, r a i l way brakeman. Occupations in 1908: Governor, merchant. S tate Senator, P ro te sta n t. Class I I. See: ; and 730. GILLILAND, S hirley. Glenwood, M ills. Standpat. State Senator, Age 54, born in Iowa. Father born in Kentucky, a farmer. Education, S tate U niversity of Iowa, B.A., LL.B. Early occupation, newspaperman. Occupatio n in 1908, lawyer. Had served on Board of Regents of the State U niversity of Iowa, 12 years. County Attorney, 6 years. Congregational Church. Died December 6, Class I I. See: ; ; GOELDKER, Ferdinand L. Sigourney, Keokuk. Roosevelt Progressive. Member of Progressive State Comm ittee on R esolutions, Age 4 6, born in Iowa. Father born in Germany, a farm er. Education, Iowa S tate College, 2 years. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1912, lawyer. Deputy Clerk of D is tr ic t Court, One time Chairman of County Republican C entral Committee. County Attorney, Former Republican. Lutheran. Member Knights of Pythias, Odd Fellows. Class I I. See:

118 ; ; GOOD, James W. Cedar Rapids, Linn, Cummins Progressive. E lected U.S. R epresentative, Age 44, born in Iowa. Father born in Pennsylvania, a farmer. Education: Coe College, B.A.; S tate U niversity of Michigan, LL.B. E arly occupation, student. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. Had served as City A ttorney. Presbyte ria n Church. Masons. Class I I. See: ; ; 148-9( )-960. G00DYK00NTZ, W illiam W. Boone, Boone. Cummins Progressive. E lected S tate R epresentative, Age 38, born in Iowa. Father born in Indiana, a farmer. Educatio n, S tate U n iv ersity of Michigan, LL.B. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. Had served as City Councilman, City S o lic ito r, Mayor. Presbyterian Church. Member Knights of P ythias, Odd Fellows, E lks. Class I I. See: ; GRAHAM, W illiam A. Des Moines, Polk. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive E le c to r, Age 35, born in Wisconsin. Father born in New York, a lawyer. Education: Leland Stanford U niversity, 2 years; S tate U niversity of Iowa, LL.B. E arly occupation, student. Occupation in 1912, lawyer. ' No previous known p o litic a l experience.

119 113 Former Republican. Episcopal Church. Member E lks, and Modern Woodmen. Class I I. See: (fath er); GREENWOOD, Charles G. S ilv er C ity, M ills. Standpat. S ta te R epresentative, Age 74, born in Maine. Education, U niversity of Wisconsin. Early occupatio n, teacher. Occupations in 1908: lumber businessman, bank p resid en t. County Supervisor, 10 years. Ju stice of the Peace, 12 years. P ro te sta n t. Masons. Class I I. See: 140-III-1019; ; GRIER, George E. Deep River, Poweshiek. Cummins Progressive. State R epresentative, Age 34, born in Iowa. Father born in Pennsylvania, a farm er. Educatio n, Iowa College, B.A. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, bank cash ier. County C entral Committee, 4 years. Member Republican P resbyterian Church. Masons. Class I. See: ; GRIFFITH, Harry L. Elkader, Clayton. Roosevelt Progressive. Member of Progressive State Committee on Nominations, Age 33, bom in Iowa. Father born in Indiana, a newspaperman. Education, U niversity of Wisconsin, 2 years. Early occupation, e le c tr ic a l engineer. Occupation in 1912, E ditor and P ublisher of the Elkader Argus. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Former

120 1 1 4 Republican. P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Modem Y/oodmen. Class I I. See: GRIFFITHS, Henry H. Des Moines, Polk. Roosevelt Progressive. Member of Progressive State Committee on Nominations, Age 42, born in Iowa. Father born in Pennsylvania, re a l-e s ta te business. Education, S tate U niversity of Iowa, LL.B. Occupation in 1912, lawyer. Early occupation, student. Had been a delegate to local and sta te Republican conventions. Former Republican. U nitarian Church. Sons of American Revolution. Class I I. See: ; 140-III-866. GRIMES, John W. Y/oodbine, H arrison. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for S tate Representa tiv e, Age 40, born in Iowa. Father born in Ohio, a liv ery sta b le owner. Education, Iowa S ta te Teachers College, graduate. Early occupations: teach er, p rin cip al. Occupation in 1914, re a l e sta te and insurance business. School Board, 9 years. P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Modern Woodmen. Class I I. See: GUSTAFSON, Alvin C. Red Oak, Montgomery. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for S tate S enator,1912. Age 28, born in I l l i n o i s. Education, Y/estern Normal College, 2 years. Early occupation,

121 115 newspaperman. Occupation in 1912, e d ito r of a sales promotion magazine. Methodist Church. Masons. Class I I. See? GUTHRIE, James R. Dubuque, Dubuque. Standpat. Member of Standpat Conference which nominated Lacey for Senator, Age 52, born in Iowa. Father born in Irelan d, a farmer. Education; Lenox College, B.S.; State U niversity of Iowa, M.D. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, medical doctor. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Presbyterian Church. E lks. Class I I. See: 43- I I (fa th e r); ; 140-III-1302; 143-IV-424. HACKLER, Charles W. Fort Dodge, Webster. Cummins P rogressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 41, born in I l li n o i s. Father American born. Education: Iowa College; State U niversity of Iowa, LL.B. Early occupatio n, teacher. Occupation in 190S, lawyer. County Attorney, Moved to C alifo rn ia in Class I I. See: EALLAM, Joseph V/. Sioux City, Woodbury. Roosevelt Progressive. Candidate fo r U.S. R epresentative, Age 55, born in W isconsin. Father born in England, a farm er. Education, U n iv ersity of W isconsin, B.A., LL.B.

122 116 Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1912, lawyer. No previous known political experience. Class II. See: HANNA, George W. Luverne, Kossuth. Standpat. Candidate fo r E lecto r in Republican prim aries, Age 60, born in Iowa. Father born in I l l i n o i s, a farmer. Education, Upper Iowa U niversity, M.A. Early occupations: teacher, merchant. Occupation in 1908, banker. Owned over 6000 acres of land. S tate R epresentative, Delegate to Republican N ational Convention, Mayor of Luverne a t one time. P ro te sta n t. Odd Fellow s. Class I I I. See: ; ; HANNA, W illiam H. Rural, Benton. Standpat. State Representative, Age 51, born in Iov/a. Father born in Ohio, a farmer. Education, public schools. Farmer entire life. Owner of bank and other stock in President Benton County Agricultural Society, Presbyterian Church. Class I I. See: 6- I I and 842; HANSON, Thor. 0. Bode, Humboldt. Cummins Progressive. State Representative, Age 51, born in Wisconsin. Father born in Norway, a farmer. Education, Normal Course at Luther College. Early occupations:

123 117 te a c h e r, m erchant. O ccupation in 1908, banker. Owned se v e ra l farm s. Mayor, 14 y e a rs. School Board member. L utheran Church. C lass I. See: HARDING, W illiam L. Sioux C ity, Woodbury. S ta n d p at. S ta te R e p re se n ta tiv e, Age 33, born in Iowa. F a th e r born in P e n n sy lv a n ia, a farm er. E d u catio n, South Dakota U n iv e rs ity, LL.B. E a rly o c cu p a tio n, te a c h e r. O ccupation in 1908, law y er. No previous known p o l i t i c a l ex p erien ce. M ethodist Church. Masons. Governor of Iowa, C lass I I. See: ; ( )-1186; ; ; o th e rs ; f u l l biography under p re p a ra tio n. HARPEL, L lew ellyn V. Boone, Boone. R oosevelt P ro g re s s iv e. P ro g re ss iv e P ro v is io n a l S ta te Committeeman, Age 60, born in Ohio. F a th e r born in Ohio, a farm er. E ducation: Iowa S ta te C ollege, B.S. ; Drake U n iv e rs ity, LL.B. E a rly o c cu p a tio n, s tu d e n t. O ccupation i n 1912, law yer. C ity S o l i c i t o r a t one tim e. Former Dem ocrat. P r o te s ta n t. Member Masons, K nights of P y th ia s, E lk s, Modern Woodmen, Woodmen of th e W orld. C lass I I. See:

124 1 1 8 HARVEY, Mahlon. Rural, Osceola. Standpat. S tate R epresentative, Age 66, born in New York. Father born in New York, a farmer. Education, public schools. Early occupations: farm er, teacher, cheesemaker. Occupation in 1908, farm er. S ta te R epresentative, S ecretary of School Board, 26 years. Township Trustee, 6 years. Died December 21, Class I I. See: ; HARWOOD, W illiam H. Des Moines, Polk. Roosev e lt Progressive. Progressive candidate for S tate Representative, Age 53, born in Iowa. Father born in New York, a carpenter. Education, Iowa S tate Teachers College, graduate. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1912, manager of a re a lty company. Member North Des Moines Board of Education, 2 years. P resident of Young Republicans, Des Moines, Republican National Convention, Delegate to Former Republican. One time P resident of Des Moines Real E state A ssociation. C hristian Science Church. Member Masons, Knights of P ythias. Class I I. See: HAUGEN, G ilb e rt. Northwood, Worth. Standpat. United S tates R epresentative, Mentioned as a possible candidate against Cummins in 1908 Standpat Conference. Age 51, born in Wisconsin. Father born in

125 119 Norway, a farm er. Education, business college at Ja n e sv ille Wisconsin. E arly occupations: farmer, merchant. Occupatio n s in 1903: Congressman, p resid en t of 3 banks, owner of considerable re a l e sta te and farm land. County T reasurer, S ta te R epresentative, Had held various township o ffices. U.S. R epresentative, (defeated in 1932 e le c tio n s). P ro te sta n t. Died a t Northwood, July 18, Class I I I. See: ; ; ; others. HEINSHEIMER, D. L. Glenwood, M i l s. Standpat. Candidate in Republican prim aries for A lternate N ational Delegate a t Large, Age 63, born in Germany. Father born in Germany. Education, public schools. Early occupation, clerk. Occupations in 1908: businessman, bank p resid en t. Owner of considerable land. Had served on C ity Council; as Mayor; School Board, 18 years. Delegate to Republican N ational Convention, Republican P re sid e n tia l E le cto r, Class I I. See: HENRY, Samuel D. Coon Rapids, C a rro ll. Standpat. Member of Standpat Conference which nominated Lacey fo r Senator, Age 56, born in Indiana. Father born in Kentucky, a farm er. Early occupation, flo u r m ille r. Occupations in 1903: E d ito r and Publisher of Coon Rapids

126 1 2 0 E n te rp ris e, owner of an e le c tric p lan t, ov/ner of bank stock. No previous known p o litic a l experience. P ro te stan t. Class I I I. See: HEPBURN, William?. Clarinda, Page. Standpat. U.S. R epresentative, Age 77, born in Ohio. Father American born, a U.S. Army medical doctor. Education, p riv ate schools. E arly occupations: p rin te r, e d ito r. U.S. R epresentative from 1893* P re sid e n tia l E le cto r, 1876, U.S. R epresentative, Prosecuting A ttorney, D is tric t, 1858-?. D is tr ic t A ttorney of Eleventh Ju d ic ia l Delegate to Republican N ational Conventio n, I860. L ib eral Republican P arty member in Veteran of C ivil War (L ieutenant-c olonel). Died a t Clarinda, February 7, Class I I. See: ; 148-5( )-568; ; others. HILDEBRAND, J. H. W aterloo, Black Hawk. Roosev elt Progressive. S tate Progressive Committee on Nominatio n s, Age 36, born in Iowa. Father born in, Pennsylvania, a farmer. Education, S tate U n iv ersity of Iowa, LL.B. E arly occupation, student. Occupation in 1912, lawyer. Had served as a City Alderman. Former Republican. Veteran of Spanish-American War (L ieutenant). P ro te sta n t. Odd Fellows; Class I I. See: 9-330; 141-1*486.

127 121 HOLMAN, Charles 1. Sioux City, Woodbury. Roosev e lt Progressive. Progressive candidate for S tate Senator, Age 70, born in Vermont. Education, high school. E arly occupations: Occupations in 1912: miners fu rn ish er of miner supplies. merchandiser, brick manufacturer. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Former Republican. Congregational Church. Class I I I. See: HOLMES, John E. Des Moines, Polk. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for U.S. R epresentative, Age 37, born in Iowa. F ather born in England, a farmer. Education, Drake U niversity, LL.B. E arly occupatio n, teacher. Occupation in 1914, lawyer. No previous known p o litic a l experience. U nitarian Church. Member Masons, Knights of P ythias, American Yeomen. Class I I. See: HOPKINS, Frank M. Cuthrie Center, Guthrie. Cummins Progressive. S tate Senator, Age 56, born in Iowa. Father born in Ohio, a medical doctor. Education, S tate U n iv ersity of Iowa. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1908, banker (stock and in te r e s t in sev eral). Clerk of D is tr ic t Court, 4 terms. Mayor, 3 years. A lternate Delegate to Republican N ational Convention, M ethodist Church. Masons. Class I I. See: ;

128 1 2 2 HOTCHKISS, Albert C. Adel, D allas. Standpat. Age 72, born in New York. Father born in Connecticut, a farmer. E arly occupations: clerk, farmer. Occupations in 1908, E ditor and P ublisher of Adel News. S tate Senator, 4 years. Clerk of D is tr ic t Court, Veteran of C ivil War. P resbyterian Church. Died at Adel, March 4, Class I I. See: ; HUBBARD, E lb e rt H. Sioux C ity, Woodbury. Cummins Progressive. U.S. R epresentative, Age 61, born in Indiana. Father born in Connecticut, a lawyer and judge. Education, Yale U niversity. Early occupation, student. Occupations in 1908: Congressman, lawyer. S tate R epresentative, S tate Senate, U.S. Representative from P resbyterian Church. Class I I. See: ; ; HUGHES, John, J r :. Marengo, Iowa. Cummins Progressive. S tate Senator, Age 6 9, born in Ohio. Father born in Wales. Education, high school attendance. Early occupations: teacher, lawyer. Occupations in 1908: banker, lawyer. S tate House of R epresentatives, 6 years. Clerk of D is tr ic t Court, Veteran of C iv il War. Class I I. See: ;

129 1 2 3 HULL, John A lbert T. Des Moines, Polk. Standpat. U.S. R epresentative, Age 71, bom in Ohio. Father a medical doctor. Education, C incinnati Law School. Early occupations: newspaperman, lawyer. Occupations in 1908: congressman, lawyer. S ecretary of S tate of Iowa, Lieutenant-G overnor, U.S. Representative from Veteran of C ivil War (C aptain). Died in V irginia, September 26, Class I I. See: ; ; 143-5( )-948; ; o th ers. HUME, Thomas A. St. Ansgar, M itchell. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 42, born in Iowa. Father born in Scotland, a farm er. Education, seminary and in s t i tu t e. E arly occupations: farm er, stock buyer. Occupation in 1908, lumber, coal, and grain business. Had served as Mayor, Alderman, Township Trustee, Township Supervisor. P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Modern Woodmen. Class I I. See: ; HUNGERFORD, J. B. C arro ll, C arro ll. Cummins Progressive. Cummins campaigner, Age 56, born in Pennsylvania. Father born in Irelan d, a farmer. Education, Iowa S ta te College, graduate. Early occupation, teacher. Occupations in 1908: e d ito r and postm aster. No previous known p o litic a l experience. P ro te sta n t. Masons. Class I I. See: ;

130 124 INGHAM, Harvey. Des Moines, Polk. Cummins Progressive. E d ito ria lly supported Cummins and his group, Age 52, born in Iowa. Father born in New York, a farmer. Education, S tate U n iv ersity of Iowa, B.A., LL.B. Early occupation, stu d en t. Occupation in 1908, E ditor of Des Moines R egister and Leader. Served as Regent of the S tate U niversity, 1 term. Congregational Church. Phi Beta Kappa. Member of several Civic and Country Clubs. Class I I. See: ; ; ; others. INMAN, Loren W. Rural, Floyd. Standpat. State R epresentative, Age 40, born in Iowa. Father a farmer. Education, Iowa S tate Normal College. E arly occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, farm er. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Class I I. See: JACKSON, Frank D. Des Moines, Polk. Standpat. P resident, Des Moines A llison f o r Senator Club, Age 56, born in New York. Father born in New York, a teacher. Education, S tate U niversity of Iowa, LL.B., one year post-graduate work. Early occupation, lawyer. Occupatio n in 1908, President of Royal Union Insurance Company. Secretary of State of Iowa, Governor of Iowa, P resbyterian Church. Member Masons, Knights of P ythias, Odd Fellows, Sons of American Revolution,

131 1 2 5 Loyal Legion. Died a t Redlands, C alifo rn ia, November 16, Class I I I. See: ; 148-5( )-974; JACKSON, John H. Sioux C ity, Woodbury. Standpat. S tate Senator, Age 47, born in Wisconsin. Father born in England, a g ris tm ill operator. Education: Ripon College; State U n iv ersity of Iov/a, LL.B. E arly occupatio n, law clerk. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. Had held County Republican C entral Committee o ffic e s. C hristian Science Church. Member Masons, Shrine, Elks. Class I I. See: ; ; JAMISON, James H. Osceola, Clarke. Standpat. S tate Senator, Age 50, bom in Iowa. Father born in Kentucky, a farm er. Education, normal school a t V alparaiso, Indiana. Early occupation, teacher. Occupatio n in 1908, lawyer. State Senator, Town Treasurer, 5 years. P resbyterian Church. Died at Des Moines, February 11, Class I I. See: ; ; JEWELL, Philo M. Decorah, Winneshiek. Cummins P rogressive. State R epresentative, Age 62, born in Ohio. Father American born, a farmer. Education, S tate U n iversity of Michigan, M.D. E arly occupation,

132 126 teacher. Occupation in 1908, medical doctor. County- Coroner, 8 years. Class I I. See: JOHNSON, Emmons. W aterloo, Black Hawk. Roosev e lt Progressive. Progressive E lector, Age 75, born in New York. Father born in New York, a medical doctor. Education, Brown U niversity, 1 year. E arly occupations: teaching, grain and lumber business. Occupation in 1912, Banker (Waterloo Savings Bank). State Senator, Former Republican. Congregational Church. Masons. Died a t W aterloo, A pril 5, Class I I I. See: 7-H -40; 143-IV-345; JOHNSON, K arl K. Osage, M itchell. Cummins Progressive. E lected S tate R epresentative, Age 40, born in Iowa. Father born in Norway, a hardware merchant. Education, S tate U n iv ersity of Iowa, LL.B. E arly occupatio n, agent of American Express Company. Occupation in 1908, bank cashier. No previous known p o litic a l ex p erience. Methodist Church. Knights of P ythias. Class I. See: ; JONES, Frank F. V illis c a, Montgomery. Standpat. State R epresentative, Age 55, born in New York. Father American born. Education, high school graduate. Early occupations: teach er, bookkeeper. Occupations in

133 : hardware merchant, hank cashier and manager. City- Council, 3 terms. M ethodist Church. Died a t V illis c a, January 30, Class I I. See: ; ; JONES, Mark C. Boone, Boone. Roosevelt Prog ressive. Progressive A lternate National D elegate, Age 39, born in I l l i n o i s. Father born in Ohio, a farmer. Education, S t. Louis U n iv ersity, M.D. E arly occupation, bank clerk. Occupation in 1912, medical doctor. No previous known p o litic a l experience. P resbyterian Church. Masons. Class I I. See: JONES, W illiam G. Oskaloosa, Mahaska. Standpat. State Senator, Age 49, bom in Iowa. Father born in Wales, a farmer. Education: Penn College, B.A.; S tate U niversity of Iowa, LL.B. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. S ta te R epresentative, C ity S o lic ito r, P ro te sta n t. Member Knights of P ythias, Order of F o re ste rs. Class I I. See: ; KEGLER, A. G. Bellevue, Jackson. Ro.osevelt Progressive. Progressive A lternate Delegate to N ational Convention, Age 67, born in Germany. Father born in Germany, a farmer. Education, public schools. E arly

134 128 occupation, clerk. Occupation in 1912, dry goods business. State Senator, Had also served as Township Clerk, City Councilman, Mayor, County Supervisor. Former Democrat. Class I I. See: KELLOGG-, George A. M issouri Valley, H arrison. Standpat. S tate R epresentative, Age 38, born in Iowa. Father bom in M assachusetts, a businessman. Educatio n, Cornell College, 1 year. Early occupation, clerk. Occupation in 1908, banker. Owned farm land. Chairman of Republican County C entral Committee, City Treasurer, at one tim e. P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Knights of P ythias, Modern Woodmen, E lks, Yeomen of America. Class I I. See: ; KELLY, John C. Sioux C ity, Woodbury. Roosevelt Progressive. A lternate Delegate to Progressive N ational Convention, Age 58, bom in New York. Father born in Ire la n d, a c iv il engineer. Education, read law. E arly occupations: p rin te r, m erchandiser. Occupation in 1912, e d ito r. Delegate a t Large to N ational Democratic Conventions in 1888, 1392, Democrat to 1896, afterw ards Independent. Congregational Church. Not a member of any fra te rn a l organizations. Died at Sioux City, October 27, Class I I. See: ; ;

135 129 KELLY, John H. Altoona, Polk. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 38, born in Ohio. Father American born, a farmer. Education, public schools. Early occupations: teach er, e d ito r, banker. Occupations in 1908: re a l e sta te investm ents, farmer. Deputy S h e riff of Polk County, 4 years. Served as City Clerk, P resident of School Board. Had held various other c ity and township o ffic e s. Class I I. See: KEMBLE, John M. Muscatine, Muscatine. Cummins Progressive. Cummins campaigner, Age 54, born in Iowa. Father bom in Ohio, f r u i t and vegetable canning business. Education, high school graduate. Early occupatio n, canner. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. Chairman of County Republican C entral Committee at one time. Republican Congressional Committee Member, Had served on S tate C entral Committee. M ethodist Church. Class I I. See: KENDALL, Nathan E. Albia, Monroe. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 42, born in Iowa. Father American born, a farm er. Education, public schools. Early occupation, law clerk. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. S ta te R epresentative from C ity Attorney, 2 years. County A ttorney, 4 years. S tate Republican C entral Committee, 3 terms. F ir s t elected

136 1 3 0 Governor of Iowa in Class I I. See: KENT, John B. Rolfe, Pocahontas. Roosevelt Prog ressiv e. Member of Progressive Committee on Permanent Organization, Age 51, horn in Ohio. Father American bom, a farmer. Education, public schools. Early occupatio n, U.S. Army (Regular). Occupation in 1912, re a l e sta te and loan business. Was also a bank d ire c to r and owned a 700 acre farm. S ta te R epresentative, 1900t1902. Had served as School D irector, Mayor, o th er lo cal o ffice s. Former Republican. P resbyterian. Member Masons, Odd Fellows: Class I I. See: ; I I I ; KEPIiART, George W. Sioux C ity, Woodbury, Roosev e lt Progressive. Secretary of Progressive State Conventio n, Age 34, bom in Iowa. Father bom in Iowa, a farmer. Education: South Dakota Normal College, graduate; South Dakota S tate College, graduate. E arly occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1914, lawyer. Chairman of Woodbury County Progressive C entral Committee. No previous known p o litic a l experience. P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Shrine, Odd Fellows. Class I I. See: 140-III-S62. KETCHUM, N athaniel S. Marshal ltown, M arshall. Standpat. S tate Railroad Commissioner, Age 71,

137 131 born in New Jersey. Education, Princeton U niversity (engineering). Early occupation, engineer. Occupation in 1908, re tire d businessman and m anufacturer. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Died a t Marshalltown, January 16, Class I I I. See: KILLPACK, W. H. Neola, Pottaw attam ie. Roosev e lt Progressive. Progressive E lector candidate, Age 45, bom in Iowa. Father born in England, a farmer. Education, Iowa College. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1912, lawyer. Pottawattam ie County A ttorney at one tim e. Had served as Mayor. Former Republican. Class I I. See: KIMMEL, W illiam C. Rural, O Brien. Cummins Progressive, State Senator, Age 56, born in Pennsylvania. Father born in Germany, a m in ister. Education, public schools. Farmer e n tire l i f e. No previous known p o litic a l experience. P ro te sta n t. Class I I. See: ; KINNE, George. Rural, Palo A lto. Cummins Progressive. S tate Senator, Age 50, born in Wisconsin. Father American born, a farmer. Education, high school. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, farm er. County Recorder, Class I I. See:

138 1 3 2 LACEY, John F. (Major). Oskaloosa, Mahaska. Standpat. A Standpat leader in s ta te, Age 69, bom in West V irg in ia. Father bom in West V irg in ia, a farmer. Education, academy. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. S tate R epresentative, U.S. R epresentative, , Had served as C ity S o lic ito r and C ity Councilman. Veteran of C ivil War. Episcopal Church. Member Knights of P ythias, Woodmen of the World. Died at Oskaloosa, September 29, Class I I. See: ; ; 148-5( )-1086; 153 e n tire ; LaGRAEGE, J. Hamilton. Storm Lake, Buena V ista. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate fo r S tate R epresentative, Age 61, bom in New York. Father born in New York, a farmer. Education, public schools. Early occupations: farm er, clerk. Occupation in 1914, re a l e s ta te, loan, and insurance business. County Auditor, City Council. Forma? Republican. P resbyterian Church. Masons^ Class I I. See: LAMB, H. J. Mt. Auburn, Benton. Roosevelt Progressive. Member of S ta te Progressive Committee, Age 60, born in Indiana. manufacturer and in v esto r. Father born in New York, a sm all Education, business college. Early occupations: bookkeeper, clerk, farmer. Occupation

139 133 in 1912, f ir e insurance and r e a lty agent. Township Clerk, 10 years. Township T rustee, 8 years. School Board member. Former Republican. Methodist Church. Member Masons, Odd Fellows. Class I I. See: 6-II-811. LANE, Joseph R. * Davenport, S co tt. Standpat. Candidate for N ational Convention Delegate a t large in Republican prim aries, Age 52, bom in Iowa. Father born in Pennsylvania, a lawyer. Education: Knox College, B.A.; S tate U niversity of Iowa, LL.B. Early occupation, student. Occupations in 1908: corporation atto rn ey, investor, banker. U.S. R epresentative, City Council member a t one time. Had served as member of Board of Regents of the S tate U n iv ersity of Iowa. Member Republican Executive Committee, Episcopal Church. Member Masons, Elks. Died a t Davenport, May 1, Class I I I. See: 116-II-5 and 55; ; LARRABEE, F red eric. Fort Dodge, Webster. Cummins Progressive. E lected S tate R epresentative, Age 37, born in Iowa. F ather, see next entry. Education, State U n iv ersity of Iowa, B.A., LL.B. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. Had in te re s t in re a l e sta te and farms. No previous known p o litic a l ex p erience. P resbyterian Church. Elks. At present (1956) liv in g in Clermont. Class I I. See: A&;

140 ; next two e n trie s. LARRABEE, W illiam. Clermont, F ayette. Cummins Progressive. Gave support to Cummins and the progressive movement. Age 76, bom in Connecticut. Father born in Connecticut, a farmer and so ld ier. Education, academy. Early occupations: teacher, farm worker, m ille r. Occupatio n in 1908, r e tir e d. Had huge investm ents in farms and owned considerable bank stock. S tate Senator, 18 years. Governor, 4 years. V/hig-Republican. P resbyterian. Class I I I. See: ; numerous o th e r sources. LARHABEE, W illiam, J r. Clermont, F ayette. Cummins Progressive. Elected S tate R epresentative, Age 40, born in Iowa. F ather, see above en try. Educatio n, S tate U niversity cf Iowa, B.A., LL.B. E arly occupatio n, student. Occupations in 1908: lawyer, land owner, banker. S tate R epresentative, Had served on School Board. Veteran of Spanish-American War (Captain). P resbyterian. Died a t Clermont, A pril 1, Class I I. See: ; o thers. LATTA, Karle C. Paton, Greene. Standpat. Member of Standpat Conference which nominated Lacey for Senator, Age 45, born in Iowa. Father born in Ohio, a farm er. Education, academy, 1 year. Early occupatio n, clerk. Occupation in 1908, drug store owner and

141 135 operator. City Council, 7 years. City Clerk, 5 years. Presbyterian Church. Masons. Class I I. See: LAUER,Henry. Rural, F ayette. Roosevelt Prog ressive. Progressive candidate fo r S ta te R epresentative, Age 47, born in Iowa. Father born in Germany, a farmer. Education, Decorah Business College. Early occupation, clerk. Occupation in 1912, farmer (swine breeder). Township Clerk, S years. Township School Board Secretary, 15 years. Former Republican. Lutheran Church. Class I I. See: LEACH, Robert E. Independence, Buchanan. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate fo r U.S. R epresentative, Age 41, bom in Iowa. Father born in New York, a banker. Education: S tate U n iv ersity of Iowa, B.A. and LL.B., Harvard U n iv ersity, 2 years p o stgraduate work in law. Early occupation, student. Occupatio n in 1912, lawyer. No previous known p o litic a l ex p erience. Former Republican. P resbyterian Church. Member Phi Beta Kappa, Masons, Knights of P ythias, Master Workmen, Odd Fellows, American Yeomen. Class I I. Died August 30, See: and 596.

142 1 3 6 LEE, Nelson J. E s th e rv ille, Emmet. Cummins Progressive. S ta te R epresentative, Age 37, born in Iowa. Father born in Norway, a farmer. Education, State U niversity of Iowa, LL.B. E arly occupations: clerk, merchant. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. City S o lic ito r, 1 term. County Attorney, 4 years. Lutheran Church. Member Master Workmen, Elks. Class I I. See: ; LEE, W. R. C arro ll, C arro ll. Cummins Progressive. Republican candidate in prim aries for E lecto r, Age 50, born in Iowa. Father born in Indiana, a farmer. Education, Cornell College, B.C.E. Early occupatio n, farm er. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. No previous known p o litic a l experience. P ro te sta n t. Mason. Class I I. See: ; LETTS, Frederick D. Davenport, S co tt. Standpat. Republican candidate in prim aries fo r E lector, Age 35, born in Iowa. Father bom in Iowa, a farmer. Education: Parsons College, B.A., S tate U niversity of Iowa, LL.B. Early occupation, stu d en t. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. No previous known p o litic a l experience. P ro te stant. Member Masons, Elks, Knights of P ythias. Class I I. See:

143 137 LISTER, John. Rural, Grundy. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 56, born in I l li n o i s. Father a farmer. Education, normal college. Farmer en tire l i f e. County Supervisor a t one time. Had held several township o ffice s. P ro te sta n t. Class I I. See: LIVINGSTON, P h illip. Rural, Boone. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for S tate Representative, Age 71, born in New York. Education, public schools. Read lav/. E arly occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1912, lawyer. S tate R epresentative, Clerk of D is tr ic t Court, 6 years. Former Republican. Veteran of C ivil War. Died a t Madrid (Iowa), March 29, Class I I. See: L0HT.-IAKN, Carl. B urlington, Des Moines. Roosevelt. Progressive. Delegate to Progressive N ational Convention, Age 65, born in Germany. Father bom in Germany, a farmer. Education, W olfenbuettel College (Germany), graduate. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1912, E ditor of Volksfreund Tribune (printed in German). Township Clerk a t one tim e. Former Democrat. Lutheran Church. Member Knights of P ythias, United Workmen. Class I I. See: ;

144 138 LONG, Robert M. Rural, Sac. Roosevelt Prog ressive. Progressive candidate fo r State R epresentative, Age 57, born in Iowa. Father born in Maryland, a merchant. Education, Cornell College. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1914, farmer (360 a c re s). P re s i dent of Sac County Mutual Insurance Company. School Board, 7 years. Had held p ra c tic a lly a l l the township offices a t one time. M ethodist Church. Member Modem Woodmen, Modern Brotherhood, Mystic T o ile rs, United Workmen. Class I I. See: ; entire. LOWREY, Jason H. Pomeroy, Calhoun. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 60, born in I l li n o i s. Father a farm er. Education, Fort Dodge High School. Early occupations: teach er, farm er. Occupations in 1908: re a l e sta te business, banker. Mayor of Pomeroy, 5 years. P ro te sta n t. Class I I. See: LUCAS, Leonard. Greene, B utler. Roosevelt Progressive. A ltern ate Delegate to Progressive N ational Convention, Age 51, born in Canada. Father born in Irelan d, a farmer. Education, ru ra l public schools. Farmer and s to c k -ra ise r e n tire l i f e. Very activ e in lo cal farm ers1 organisations. P resident of School Board at one time. Ju stice of the Peace, 8-10 years. Had attended numerous county and s ta te Republican conventions. Former

145 139 Republican. M ethodist Church. Masons. Class I I. See: LUNDELL, August. Rural, Sac. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for S ta te Senator, Age 62, born in Sweden. Father bom in Sweden, a farmer. Farmer e n tire l i f e. School Board member a t one tim e. Had served as Township Trustee and Township Clerk. Had been member of County Board of Supervisors, Former Republican. Lutheran Church. Class I I. See: LYON, C. W. Des Moines, Polk. Cummins Progressive. A ssistan t A ttorney-g eneral, Age 38, born in Iowa. F ather bom in Iowa, a farmer. Education, Drake U niversity, LL.B. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Methodist Church. Member Masons, Shrine, E lks, Modern Woodmen. Class I I. See: ; 143-IV-34. LYTLE, Charles F. Sioux C ity, Woodbury. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate fo r S tate Representa tiv e, Age 41, bom in Iowa. Father born in Ohio, a farmer and grain tra d e r. Education, public schools. Early occupations: grain trader, travelling salesman, real estate salesman. Occupation in 1914, builder and contractor (very large business). No previous known

146 140 p o litic a l experience. Former Republican. P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Odd Fellows, E lks. Class I I I. See: ; 140-III McALLISTER, John. Cedar Rapids, Linn. Standpat. S tate R epresentative, Age 70, born in Irelan d. Father born in Irela n d, a farm er. Education, public schools. E arly occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, re tire d stock farm er. Had held a l l the lo ca l township o ffice s. Veteran of C ivil War. E vangelical Church. Died a t Cedar Rapids, A pril 17, Class I I. See: ; ; McELRATH, W. W. Rural, Woodbury. Standpat. S tate R epresentative, Age 62, born in Irelan d. Father a farmer. Education, took a business college course. Farmer en tire l i f e. Owned bank stock. County Board of Supervisors, Methodist Church. Masons. Class I I. See: McKENNEY, Jacob S. F a irfie ld, Jefferson. Member of Standpat Conference which nominated Lacey for Senator, Age 56, born in Iowa. Father born in Pennsylvania, a general sto re operator. Education, Iowa College. E arly occupation, student. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. Owned bank stock. No previous p o litic a l experience.

147 141 Congregational Church.. Class I I. See: and 68 (f a th e r ). McKLVEEN, John A. Chariton, Lucas. Standpat. S ta te Senator, Age 74, born in Pennsylvania. Education, Bennett Medical School (Chicago-1872), gradua te. Early occupation, teacher. Occupations in 1908; medical doctor, bank president. No previous known p o litic a l experience. P ro te sta n t. Died a t Chariton, July 16, Class I I. See: S; McMANUS, Owen J. Council B luffs, Pottaw attam ie. Cummins Progressive. Candidate in Republican prim aries for S tate Superintendent of Schools, Age 39, born in New York. Father bom in New York, a farmer. Education, Iowa S tate Teachers College, M.Di. Early occupations: farm laborer, teacher. Occupation in 1908, Pottawattam ie County Superintendent of Schools. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Member S tate Board of Educational Examiners, 4 years. B a p tist Church. Masons. Class I I. See: McTAVISH, W illiam D. Rural, Linn. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for State Representa tiv e, Age 43, born in Canada. Father born in Canada, a medical doctor. Education, Coe College. E arly

148 142 occupations: p rin te r, newspaperman, railw ay o ffice worker. Occupation in 1914, stock farmer. Had served as Township Trustee and on School Board. Former Republican. Congregational Church. Member Masons, Master Workmen. Class I I. See: ; MABEN, O rville K. Rural, Hancock. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 42, born in Iowa. Father American born, a farm er. Education, Northern Business College, graduate. Fanner e n tire l i f e. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Methodist Church. Class I I. See: ; MacVICAR, John. Des Moines, Polk. Roosevelt Progressive. Member of Progressive S ta te Committee, Age 51, born in Canada. Father born in Scotland. Educatio n, public schools. Early occupation, clerk. Occupatio n in 1912, businessman. Town Recorder (North Des Moines), Mayor (North Des Moines), Mayor (Des Moines and North Des Moines merged c. 1890), City Superintendent of S tre e ts, Mayor, Mayor, President of League of American M u n ic ip a litie s, 1897, In charge of Cummins fo r P resident Headquarters a t 1912 Republican N ational Convention. Former Republican. M ethodist Church. Masons.

149 143 Died a t Des Moines, November 15, Class I I. See: IV ; MADSEN, Eans. Kimbalton, Audubon. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for S tate Representative, Age 45, born in Denmark. Father born in Denmark, a ship and m ill b u ild er. Education, Drake Univ e rs ity, 2 years. E arly occupations: clerk, harness business, dry goods business. Occupation in 1914, bank p resid en t. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Former Republican. Lutheran Church (p resid en t). P re s i dent of lo c a l commercial club. Class I I. See: MANN, Asahel. Rural, Fremont. Standpat. State R epresentative, 190S. Age 68, born in Indiana. F ather a farmer. Education, Tabor College. Farmer e n tire l i f e. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Veteran of C ivil War (L ieutenant). P ro te sta n t. Died a t Ogden, Utah, February 10, See: ; Class I I. MARDIS, Alexander. Corydon, Wayne. Standpat. Candidate fo r E lector in Republican prim aries, Age 58, born in Ohio. Occupation in 1908, contractor and b u ild er. County Auditor, 4 years. State Senator, Served on School board a t one time. Died a t Corydon, September 18, Class I I. See: *

150 144 MARTSON, Charles S. Mason C ity, Cerro Gordo, Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 40, born in I l l i n o i s. Father born in Vermont, a farmer. Education, Rush Medical College (Chicago), M.D. E arly occupations: farmer, druggist. Occupations in 1908: medical doctor, stock farmer. No previous known p o litic a l experience. B a p tist Church. Masons. Class I I. See: ; ; MASON, John B. Fort Madison, Lee. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 54, born in Iowa. Father born in Pennsylvania, a m inister. Education, public schools. P rin te r e n tire l i f e. Ward Alderman, P ro te stan t. Class I. See: MATTES, Joseph. Sac City, Sac. Cummins Progressive. State Senator, Age 55, born in Iowa. Father born in Germany. Education, high school. Early occupation, student. Occupations in 1908: hardware business, banker. S tate R epresentative, Died A pril 17, Class I I. See: MAYNE, Lewis H. Emmetsburg, Palo A lto. Standpat. Member of Standpat Conference which nominated Lacey fo r Senator, Age 52, born in New York. Father born in New York, a farmer. Education, Eureka College. Early

151 145 occupations: teach er, railw ay mail service employee. Occupation in 1908, e d ito r and p ublisher. Had been a member of lo ca l C ity Council. S ta te R epresentative, Veteran of Spanish-American War. Methodist Church. Member Masons, Shrine, Knights of Pythias. Died at Emmetsburg, A pril 3, Class I I. See: ; MAYTAG, Fred, Sr. Newton, Jasper. Cummins Progressive. State Senator, Age 53, born in I l li n o i s. Father born in Germany, a farmer. Education, public schools. Early occupation, a g ric u ltu ra l implement s a le s man. Occupation in 1908, m anufacturer of a g ric u ltu ra l implements. (Maytag washers sta rte d l a t e r.) C ity Councilman, 8 years. E vangelical Lutheran Church. Member Masons, Knights of P ythias, Shrine, Odd Fellows. Class I I. See: ; en tire. MEANS, W illiam B. Boone, Boone. Roosevelt Prog ressiv e. Member of Progressive S ta te Committee on Reso lu tio n s, Age 64, born in I l l i n o i s. Father American born, a farmer. Education, Miami U niversity (Ohio), B.A. Early occupation, newspaperman. Occupation in 1912, re a l estate, loan, and insurance business. No previous known p o litic a l experience. P resbyterian Church. Class I I. See: ; 143-IV-284.

152 146 MERCER, James. R ural, Pocahontas. Cummins Progressive. S ta te R epresentative, Age 63, born in Canada. Education: academy, 2 years. E arly occupatio n, fu rn itu re business. Township Clerk, 6 years. Occupation in 1908, farm er. S ecretary of School Board, County Board of Supervisors, 3 years. State R epresentative, Veteran of C ivil War. P ro te sta n t. Class I I. See: ; MEREDITH, Camden A. A tla n tic, Cass. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 47, born in Iowa. Father born in Pennsylvania, a farm er. Educatio n, S tate U niversity of Iowa, LL.B. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. City A ttorney, 4 years. County A ttorney, 4 years. M ethodist Church. Modem Woodmen. Class I I. See: ; ; MILES, Mat J. Cedar Rapids, Linn. Roosevelt Progressive. Delegate to Progressive N ational Convention, Age 32, born in Iowa. Father born in W isconsin, a businessman. Education: St. Ambrose College, B.A.; S tate U niversity of Iowa, LL.B.; Georgetown U niversity, post graduate work in law. Early occupation, student. Occupatio n in 1912, member of a mortgage loan firm. Mayor of Cedar Rapids, plus. Commissioner of Finance

153 Former Republican. C atholic. Elks. Class I I. See: MITCHELL, Fred W. DeWitt, C linton. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for State Representativ e, Age 33, born in I l l i n o i s. Father born in Indiana, a m in iste r. Education, Lewis I n s titu te (Chicago). Early occupation, newspaperman. Occupation in 1912, E ditor of De W itt Observer. No previous known p o litic a l experience. P ro te sta n t. Class I I. See: MOCE, Charles A. LeMars, Plymouth. Roosevelt Progressive. Member of Progressive S tate Committee on C redentials, Age 37, born in Pennsylvania. Father born in Pennsylvania, a farmer. Education: Yale Univ e rsity, D.B., M.A.; Grove City College (Pennsylvania), Ph.D. E arly occupation, Evangelical M inister. Occupation in 1912, P resident of Western Union College a t LeMars. No previous known p o litic a l experience. United Evangelical Church. Class I I. See: MOLSBERRY, F. M. Columbus Junction, Louisa. Standpat. Former S tate Senator and an A llison backer, Age 44, born in Iowa. Father born in Indiana, a farmer. Education, S tate U niversity of Iowa, LL.B. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1903, lawyer.

154 148 land owner and a bank d ire c to r. County A ttorney, S tate Senator, P ro te stan t. Member Masons, Knights of P ythias, Died a t Columbus Junction, February 14, Class I I. See: ; MOORE, Ernest R. Cedar Rapids, Linn. Standpat. S tate R epresentative, Age 42, born in Iowa. Father born in Irela n d, a cooper. Education, high school. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1908, banker. Was in terested in manufacturing and w holesaling. Delegate to Republican N ational Convention, Veteran, Spanish- American War. P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Shrine. Lieutenant-Governor of Iowa, Class I I. See: 143-IV-57; ; fyloore, O liver J. Sioux C ity, Woodbury. Roosevelt P rogressive. Delegate to Progressive N ational Convention, Age 41, born in Minnesota. Father a stonemason. Education, Creighton College, B.A. Early occupation, railway worker (cle rk ). Occupation in 1912, secretary to a wholesale grocery firm. No previous known p o litic a l experience. C atholic. Class I. See: MORRIS, James F. R ural, Sioux. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 56, born in I l li n o i s. Father born in Scotland, a farm er. Education,

155 149 3 years high school. E arly occupation, teacher. Occupatio n in 1908, stock farmer. School D irector, 10 years. School Treasurer, 15 years. Died in C a lifo rn ia, May 6, Class I I. See: ; MORPHY, Bernard. Vinton, Benton. Standpat. Candidate for Lieutenant-G overnor, Age 63, born in M assachusetts. Education, public schools. E arly occupations: farm lab o rer, p rin te r. Occupation in 1908, E ditor and P ublisher of Vinton E agle. S tate P rin te r, A lternate Delegate to Republican N ational Convention, Had served on C ity Council. Presbyte ria n Church. Knights of P ythias. Class II. See:- 150-entire; NEILSOK, N iels. Harlaii, Shelby. Roosevelt Progressive. Member of Progressive S tate Committee, Age 38, born in Denmark. Father born in Denmark, a farmer. Education, a horology school. Early occupation, farm laborer. Occupation in 1912, jeweler and optician. Owned 800 acres of land. No previous kncwn political experience. One time President of Jeweler s Association of Iowa and of the Harlan Commercial Exchange. Former Republican. Lutheran Church. Member Masons, Modern Woodmen. Class II. See:

156 150 NELSON, L. P. A urelia, Cherokee. Roosevelt Progressive. Member of Progressive S tate Committee on Nominations, Age AS, born in Denmark. Father born in Denmark. Early occupations: various. Occupation in 1912, re sta u ra n t owner and operator. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Former Republican. P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Knights of P ythias. Class I I. See: NEWBERRY, Byron W. Strawberry P o in t, Clayton. Cummins P rogressive. S tate Senator, Age 57, born in Ohio. Father born in New York, a farm er. Education: Upper Iowa U n iv ersity, B.A.; State U niversity of Iowa, LL.B. Early occupation, student. Occupations in 1908: lawyer, bank presid en t. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Congregational Church. Member Knights of P ythias, Odd Fellows. Class I I. See: 143-V-202; NICHOLS, lay I. Rural, Muscatine. Standpat. State Senator, Age 55, born in Iowa. Father born in New York, a farm er. Education, business college short course. Farmer e n tire l i f e, 300 acre s. S tate Representa tiv e, Had served as County Supervisor. Methodist Church. Died a t West L iberty, A pril 26, Class I I. See: ; ;

157 151 NIX, Benjamin T. Rural, Union. Standpat. S tate R epresentative, Age 70, born in Kentucky. Father born in Tennessee, a m in ister. Education, seminary graduate. Early occupation, teacher. Occupations in 1908: farmer, banker. Clerk of c ir c u it and d i s t r i c t courts of county, 8 years. Veteran of C ivil War. Methodist Church. Member Masons, Odd Fellows. Died a t Afton, March 18, Class I I. See: ; NYE, John P. Shenandoah, Page. Roosevelt Prog ressiv e. Member of Progressive S tate Committee on C redentials, Age 59, born in New York C ity. Education, business college. Early occupation, general merchandise business. Occupation in 1912, re a l e sta te and loan business. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Former Democrat. M ethodist Church. Member Masons, Elks. Class I I. See: OFFILL, John F. Rural, Jasper. Standpat. State R epresentative, Age 66, born in Kentucky. Father American born, a farmer. Education, public schools. Early occupations: sawmill and lumber business, grain and liv e stock business. Occupation in 1908, stock farmer. Veteran of C ivil War. Class I I. See:

158 152 OSINGUP, Frank A. Waverly, Bremer. Roosevelt Progressive. Member of Progressive S tate Committee on R esolutions, Age 4 8, born in New York. Father born in Pennsylvania, a m in iste r. Education, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago, graduate. Early occupation, fu rn itu re businessman. Occupation in 1912, medical doctor and manufacturer of ta b le ts and medical s p e c ia ltie s. Had served as Ju stic e of the Peace. Former Republican. M ethodist Church. Member Masons, Shrine, Odd Fellows, Modern Woodmen. L ater Mayor of Waverly for 16 years. Class I I. See: ; 143-IV-153. PACKARD, Stephen B. Rural, Story. Cummins P rogressive. Candidate f o r E lecto r a t large in Republican prim aries, Age 71, born in Maine. Father born in Maine, a m ill owner. Education, Westbrook Seminary. Read law. Early occupations: teacher, law student, carp etbagger. Occupation in 1908, farm er. Governor of Louisiana, U.S. Consul a t Liverpool, I 878- I Member of S tate Board of A griculture. Veteran of C ivil War (Captain). P ro te sta n t. Sons of American Revolution. Died a t S e a ttle, Washington, January 31, Class I I. See:

159 153 PALMER, David J. Washington, Washington. Standpat. Member of Standpat Conference which nominated Lacey fo r Senator, Age 71, born in Pennsylvania. Father born in Irelan d, a farmer. Education, Washington United P resbyterian College. Early occupation, teacher. Occupatio n in 1908, stock farmer. S ta te Railway Commissioner from County Auditor, S tate Senator, County Supervisor a t one time. P re sid e n tia l E lecto r, Presbyterian. Veteran of C iv il War (L ieutenant-c olonel). N ational Commander Grand Army of the Republic, Class I I. See: ; ; ; PARSL0W, Harry E. Clarinda, Page. Roosevelt Progressive. A lternate Delegate to Progressive N ational Convention, Age 55, born in Canada. Father a farmer. Education, S tate U n iv ersity of Iowa, LL.B. E arly occupations: teacher, c lerk. Occupations in 1912: lawyer, banker. C ity Attorney a t one time. Member of Executive Committee of Local Commercial Club. Former Republican. Class I I. See: 103* PATTERSON, W. D. Rural, Madison. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for S tate Representa tiv e, Age 47, born in Pennsylvania. Father born in Pennsylvania, a farmer. Education, Pennsylvania S tate

160 154 Normal College. Early occupation, farm hand. Occupation in 1914, farmer (360 a cre s). No previous known p o litic a l experience. Church of C h rist. President of lo cal farm ers i n s titu te. Class I I. See: PATTON, John H. G rinnell, Poweshiek. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for U.S. R epresentative, Age 54, born in Pennsylvania. Father born in Pennsylvania, a contractor and builder. Education, public d i s t r ic t schools. Read law. E arly occupation, newspaperman. Occupation in 1912, lawyer. Mayor of C rinnell, D is tric t Court Clerk, 3 terms. Had been C ity Attorney. Former Republican. P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Knights of Pythias, Odd Fellows, E lks. Class I I. See: ; 143-V-365. PAUL, C lifford B. Anamosa, Jones. Standpat. S tate R epresentative, Age 33, born in Iowa. Father born in Ohio, a farmer. Education, Lenox College, graduate. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, student in S tate U n iv ersity of Iowa Law College. No previous known p o litic a l experience. County Superintendent of Schools, Congregational Church. Member Masons, Knights of P ythias. Died at Anamosa, May 22, Class I. See: 75-H -19; 143-V-269; ;

161 155 PAYNE, W illiam 0. Nevada, Story. Standpat. Member of Standpat Conference which nominated Lacey fo r Senator, Age 50, born in M assachusetts. Eather born in New York, a m in iste r. Education, S tate U niversity of Iowa, B.A., LL.B. Early occupation, student. Occupations in 1908: E ditor Nevada R epresen tativ e, lawyer. C ity Councilman a t one tim e. N ational Convention, Delegate to Republican Ju stic e of the Peace. P ro te sta n t. Died a t Des Moines, December 15, Class I I. See: II-3 0 (fa th e r) and 41; PERKINS, George D. Sioux City, Woodbury. Standpat. Northwest Iowa Standpat lead er. Age 70, born in New York. Father born in Connecticut, a lawyer. Education, priv ate education equal to an academy. Early occupation, newspaperman. Occupation in 1908, E ditor of Sioux C ity Jo u rn al. S tate Senator, U.S. R epresentative, Delegate at Large to Republican N ational Convention 1876, 1880, 1888, Veteran of C ivil War. Congregational Church. Died a t Sioux City, February 3, Class I I. See: ; ; PETERSON, Charles F. C larion, Wright. Cummins Progressive. S tate Senator, Age 54, born in New York. Father born in Vermont, a farm er. Education, S tate U niversity of Iowa, LL.B. E arly occupation, teacher.

162 156 Occupation in 1908, lawyer. County Surveyor, 2 terms. County A ttorney, 2 terms. Congregational Church. Masons. Class I I. See: ; PETERS, W. T. B urt, Kossuth. Roosevelt Progressive. A lternate Delegate to Progressive N ational Convention, Age 40, born in Iowa. Father born in Pennsylvania, a farmer. Education, Rush Medical College and Chicago P o ly c lin ic. E arly occupation, r a i l way construction lab o rer. Occupation in 1912, medical doctor. Owned 440 acres of land. Delegate to Republican N ational Convention, P resident of School Board, 12 years. Former Republican. P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Shrine, Modern Woodmen. Class I I. See: ; Y PLAM0ND0N, Isid o re J., J r. Dubuque, Dubuque. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for S tate R epresentative, Age 35, born in Iowa. Education, Bayless Business College. Early occupations: lab o rer, clerk, bookkeeper, Occupation in 1912, Manager of Dubuque Tanning and Robe Company. No previous known p o litic a l experience. C atholic. Member Knights of Columbus, Catholic Order of F o re ste rs. Class I I. See:

163 1 5 7 PROUDFOOT, Aaron V. Indianola, Warren. Stand- pat. E lected S tate Senator, Age 43, born in Iowa. Father born in West V irg in ia, a blacksm ith. Education, Simpson College. Early occupation, student. Occupations in 1908: lawyer, a b stra c t business. S ecretary of School Board, "many years." Clerk of D is tr ic t Court, C ity S o lic ito r, 4 years. Chairman Warren County Republican C entral Committee, 6 years. E lecto r, Methodist Church. U nited Workmen. Died a t Des Moines, June 7, Class I I. See: ; ; PROUTY, Solomon F. (Judge). Des Moines, Polk. Cummins Progressive. Candidate fo r U.S. R epresentative, Age 56, born in Ohio. Father born in England, a farmer. Education, C entral U n iv ersity. Early occupation, Central U niversity (Pella) P rofessor. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. S tate House of R epresentatives, Judge of D is tr ic t Court, Unsuccessful candidate for U.S. R epresentative, 1902, 1904, Was la t e r elected. B aptist Church. Member Masons, Knights of P ythias, Modern Woodmen. Class I I. Died July 16, See: ;

164 158 QJJARTON, Sumner D. Algona, Kossuth. Roosevelt Progressive. Member of Progressive S tate Committee, Progressive candidate fo r U.S. R epresentative, Age 21, born in Iowa. Father born in I l l i n o i s, a lawyer. Education, State U niversity of Iowa, B.A., LL.B. Occupation in 1912, teacher. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Former Republican. P ro te stan t. E lks. Class I I. See: ; RAY, W. F. Allison, B utler. Standpat. Candidate for E lecto r in Republican prim aries, Age 41, born in Iowa. F ather born in Ohio, a m ille r. Education, Bayle s s Business College. Early occupation, bank employee. Occupation in 1908, banker. Owned re a l e sta te and 1000 acres of farm land. Mayor, 5 terms. School Board member, 5 years. P ro te sta n t. Class I I. See: REANEY, Robert I. Columbus Function, Louisa. Standpat. S tate R epresentative, Age 54, born in Ireland. Father bom in Irela n d, a farmer. Education, public schools. E arly occupations: carpenter, farmer, clothing business. Occupation in 1908, lumber and coal dealer. School Board, 3 years. School Treasurer at one time. Mayor, 2 years. City Councilman, 6 years. Methodist Church, Member Masons, Knights of P ythias, Odd Fellows. Class I I. See: ;

165 1 5 9 REECE, W illiam M. Ottumwa, Wapello. Stand p at. Candidate for E lecto r in Republican prim aries, Age 54, bom in West V irg in ia. F ather born in West V irg in ia, a farmer. Education, public schools. Early occupations: carpenter, contractor. Occupations in 1908: co n tracto r, a rc h ite c t. C ity Council, Chairman of Republican County Central Committee a t one tim e. Clerk of Committee on Public Lands (U. S. House of R epresentatives), M ethodist Church. Modern Woodmen. A fter 1909 m anufacturer of e le c tr ic a l appliances. Class I I. See: RICHEY, Milton W. LeMars, Plymouth. Roosevelt Progressive. A lternate Delegate to Progressive N ational Convention, Age 56, born in Iowa. Father born in Kentucky, a farm er. Education, Kentucky Medical College. E arly occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1912, medical doctor. Owned 2800 acres of farm land. School Board member, 12 years. Former Republican. P resbyterian. Member of Odd Fellows, E lks. See: 140-III Class I I. RICHMAN, Evert F. Muscatine, Muscatine. Roosev e lt Progressive. Progressive candidate fo r E le cto r, Age 65, born in Iowa. Father bom in Ohio, a lawyer. Education, Lombard U niversity (Galesberg, I l l i n o i s ).

166 160 Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1912, lawyer. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Former Republican., Veteran of C ivil War. P ro te sta n t. Class I I. See: RICKEL, Henry. Cedar Rapids, Linn. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for E le cto r, Age 75, born in Ohio. Father born in Pennsylvania, a cabinet maker. Education, public schools. Read law. Early occupation, businessman. Occupations in 1912: lawyer, V ice-president of Cedar Rapids Candy Company. Also owned mining stock. Mayor (West Union), a t one time. S tate R epresentative, 2 years (Fayette County). Democrat u n til 1874, Republican th e re a fte r u n til Veteran of C ivil War (L ieutenant). M ethodist Church. Odd Fellows. Class I I. See: ; ; ; ; RIGGS, John F. Sigourney, Keokuk. Standpat. S tate Superintendent of Public In stru c tio n, Age 50, born in Iowa. Father American born, a farmer. Education, Iowa Wesleyan U niversity, B.A. E arly occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, Superintendent of Public In stru c tio n. No previous known p o litic a l experience. P resbyterian Church. Died a t Des Moines, June 19, Class I I. See:

167 161 ROSEBROOK, Lucius R. Oskaloosa, Mahaska. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for Railway Commissioner, Age 62, bom in New Hampshire. Father born in New Hampshire, owner of a construction company. Education, "in I l l i n o i s. Early occupation, grain trade. Occupation in 1914, coal dealer. No previous known p o litic a l experience. P ro te sta n t. Masons. Class I I. See: SANBORN, William L. M oville, Woodbury. Roosev e lt Progressive. Progressive candidate for State R epresentative, Age 45, born in I l l i n o i s. Father born in Vermont, a grain d ealer. Education, business college. Early occupation, bookkeeper. Occupation in 1914, grain buyer and shipper. Alderman a t one time. Former Republican. U nitarian Church. Odd Fellows. Class I I. See: 135-B70. SCHENK, Casper. Des Moines, Polk. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate fo r U.S. Senator, Age 32, born in Iowa. Father born in Germany, a farmer. Education: Iowa S tate Teachers College, M.Di.; State U niversity of Iowa, B.P h.; Harvard U niversity, LL.B. Early occupation, school p rin c ip a l. Occupation in 1914, lawyer. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Former Republican. M ethodist Church. Class I I. See:

168 ; H 3-IV -6. SCHOOLER, Lewis. Des Moines, Polk. Roosevelt Progressive. Delegate to Progressive N ational Convention, Age 62, born in Indiana. Father born in Kentucky, a farmer. Education, Kentucky College of Medicine, graduate. E arly occupation, teacher. Occupations in 1912: medical doctor, Professor a t Drake U niversity. No previous known p o litic a l experience. P resident of Polk County Medical Society. Veteran of C ivil War. P ro te stan t. Member Masons, Knights of P ythias. Class I I. See: SHAFFER, John D. Rural, Fayette. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 52, born in Iowa. Father born in Pennsylvania, a m in ister and farmer. Education, attended Upper Iowa U niversity. Early occupatio n, farm er. Occupations in 1908: stock farm er, banker. Township Assessor at one time. County Supervisor, 6 years. United Brethren Church. Class I I. See: 5O -II ; SHELDON, Frank E. Mount Ayr, Ringgold. Stand- pat. S tate R epresentative, Age 44, born in Iowa. Father bora in Ohio, a farm er. Education, d i s t r i c t public schools. E arly occupation, farm er. Occupation in

169 , re a l e s ta te, loan, and brokerage business. In te re ste d in banking. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Class I I. See: 143-IV-264; SIMMONS, Francis W. Ottumwa, Wapello. Standpat. Republican primary candidate fo r Delegate a t Large to Republican N ational Convention, Age 56, born in Ohio, Father born in Delaware, a m in ister. Education, S tate U niversity of Iowa. Early occupations: teacher, hardware merchant. Occupation in 1908, P resident of American Mining Tool Company. Bank d ire c to r. Delegate to Republican N ational Convention of 1892, A lte r nate delegate to Republican N ational Convention, Methodist Church. Member Masons, Odd Fellows. Class I I. See: SMITH, Charles F. Des Moines, Polk. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for S tate Representativ e, Age 38, born in Iowa. F ather born in Kentucky, a h o r tic u ltu r is t. Education, Drake U niversity, M.D. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1912, medical doctor and surgeon. One time school board member. Former Republican. C hristian Church. Member Masons, Shrine, Odd Fellows, American Yeomen. Class I I. See: 140-III-1001.

170 164 SMITH, lames A. Osage, M itchell. Roosevelt Progressive. Delegate to Progressive N ational Conventio n, Age 59, born in New York. Father born in Vermont. Education, public schools. E arly occupation, c iv il engineer. Occupation in 1912, owner and President of lames Smith Lumber Company (40 r e t a i l lumber yards). State R epresentative, S tate Senator, Had served as school board member and as C ity Councilman. Former Republican. Congregational Church. Member Masons, Knights of P ythias, Shrine. Died a t Pasadena, C alifo rn ia, January 12, Class I I I. See: ; 143-V-412; ; SMITH, John R. Eagle Grove, W right. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 72, born in New York. Father born in Scotland, a farm er. Education, Delaware L ite ra ry I n s t i tu t e. Early occupatio n, teacher. Occupations in 1908: c a ttle buyer, land owner, bank cashier. Had served as City T reasurer and school board member. Died March 19, Class I I. See: ; SMITH, W alter I. Council B luffs, Pottaw attam ie. Standpat. U.S. R epresentative, Age 4 8, born in Iowa. Father a contractor and b u ild er. Education, high school, graduate. Early occupation, teach er. Occupations

171 165 in 1900: lawyer, Congressman. D is tr ic t Judge, P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Knights of P y th ias, Odd Fellows, Elks, Eagles, Royal Arcamum, United Workmen, Modem Woodmen. C ircu it Court J'udge (U.S.), Died January 27, Class I I. See: ; ; ; 148-5( )-1762; SPARKS, Clyde G-. Eldon, Wapello. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for E lecto r, Age 31, born in K ansas. Education, public schools. Read law. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1912, lawyer. State R epresentative, Had served as C ity S o lic ito r. Former Democrat. Class I I. See: STEEUE, James P.. 7vTi n t e r s e t, Madison. Progressive candidate fo r E le cto r, Age 62, born in Ohio. Father born in Irelan d, a farm er. Education, United Presbyterian College (Monmouth), graduate. Early occupation, teacher. Occupations in 1912: lawyer, bank president. Owned 700 acres of farm land. County A ttorney, Former Republican. P resbyterian Church. Class I I. See: ; ; 143-H I-249.

172 166 STEEN, F. B. Muscatine, Muscatine. Roosevelt Progressive. Delegate to Progressive N ational Convention Age 54, born in Germany. Father born in Germany. Education, 3 years Simpson College. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1912, farmer (240 a c re s). S tate R epresentative, Had held several township and other local o ffic e s and had been a delegate to sta te conventions. Former Republican. M ethodist Church. Died a t Davenport, March 10, Class I I. See: 157-1S-397. STEPHENSON, Solomon P. Olds, Henry. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for E le cto r, Age 40, born in Iowa. Father American born, a farmer. Education, Augustana Business College, graduate. E arly occupation, owner and operator of a general merchandise sto re. Occupation in 1912, g rain and lumber business. Mayor of Olds, Former Republican. Lutheran Church. Class I I. See: STERN, Almor. Logan, H arrison. Standpat. Candidate for E lector in Republican prim aries, Age 5 6, born in Pennsylvania. Father born in Pennsylvania, a farmer. Education, high school. Early occupatio n, farmer. Occupation in 1908, re a l e s ta te, loan, and a b strac t business. County Auditor, I 878- I E le cto r,

173 P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Odd Fellows. Glass I I. See: 140-III-1018; STEVENS, John L. (Judge). Boone, Boone. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive N ational Committeeman; Progressive Candidate fo r Governor, Age 60, born in Veimont. Father born in Vermont, a railway man. Education, Ames College (Iowa S t a te ), B.S. Read law. Early occupatio n, engineer. Occupation in 1912, lawyer. D is tr ic t Attorney, I 8787I D is tr ic t Judge, Delegate to Republican N ational Convention, 1900 and Also served as C ity Recorder and C ity A ttorney. Former Republican. P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Knights of P ythias. Died at Ames, October 23, Class I I. See: ; STILLMAN, Paul E. Je fferso n, Greene. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, 1908, Age 42, born in I l l i n o i s. Father American born, a m ille r. Education, State U n iv ersity of Michigan, B.A. Early occupation, student. Occupations in 1908: e d ito r, banker. Owned farm land. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Presbyte ria n. Member Masons, Eastern S ta r. Class I I. ' See: 55^542;

174 168 STODDARD, Benjamin F. Jesup, Buchanan. Cummins Progressive. Elected State R epresentative, Age 62, born in Connecticut. Father born in Connecticut, a farmer. Education, public schools. Early occupations: telegrapher, m ille r, m erchant, farm er. Occupations in 1908: h o r tic u ltu r is t, insurance business. Had held a l l the lo cal township o ffice s and was many times a member of the School Board. Elected Mayor in 1914* Methodist Church. Member Masons, E astern S tar. Class I I. See: ; ST0LTEN3ERG, Adolph E. Davenport, S cott. Stand- p at. State R ep resen tativ e,1908. Age 47, born in Iowa. F ather born in Germany, a farm er. Education, Davenport, Business College. Early occupation, farm er. Occupation in 1908, m anufacturing, land, and bank investm ents. Bad held a number of minor lo c a l o ffic e s. P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Shrine. Class I I. See: ; STOQKEY, Marion F. Leon, Decatur. Standpat. S tate Senator, Age 64, born in Indiana. Father born in Ohio, a farmer. Early occupation, teach er. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. Had served as Mayor, City Attorney, and County Attorney. Veteran of C ivil War. Died a t Leon, A pril 2, Class I I. See: ;

175 169 STUART, Frank Q. Chariton, Lucas. Roosevelt Progressive. Member of Progressive State Committee on Nominations, Age 54, botn in Iowa. Education, high school. Read law. E arly occupations: lawyer, E d ito r of Des Moines D aily Leader. Occupation in 1912, newspaperman, p o litic ia n. Member of Colorado S tate L eg islatu re, Mayor of Chariton. Chairman of Democratic State Convention, Former Democrat. Died a t San Francisco, January 2, Class I I. See: 88-II-5; STUCKSLAGER, W illard C. Lisbon, Linn. Standpat. S tate Senator, Age 41, botn in Iowa. Father born in Pennsylvania, a farmer. Education: Cornell U niversity (Iov/a), B.A. ; U n iv ersity of Chicago, post-graduate work. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1908, banker (president of 2). S tate R epresentative, Methodist Church. Died a t Winnetka, I l l i n o i s, February 23, Class I I. See: ; ; SULLIVAN, John B. Des Moines, Polk. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 41, born in Iowa. Father American born. Education: U niversity of Notre Dame, graduate; State U n iv ersity of Iowa, LL.B. E arly occupation, student. Occupation in 1908, lawyer.

176 170 Had served as City S o lic ito r (Creston) and County Attorney (Union). C atholic. Class I I. See: ; TAFT, W illiam J. Humboldt, Humboldt. Roosevelt Progressive. Member of Progressive S tate Committee on Nominations, Age 55, born in New York. Education: Humboldt College, B.A.; S tate U n iv ersity of Iowa, LL.B. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1912, lawyer. Mayor, County Attorney, Former Republican. U nitarian Church. Member Odd Fellows, Modern Woodmen, United Sons of America. Class I I. See: TETER, Lorenzo D. K noxville, Marion. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 40, born in Iowa. Father born in Iowa, a farmer. Education: Des Moines B a p tist College; S tate U niversity of Iowa, LL.B. E arly occupation, teacher in normal and business co lleg es. Occupation in 1912, lawyer. No previous known p o litic a l experience. B ap tist Church. Class I I. See: THOMAS, B. Frank. Traer, Tama. Cummins Prog ressive. Republican S tate Convention delegate, Age 73, born in Ohio. Father bom in Pennsylvania, a farmer. Early occupation, farm er. Occupation in 1908, hardware

177 171 and implement merchant. Had served as City Councilman and on various township p o sts. Veteran of C ivil War. Congregational Church. Masons. Class I I. See: THOMSON, Robert M. Cresco, Howard. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for E le cto r, Age 29, born in Pennsylvania. Father bom in Scotland, an iron m ill worker. Education, Cresco High School. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1912, farmer. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Former Republican. Congregational Church. Masons. Class I I. See: TOLLEFSRUDE, C hristian H. Rolfe, Pocahontas. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive S tate Convention d elegate, Age 65, born in Wisconsin. Father born in Norway, a farmer. Education, 3 years a t B elo it College. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1912, bank cashier. Land owner. County A uditor, Had served as Township Clerk, School Board member. Ju stic e of the Peace. Former Republican. P ro te sta n t. Class I. See: and 616. TREWIN, James H. Cedar Rapids, Linn. Standpat. Candidate fo r U.S. R epresentative, Age 52, born in I l li n o i s. Father a farmer. Education, Lenox College, graduate. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908,

178 1 7 2 lawyer. S tate R epresentative, S ta te Senator, Mayor of E a rlv ille a t one time. City Attorney of Lansing a t one tim e. Candidate for Republican nomination for Governor, 1901 (lo s t to Cummins). P resbyterian Church. Member Masons, Shrine, Knights of P ythias. Died at Cedar Rapids, March 21, Class I I. See: 140-III-1270; ; TURNER, Daniel W. Corning, Adams. Cummins Progressive. S tate Senator, Age 33, bom in Iowa. Father born in Ohio, a merchant. Education, Corning Academy, graduate. Early occupation, bank employee. Occupation in 1908, merchant. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Veteran of Spanish-American War. P resbyterian. Masons. Governor of Iowa, S t i l l a liv e (same address) and kicking up dust w ith farm organizations. Class I I. See: ; TURRILL, Gardner S. Je fferso n, Greene. Standpat. Member of Standpat Conference which nominated Lacey fo r Senator, Age 40, bom in Iowa. Father born in New York, a teacher. Education, S tate U n iv ersity of Iowa, 2 years. Early occupation, newspaperman. Occupations in 1908: newspaperman, rea l e sta te. Secretary of Republican S tate Convention, B a p tist Church. Member Masons, Knights of P ythias, Shrine, Odd Fellows, Sons of Veterans.

179 173 Class I I. See: TYLER, John P. Ladora, Iowa. Roosevelt Prog ressive. A lternate Delegate to Progressive N ational Convention, Age 51, bom in Iowa. Father born in New York, a farmer. Education, ru ra l public schools. Early occupation, farm er. Occupation in 1912, Manager Farmers Supply Company (lumber, grain and coal). No previous known p o litic a l experience. Former Independent. Methodist Church. Odd Fellows. Class I I. See: VAN HOUTEN, George H. Lenox, Taylor. Standpat. State R epresentative, Age 63, born in M issouri. Father American born, a farmer. Education, public schools. Early occupations: Occupations in 1908: plainsman, teacher, preacher, farmer, h o r tic u ltu r is t, farm er, preacher, e d ito r, publisher. S tate R epresentative, Iowa Secretary of A griculture, 3 years. Republican candidate fo r Lieutenant-Governor, Veteran of C ivil War. M ethodist Church. Died at Lenox, October 17, Class I I. See: ; V0NTREES, Ross. Rural, Calhoun. Roosevelt Prog ressive. Progressive candidate fo r S tate R epresentative, Age 34, born in Iowa. Education, high school. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1912, farmer

180 174 (160 a c re s). County Clerk, Former Republican. Veteran of Spanish-American War. P ro te stan t. Masons. Class I I. See: WALLACE, Henry "Harry C. Des Moines, Polk. Cummins Progressive. Cummins supporter in a g ric u ltu ra l c irc le s. Age 44, I l li n o i s. Father born in Pennsylvania, a m inister. Education, Iowa S tate College, B.S. E arly occupations: farm er, professor. Occupations in 1908: E ditor of W allace's Farm er, Secretary of Corn Belt Meat Producers A ssociation. No previous p o litic a l experience. Very high and active in farm c irc le s. Secretary of Agric u ltu re under P resid en t Harding. P resbyterian Church. Masons. Class I I. See: 152-all sections on Henry C. W allace. WALTERS, W. C. Toledo, Tama. S tandpat. Candidate fo r E lector in Republican prim aries, Age 67, born in Ohio. Father bom in V irginia, a merchant. Education, public schools. E arly occupations: clerk, businessman. Occupations in 1908: bank president, President of Tama and Toledo E le c tric Light and Railway Company. Owner of 700 acres of farm land. Had served as City Councilman. Methodist Church. United Workmen. Class I I I. See: ;

181 175 WARREN, James L. P e lla, Marion. Cummins Progressive. S tate Senator, Age 50, born in Iowa. Father born in Tennessee, a farmer. Education, Penn College, graduate. E arly occupation, student. Occupation in 190 8, lawyer. State R epresentative, M ethodist Church. Died a t Des Moines, May 17, Class I I. See: WATUERHOUSE, George S. Charter Oak, Crawford. Roosevelt P rogressive. Progressive candidate for State Senator, Age 40, born in Iowa. Father born in England, a farmer. Education, S ta te U n iv ersity of Iowa, M.D. Early occupation, stu d en t. Occupation in 1914, medical doctor. Mayor, 4 years. Former Republican. P resbyterian. Member Masons, United Workmen, Modern Woodmen. Class I I. See: WEBSTER, David D. Rural, Muscatine. Standpat. S tate R epresentative, Age 52, born in Iowa. Educatio n, ru ra l public schools. E arly occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, farmer. County Supervisor, Had served on School Board and as Assessor. P ro te stan t. Member Masons, Master Workmen. Class I I. See: ;

182 176 WEEK'S, E lb ert W. Guthrie Center, Guthrie. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 60, bom in Ohio. Father bom in New York, a farmer. Educatio n, S tate U niversity of Iowa, LL.B. Early occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. Had served as Mayor and on School Board. Republican N ational Convention delegate, A lternate Delegate to Republican N ational Convention, M ethodist Church. Member Masons, Knights of P ythias, Odd Fellows. Died a t B ettendorf, October 7, Class I I. See: ; ; WEIR, F. J. Rural, Humboldt. Cummins Progressive. Delegate to Republican State Convention, Age 52, born in I l l i n o i s. Father bom in New York, a farmer. Farmer e n tire l i f e. County s h e riff, 10 years. Had served as Township Trustee and Constable. P ro te sta n t. Class I I. See: Y/ELDEN, W illiam. Iowa F a lls, Hardin. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 6 5, born in Wisconsin. Father American born, a farmer and carpenter. Education, public schools. E arly occupation, teacher. Occupation in 1908, grocery merchant. E lected S tate Representative in 1903 on an Independent t ic k e t. Veteran of C ivil War. P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Shrine. Died

183 177 at Iowa F a lls, June 8, Class I I. See: ; Y/ELDY, Morton E. Des Moines, Polk. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate fo r Attorney-General, Age 32, born in Iowa. Father American born, a carpenter. Education: S tate U niversity of Iowa, B.A.; Harvard U niversity, LL.B. Occupation in 1914, lawyer. E arly occupation, teacher. Former Secretary of County Republican C entral Committee. Former Republican. Congregational Church. Class I I. See: ; 140-III-813; TOIPPLE, William. P. Vinton, Benton. Stand pat. S tate Senator, Age 54, born in Iowa. Father bom in Ohio, a farmer. Education, State U n iv ersity of Iowa, B.A., LL.B. Early occupation, stu d en t. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. City A ttorney, many years. President of School Board for sev eral years. Presbyterian Church. Member Odd Fellows, Knights of P y th ias. Died at Vinton, June 6, Class I I. See: ; ; WHITE, George C. Nevada, Story. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for Governor, Age 45, born in I l l i n o i s. Father born in Indiana, a

184 178 farmer. Education: I l l i n o i s S ta te Normal College, graduate; Drake U niversity, LL.B.; Yale U niversity, LL.M. E arly occupations: teacher, farmer, grain and coal businessman. Occupation in 1914, lawyer. S tate R epresentative, Had held various township o ffic e s. Was activ e in farm organizations and was D irecto r of the Farmer s Grain Dealers A ssociation of Iowa. Former Republican. P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, Knights of P ythias, Modern Woodmen, Sons of American Revolution. Died a t Mason C ity, May 7, Class I I. See: 119:11-384; ; WILSON, Archibald C. Oelwein, Fayette. Cummins Progressive. S tate Senator, Age 53, born in Canada. Father born in Irelan d, a farmer. Education, high school in O ntario. Early occupation, c le rk. Occupation in 1908, drug and book sto re business. Bank d ire c to r. School Board, 8 years. Died a t Oelwein, February 12, Class I I. See: ; WILSON, George E. C linton, C linton. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate fo r State R e p re sa ita tiv e, Education, public schools. E arly occupation, mechanic in a foundry and machine business. Occupations in 1912: P resident of C linton Bridge and Iron Works, P resident of Merchants N ational Bank of C linton. Had served as Alderman (S tirlin g ). Former Republican. Veteran of C ivil

185 179 War. Protestant. Member Masons, Shrine. Class III. See: ; WILSON, lames "Tama Jim". Traer, Tama. Standpat. U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, Age 75, bom in Scotland. Father bom in Scotland, a farmer. Education, Iowa College. Early occupations: farmer, Professor of Agriculture at Iowa State College. Occupations in 1908: farmer, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture. State Representative, 6 years; Speaker, one session. Iowa State Railway Commissioner, U.S. Representative, County Supervisor, Regent of State University of Iowa, Secretary of Agriculture, Protestant. Died at Traer, August 26, Class III. See: ; ; 148-5( ; ; others including full biography. WILSON, J. M. Centerville, Appanoose. Cummins Progressive. Cummins campaigner, Age 44, born in Illinois. Father a coal mine operator. Education, State University of Iowa, LL.B. Early occupations: coal mine worker, teacher. Occupation in 1908, lawyer. County Attorney, 4 years. Reading clerk at Republican State Convention, Had served as City Attorney. Methodist Church. Member Masons, Knights of Pythias, Shrine. Class II. See:

186 1 8 0 WILSON, J.W. Grimes, Polk. Roosevelt Prog ressiv e. Campaign a s s is ta n t for seventh d i s t r i c t Progressive Committee, Age 23, born in Kansas. Education, Drake U n iv ersity, B.A., LL.B. Early occupatio n, student. Occupation in 1912, law student. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Former Republican. C hristian Church. Masons. Class I. See: WILSON, Lucius L. Cedar Rapids, Linn. Roosevelt Progressive. S ecretary of Progressive S tate Convention, Age 67, born in Ohio. Father born in Maryland, a medical doctor. E arly occupation, farm er. Occupations in 1914: r e tir e d druggist, manufacturer of patent medicines. School Board member, 20 years. Had served as C ity Councilman, City Assessor, Township Clerk. Former Republican. A ll of above Center Point o ffic e s. Veteran of C ivil War and lo ca l G.A.R. Commander. P ro te sta n t. Member Masons, United Workmen. Class I I. See: ; WILSON, Ward. Rural, Tama. Cummins Progressive. S tate R epresentative, Age 45, born in Iowa. Father born in Scotland, a farmer. Education, Iowa S tate College, D.V.M. Early occupation, farmer. Occupations in 1908: farmer, v e te rin a ria n. No previous known p o litic a l

187 181 experience. P resbyterian. Died a t Tana, A pril 21, Class I I. See: ; WISE, Charles A. Cedar F a lls, Black Hawk. Standpat. Member of Standpat Conference which nominated Lacey for Senator, Age 63, born in Germany. Father born in Germany. E arly occupations: clerk, d ruggist. Occupation in 1908, President of Cedar F alls State Bank. Mayor, S tate R epresentative, School Board, several years. M ethodist Church. Member Masons, Shrine, Elks, United Workmen. Died a t Cedar F a lls, May 5, Class I I. See: 9-399; ; WOODS, Frank P. E s th e rv ille, Emmet. Cummins Progressive. Chairman of Republican State C entral Committee, Candidate for Congress, Age 42, born in Wisconsin. Father a farmer. Education, North Indiana Normal College. Early occupation, newspaperman. Occupatio n in 1908, mortgage loan and investment banking b u siness. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Presbyterian Church. Masons. Died at Pasadena, C alifo rn ia, A pril 2 5, Class I I. See: ; WRAGG, Morris J. Des Moines, Polk. Roosevelt Progressive. Progressive candidate for S tate Senator, Age 52, born in Iowa. Father born in Pennsylvania,

188 182 a farmer. Education, Iowa State College. Early occupation, h o r tic u ltu r is t. Occupation in 1914, landscape a rc h i te c t. No previous known p o litic a l experience. Former Republican. M ethodist Church. Knights of Pythias. Class I I. See: WYLLIE, lames H. Sigourney, Keokuk. Roosevelt Progressive. Treasurer of Progressive S tate Committee, Chairman of Progressive S tate Convention, Age 56, bom in Scotland. Father bom in Scotland, a miner. Education, public schools. Early occupation, coal miner. Occupations in 1912: fanner, poultry business. No p re vious known p o litic a l experience. Former Republican. Class I I. See: YOUDE; Charles. Rural, O'Brien. Cummins Prog ressiv e. State R epresentative, Age 53, born in England. Father born in England. Education, schools in Wales. E arly occupations: farm er, teacher. Occupation in 1908, stock farmer. Had served as Township Assessor, Township Trustee, County Supervisor, P resident of School Board. Class I I. See: YOUNG, Henry. Manson, Calhoun. Cummins Progressive. S tate Senator, Age 6 4, born in I l l i n o i s. Father born in Maryland, a farmer. Education, Chicago

189 183 Medical College, graduate. Early occupation, student. Occupation in 1908, medical doctor. Owned re a l e sta te. S tate R epresentative, 4 years. Had served as Mayor, City Councilman, P resident of Board of Education. Congregatio n a l Church.. Knights of P ythias. Class I I. See: ; ; YOUNG, L af ayette. Des Moines, Polk. Standpat. Republican E lecto r at la rg e, E d ito ria l supporter of p ra c tic a lly a ll standpats. Age 62, born in Iowa. Father American born, a woolen m ill operator and owner. Education, public schools. Early occupation, newspaperman. Occupation in 1908, E d ito r and P ublisher of Des Moines C a p ita l. S tate Senator, S tate Binder, Delegate a t large to Republican N ational conventions of 1890, 1900, Very activ e in Republican sta te conventions, permanent chairman a t two of these. U.S. Senator (appointed), P ro te sta n t. Masons. Knight of the Ordei* of Leopold I I of Belgium (fo r World War I t r e l i e f work). Died a t Des Moines, November 15, Class I I. See: ; ; 148-5( )- 2127; ; 159-various papers; others.

190 184 ZEUCH, Herman J. Davenport, S co tt. Roosevelt Progressive. Delegate to Progressive N ational Convention, Age 50 (estim ated), born in Iowa. Father born in Germany, a chemist. Education, public schools. Early occupation, clerk. Occupation in 1912: president of a large wholesale grocery house. Bank d ire c to r. Owner of several farms. No previous knwon p o litic a l experience. Former Republican. Episcopal Church. Class I I I. See: 143-V-332.

191 185 APPENDIX II Other Roosevelt Progressive Leaders

192 OTHER ROOSEVELT PROGRESSIVE LEADERS, and Adams, A. B. A itk en, C harles T. A lle rs o n, E. G. A shbrook, C. 0. A u stin, H. C. A yers, R. B. B arr, James B a te s, E. B. B e a tty, D. R. B e lt, R. J. Bemis, W. S. Benbow, W illiam B erry, Henry S. Bowker, E. Boyce, George E. B rad ley, C harles W. B rin k e rs h o ff, L. M. Brock, W illiam Brose, Gustave P o ttaw attam ie Fremont Cass M arshall M itc h e ll Johnson Black Hawk A dair J e ffe rs o n Black Hawk Clay Lee Monroe J a sp e r B lack Hawk Lyon Ringgold J a s p e r Dubuque C a rrie r, M. A. Ja sp e r C essna, T. C. Plymouth Chacey, U. S. Pow eshiek C la rk, C 0 Page Clem ents, W. B. F a y e tte Cooper, J. W. S c o tt Cooper, U. S. Lucas or Wayne Cowan, James A. Lee C r a i l, Joe S. J e ffe rs o n D ahlberg, R. M. Day, E. P. Flem ing, H. S. F ran k e, C arl Frum, J. E. Frudden, F. A. G ardner, Samuel G e ise k i, 0. A. G ibson, R. M. G oodfellow, John Gormley, L u th er G reen, M e rritt Van Buren Adams F a y e tte B utle r Shelby Floyd Audubon, D a lla s or G uthrie Henry Linn Poweshiek W ashington M arsh all

193 187 Hadley, L. P. H all, R. M. Hempton, C. E. Harvey, C. E. Hawley, A. W. H eller, D. B. Henderson, D. B. Hess, E. B. Hess, Harvey H ill, Harry W. Ic k is, F. D. Johnson, Frank Jones, W. J. Judson, A. B. Kingland, Thomas A. Kugler, A. J. Land, W. M. Lang, A. U. Lansing, L. W. Larson, Clarence W. Laughlin, L. W. Leik, William C. Linden, Robert Linder, A. H. Loban, William W. Loveland, T. 0. McCoid, George McKee, J. H. Mallory, E. A. Malone, Emmet T. M artin, Joseph Mason, Alfred M asters, Ross Maxwell, Carl Meier, C. F. M e rrill, Horatio M etcalf, Joseph Metzger, A. E. M itc h e ll, Henry Moberg, Henry Molsbery, C. A. Moore, Wilson H. Morey, H. A. Murphy, B. C. Musselman, S. M. Cass Hamilton Henry Decatur, Ringgold, or Union Webster Henry Franklin Delaware Black Hawk Madison Union Polk Monroe M ills Winnebago M itchell M ills Clarke, or Warren Hardin Montgomery Ringg old Dubuque Grundy Henry Hamilton Johnson H arrison Cerro Gordo Franklin Crawford Linn Dubuque Tama Dubuque Clayton Delaware O Brien Guthrie Dubuque Des Moines Worth Clay Bremer Page Washington

194 1 8 8 Nelson, N. F. Nervig, Omen N iles, Fred A. Olson, Oscar Ontjes, 0. A. Osborn, L. M. Page, George W. Parsons, A lfred Paulger, L. 0. P e rrin, C. M. P hilpot, S. B. P itz e r, J. W. Quade, C* R. Randall, Frank Rankin, Wiley S. Rapp, Aaron Rath, Henry H. Read, Henry Reed, C. Reed, Henry Reed, J. W. Relph, W. R. Higgs, George D. Rinker, Purley Robb, Sid D. Roberts, W. B. Robinson, Charles H. Sanders, J. F. Sargi s s on, Pa yne Smith, Jerome Spaulding, G. A. Spencer, F. P. S ta rr, W. Stason, E. J. Stegerman, L. Stevens, John I-T. Stevens, 0. W. S tin e h a rt, James E. Lucas Humboldt Benton, Cedar, Grundy, Jones, Linn, M arshall, or Tama Buena V is ta, Humboldt, or Pocahontas Grundy Marshall Boone Scott Black Hawk Monona Webster, C arroll or Kossuth Hardin Story Linn Cerro Gordo Wapello Cedar Page Hamilton M ills Ida Lucas Polk Appanoose Clinton Lee Ringgold Lee Woodbu ry Adams Shelby Fremon t Pottawattamie Woodbury Madis on Cerro Gordo Fayette Cerro Gordo, Franklin, or Hancock

195 189 S trik lin g, J. H. Swan, G. W. Sweasey, A. J. Sword, James M. Tade, H. D. T erw illig e r, C. S. Thompson, Robert Tonet, E. W. T u ttle, W. A. Wakeman, A. B. Wellman, J. Wertz, J. B. Weslenhauer, F. A. W estcott, S. X. Wheeler, D. A. Whiley, W. E. W hitaker, Jno. A. W ilcox, Lucian T. Wi11iams on, W illiam W irth, Guido Worth, G. Young, Daniel H. Lee Union Winneshiek Linn Henry Hancock Monroe Clarke M arshall Taylor Delaware Clay Johnson Lee Sioux Woodbury Linn Webster Benton Ringgold Buchanan or Delaware

196 190 APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY COUNTY HISTORIES (Listed by County) 1. K ilburn, Lucian M. (ed.). H istory of Adair County and I t s People. Yol. I I. Chicago: Pioneer Publishing Company Hancock, E lle ry M. Past and Present of Allamakee County, Iowa. Yol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company Lewis, S. Thompson. Biographical and Genealogical H istory of Appanoose and Monroe Counties, Iowa. New York and Chicago: Lewis P ublishing Company Taylor, L. L. (ed.). P ast and P resent of Appanoose County, Iowa. Yol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company Andrews, H. F. (ed.). H istory of Audubon County, Iowa, I t s People, In d u strie s, and In s titu tio n s. Indianapolis: B. F. Bowen and Company H ill, Luther B. (ed.). H istory of Benton County, Iowa. Yol. I I. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, n.d. 7. Hartman, John C. (ed.). H istory of Black Hawk County, Iowa and I t s People. Yol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company H isto ric a l and Biographical Record of Black Hawk County, Iowa. Chicago: In te r-s ta te Publishing Company Yan Metre, Isa ia h. (ed.). H istory of Black Hawk County, Iowa, and R epresentative C itizens. Chicago: B iographical Publishing Company A Biographical Record of Boone County, Iowa. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company

197 G oldthw ait, N. S. (ed.). H istory of Boone County, Iowa. Vol. I I. Chicago: Pioneer Publishing Company The H istory of Boone County, Iowa. Des Moines: Union Publishing Company Grawe, J. F. (ed.). H istory of Bremer County, Iowa. Vol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company Chappell, Henry C., and Katharyn J. Chappell. H istory of Buchanan County, Iowa and I t s People. Vol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company P ercival C. S., and E lizabeth P erciv al. (eds.). H istory of Buchanan County, Iowa, w ith I llu s - tra tio n s and B iographical Sketches. Cleveland: W illiams B rothers Wegerslev, C. H., and Thomas Walpole. Past and P resent of Buena V ista County, Iowa. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company Hart, Irving H. H istory of B utler County, Iowa. Vol. XI. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company H istory of B utler and Bremer Counties, Iowa. Springf ie ld, I llin o is : Union Publishing Company A Biographical Record of Calhoun County, Iowa. New York and Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company Stonebraker, Beaumont E. (ed.). Past and Present of Calhoun County, Iov/a. New York and Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company MacLean, Paul. (ed.). H istory of C arroll County, Iowa. Vol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company H istory of Cass County. S p rin g field, I l li n o i s : Contin e n ta l H isto ric a l Company

198 Taylor, Henry (ed.). Compendium of H istory and Biography of Cas3 County, Iowa. Chicago: Rogers and Hall Company This is the only county h isto ry used th at is not av ailab le in the lib ra ry of the S tate H isto ric a l Society of Iowa. I t is av ailab le in Des Moines (H isto rica l Department). 24. Aurner, Clarence R. (ed.). A Topical H istory of Cedar County, Iowa. Vol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publish in g Company The H istory of Cedar County with a H istory of Iowa. Vol. I I. Cedar Rapids and Chicago: H isto ric a l Publishing Company Wheeler, I. H. (ed.). H istory of Cerro Gordo County, Iowa. Vol. I I. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company B iographical H istory of Cherokee County, Iowa. Chicago: W. W. Dunbar and Company McCulla, Thomas. H istory of Cherokee County, Iowa. Vol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company F airb airn. Robert H. H istory of Chickasaw and Howard Counties, Iowa. Vol. II. Chicago: Clarke Publishing; Company Biographical and H isto ric a l Record of Clarke County, Iowa. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company rh G ille sp ie, Samuel, and James E. S teele. H istory of Clay County, Iowa. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company H istory of Clayton County, Iowa. Chicago: In te r- S tate Publishing Company P ric e, Real to E. (ed.). H istory of Clayton County, Iowa. Vol. I I. Chicago: Robert 0. Law Company. I9T Biographical Record of C linton County, Iowa. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company P o rtra it and Biographical Album of Clinton County, Iowa. Chicago: Chapman B rothers

199 Wolfe, P a tric k B. (ed.). W olfed H istory of Clinton County, Iowa. 2 Vols. Indianapolis: B. F. Bowen Company Biographical H istory of Crawford, Ida, and Sac Counties, Iowa. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company Meyers, F. W. H istory of Crawford County, Iowa. Vol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company Wood, R. F. (ed.). Past and Present of Dallas County, Iowa. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company H istory of Davis County, Iowa. Des Moines: S tate H isto rica l Company Howell, J. M., and Herman C. Smith, (eds.). H istory of Decatur County, Iowa and I t s People. Vol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company Biographical Sketches of Delaware and Buchanan Counties. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company Merry, John F. (ed.). H istory of Delaware County, Iowa and I t s People. Vol. l l. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company Antrobus, Augustine M. (ed.). H istory of Des Moines County, Iowa and I t s People. Vol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company Biographical Review of Des Moines County, Iowa. Chicago: Hobart Publishing Company P o rtra it and Biographical Album of Des Moines County, Iowa. Chicago: Acme Publishing Company Oldt, Franklin T. (ed.). H istory of Dubuque County, Iowa. Chicago: Goodspeed H isto ric a l Associatio n. n.d. to P o rtra it and B iographical Record of Dubuque, Jones, and Clayton Counties, Iowa. Chicago: Chapman Publishing Company

200 H istory of Emmet County and Dickinson County, Iowa. Vol. I I. Chicago: Pioneer Publishing Company F itch, Geo. W. Past and Present of Fayette County, Iowa. 2 V ols. Indianapolis: B. F. Bowen and Company P o rtra it and Biographical Album of Fayette County, Iowa. Chicago: Lake City Publishing Company. r^r. 52. S tu a rt, I. L. (ed.). H istory of Franklin County, Iowa. Yol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company A B iographical H istory of Fremont and M ills Counties, Iowa. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company Biographical and H isto ric a l Record of Greene and C arroll Counties, Iowa. Chicago: Lewis Publish in g Company Stillm an, H. B. Past and Present of Greene County, towa. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company. w. 56. H istory of Guthrie and Adair Counties, Iowa. Springfie ld, I l li n o i s : Continental H isto ric a l Comcany P ast and Present of Guthrie County, Iowa. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company. 190*?. 58. Biographical Record and P o rtra it Album of Hamilton and Wright Counties, Iowa. Chicago: Lewis B iographical Publishing Company A Biographical Record of Hamilton County, Iowa. New York and Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company Lee, I. W. (ed.). H istory of Hamilton County, Iowa. Yol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company

201 Moir, William. 1. (ed.). Past and Present of Hardin County, Iowa. Indianapolis: B. F. Bowen Company, Hunt, Charles W., and W ill L. Clark. H istory of Harrison County, Iowa. Indianapolis: B. P. Bowen and Company Biographical Review of Henry County, Iowa. Chicago: Hobart Publishing Company P o rtra its and Biographical Album of Henry County, Iowa. Chicago: Acme Publishing Company The H istory of Humboldt County. Chicago: H isto rica l Publishing Company Dinwiddle, lames C. H istory of Iowa County, Iowa and I t s People. Vol. I I. Chicago: Claike Publish- Ing Company The H istory of Iowa County, Iowa. Union H isto ric a l Company. lo E llis, lames W. H istory of Jackson County, Iowu. Vol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company P o r tr a it and B iographical Album of Jackson County, Iowa. Chicago: Chapman B rothers Weaver, James B. (ed.). Past and Present of Jasper County, Iowa. 2 Vols. Indianapolis: B. P. Bowen and Company Pulton, Charles J. H istory of Jefferson County, Iowa. Vol. I I. Clarke Publishing Company. I 9I P o r tr a it and Biographical Album of Jefferso n and Van Buren Counties, Iowa. Chicago: Lake City Publishing Company tu rn e r, Clarence R. Leading Events in Johnson County, Iowa H istory. Vol. I I. Cedar Rapids: Western H isto ric a l P ress

202 P o r tr a it and B iographical Record of Johnson, Poweshiek and Iowa Counties. Chicago: Chapman B rothers. IW C orbit, Robert McClain. H istory of Jones County, Iowa. Yol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company A Genealogical and B iographical H istory of Keokuk County, Iowa. Chicago and New York: Lewis Publishing Company The H istory of Keokuk County, Iowa. Des Moines: Union H isto rica l Company H istory of Kossuth, Hancock, and Winnebago Counties, Iowa. S p rin g field, I llin o is : Union Publishing Company Reed, Ben.iamin F. Early H istory of Kossuth County, Iowa, from the E a rlie s t Settlem ents to the P resent Time. Yol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company B iographical Review of Lee County, Iowa. Chicago: Hobart Publishing Company P o rtra it and B iographical Album of Lee County, Iowa. Chicago: Chapman B rothers Roberts, Nelson C., and S. W. Moorhead (eds.). Story of Lee County, Iowa. Yol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company S3. B iographical Record of Linn County. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company H istory of Linn County, Iowa from I t s E a rlie s t S e ttle - ment to the Present Time. Toi. I I. Chicago: Pioneer Publishing Company P o r tr a it and Biographical Album of Linn County, Iowa. Chicago: Chapman B rothers. 188^. 86. Springer, u rth u r. H istory of Louisa County, Iowa. Yol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company

203 H istory of Lucas County, Iowa. Des Moines: S tate H isto rica l Company S tu a rt, Theodore M. Past and Present of Lucas and Wayne Counties, Iowa. Yol. I I. Chicago: "IJTaike Publishing Company Compendium of H istory, Reminiscence, and Biography of tyon County, Iowa. Chicago: George A* Ogle and Company M ueller, Herman A. (e d.). H istory of Madison County, Iowa and I t s People. Yol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company Hedge, Manoah. Past and Present of Mahaska County. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company P o r tr a it and Biographical Album of Mahaska County. Chicago: Chapman B rothers. 13& Wright, Lohn W., and W. A. Young.(ed s.). H istory of Marion County, Iowa and I t s People. Yol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company B a ttin, William, and F. A. Moscrip. P ast and Present of M arshall County, Iowa. 2 Y ols. Indianapolis: B. F. Bowen and Company H istory of M ills County, Iowa. Des Moines: State H isto ric a l Company Clyde, J. F., and H. A. Dwelle (eds.). H istory of M itchell and Worth Counties, Iowa. Yol. I I Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company H istory of Monona County, Iowa. Chicago: R ational Publishing Company. 18^ H istory of Montgomery County, Iowa. Des Moines: Iowa H isto ric a l and Biographical Company P o rtra it and Biographical Album of Muscatine County, Iowa. Chicago: Acme Publishing Company Richman, Irv in g B. H istory of Muscatine County, Iowa. Yol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company

204 Peck, 1. L. S., Otto H. Montzheimer, and William J. M iller. Past and Present of O'Brien and Osceola Counties, Iowa. Vol. I I. Indianapolis: B. F. Bowen and Company Biographical H istory of Page County, Iowa. Chicago: Lewis Dunbar, P ublishers, Kershaw, W. L. H istory of Page County, Iowa. Vol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company Freeman, V. S. (ed.j. H istory of Plymouth County, Iowa. Vol. I I. Indianapolis: B. F. Bowen and Company F lick in g er, Robert E. The Pioneer H istory of Pocahontas County, Iowa. Fonda, Iowa: George Sanborn, E d ito r of the Fonda Times, Publisher Andrews, L. F. (ed. ). Pioneers of Polk County and Reminiscences. 2 Vols. Des Moines: Baker T ris le r Company Brigham, Johnson. Des Moines Together with the H istory of Polk County, Iowa. Vol. I I. Des Moines: Clarke Publishing Company P o rtra it and Biographical Album of Polk County, Iowa. Chicago: Lake City Publishing Company. r s w Biographical H istory of Pottawattam ie County, Iowa. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company F ie ld, Homer H., and Joseph R. Reed. H istory of Pottaw attam ie County, Iowa. Vol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company Parker, L. F. H istory of Poweshiek County, Iowa. Vol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company B iographical and H isto ric a l Record of Ringgold and Decatur Counties, Iowa. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company

205 Biographical and H isto ric a l Record of Ringgold and Union Counties. Iowa. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company' H art, Wm. E. H istory of Sac County, Iowa. Indianapolis: B. F. Bowen and Company B iographical H istory and P o rtra it G allery of Scott County. Chicago: American Biographical Publishing Company Downer, H. E. H istory of Davenport and S cott County, Iowa. Yol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company Biographical H istory of Shelby and Audubon Counties, Iowa. Chicago: W. o. Dunbar and Company W hite, Edward S- Past and Present of Shelby County. Indianapolis: B. F. Bowen and Company Payne, W. 0. H istory of Story County, Iowa. Yol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company H istory of Tama County. S p rin g field, I llin o is : Union Publishing Company Caldwell, I. R. (ed.). A H istory of Tama County. Vol. I I. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company Crosson, Frank E. H istory of Taylor County, Iowa from the E a rlie s t H isto ric Times to 19io. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company Ide, George A. H istory of Union County, Iowa. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company Evans, S. B. (ed.). H istory of Wapello County, Iowa. Chicago: B iographical Publishing Company P o rtra it and B iographical Album of Wapello County, Iowa. Chicago: Chapman B rothers Waterman, H arrison L. (ed.). H istory of Wapello County, Iowa. Yol. I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company

206 M a rtin, W. C. H is to r y o f W arren C ounty fro m E a r l i e s t S e ttle m e n t to C h icag o : C la rk P u b lis h in g Company B u r r e l l, Howard A. H is to r y o f W ashington C ounty, Iow a. V o l. II. C h icag o : C la rk e P u b lis h in g Company P o r t r a i t and B io g r a p h ic a l Album o f W ashington C ounty, Iow a. C h icag o : Acme P u b lis h in g Company B io g r a p h ic a l and H i s t o r i c a l R ecord o f Wayne and A ppanoose C o u n tie s, Iow a. C h icag o : I n t e r - S t a t e P u b lis h in g Company B io g r a p h ic a l R ecord and P o r t r a i t Album of W eb ste r and H a m ilto n C o u n tie s, Iow a. C h icago: L ew is Publ i s h i n g Company P r a t t, H arlow M. H is to r y o f F o r t Dodge and W eb ste r C ounty, Io w a. V o l. I I. C h icago: P io n e e r P u b lis h in g Company. 1913* H is to r y of W innebago and H ancock C o u n tie s. V o l. II. C h icago: P io n e e r P u b lis h in g Company B a ile y, Edwin C. (e d. ). P a s t and P r e s e n t o f W innes h ie k C ounty. V o l. I I. C h icago: C la rk e Publ i s h i n g Company H is to r y of t h e C o u n tie s o f W oodbury and P ly m o u th, Iow a. C h icago: A. W arner and Company M arks, C o n s ta n t R. (ed.). P a s t and P r e s e n t o f S io u x C ity and W oodbury C ounty, Io w a. C h icag o : C la rk e P u b lis h in g Company B i r d s a l l, B. P. H is to r y o f W rig h t C ounty. I n d i a n a p o lis : B. F. Bowen and Company

207 201 GENERAL WORKS WITH COLLECTIVE BIOGRAPHY CONTENT 138The Bench and Bar of Iowa. Chicago and New York: American Biographical Publishing Company B iographical D irectory of the American Congress, Washington: United S ta te s Government P rin tin g O ffice Brigham, Johnson. Iowa: I t s History and I t s Foremost C itizens. T o ls. I I and I I I. Chicago: Clarke Publishing Company Cole, Chester C. (H istorian) and E. C. Ebersole (ed.). The Courts and Legal Profession of Iowa. 2 Yols. Chicago: H. C. Cooper, Jr., and Company Cue, B. F. Biographies and P o rtra its of the Progressive Men of Iowa together with an O riginal and A uthentic H istory of the S ta te. 2 Yols. Des Moines: Conway ancl Shaw. P ublishers Harlan, Edgar R. (ed.). A N arrative H istory of the People of Iowa. 5 Yols. Chicago and New York: The American H isto ric a l Society, Inc The Iowa Press A sso ciatio n 's Who's Who in Iowa. Des Moines: Iowa Press A ssociation. 19^ Men of Iowa. Des Moines: Iowa H isto ric a l Company. T^oT Secretary of S tate of Iowa. The Iowa O ffic ia l R eg ister. Numbers 22 ( ^ T,'"2 T (19'09-191O), 2'k ( ), 25 ( ), 26 ( ), 27 ( ), 28 ( ), 29 ( ), 30 ( ), 31 ( ), 32 ( ), 33 ( ), 34 ( ), 35 ( ), 36 ( ), 37 ( ), 38 ( ), and 39 ( ). Des Moines: Office of the S ecretary of S ta te. Various d ates. Not a l l of the numbers lis te d above yielded m aterial, but they are a ll invaluable fo r a work of th is type.

208 The United S ta te s B iographical D ictionary and P o r tr a it G allery of Eminent and Self-Hade Men. Iowa Volume. Chicago and Hew York: American B iographical Publishing Company s. Who s Who in America. V ols Chicago: A. N. Marquis and Company. Various dates. BIOGRAPHIES AID MEMORIALS 149. Funk, A. B. Fred L. Maytag, a Biography. Cedar Rapids: Torch Press, n.d In Memoriarn. Bernard Murphy Supreme R epresentative of Iowa and Henry I. Toenningsen. Grand Lodge of Iowa, Knights of Pythias Long, Robert M., Sr. In te re s tin g Incidents in the L ife of R. M. Long, Sr. Sac City, Iowa: TEe Sac City Sun Company Lord, R ussell. The Wallaces of Iowa. Boston: Houghton M ifflin Company Pammel, L. H. (ed.). Major John R. Lacey Memorial Volume. Cedar Rapids: The Torch Press'! Swisher, Jacob A. Robert Gordon Cousins. Iowa City: S tate H isto ric a l Society of Iowa MISCELLANEOUS 155. T hirteenth Census of the United S tates taken in the Year Vol. I I. Population, Alabama- Montana. Washington: Government P rin tin g O ffice Cook, L uella. "H istories of Iowa C ounties, The Iowa Journal of H istory and P o litic s. XXXVT, No. 2 (A pril, 1938),