THE SCANDINAVIANS IN CUMBRIA

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1 THE SCANDINAVIANS IN CUMBRIA Edited by John R. Baldwin and Ian D. Whyte

2 Published in Scotland by: The Scottish Society for Northern Studies c/o School of Scottish Studies University of Edinburgh 2 7 George Square Edinburgh EH8 9LD ISBN o Copyright r Scottish Society for Northern Studies and individual contributors. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, in any quantity or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Society and appropriate contributors. Multiple copying of any of the contents of the publication is always illegal. The Scottish Society for Northern Studies gratefully acknowledges financial assistance in the publication of this volume from THE CURWEN ARCHIVES TRUST THE JOCELYN AND KATHARINE MORTON CHARITABLE TRUST Text set throughout in 10 on npt Sabon Printed by W. S. Maney and Son Ltd Leeds England ii

3 CONTENTS Preface Introduction. BARBARA E. CRAWFORD Pre-Viking Change in the Cumbrian Landscape. PETER VINCENT Cumbria before the Vikings: A review of some 'Dark Age' Problems in North-West England. DEIRDRE O'SULLIVAN The Scandinavians in North Cumbria: Raids and Settlement in the later Ninth to mid Tenth Centuries. NICK HIGHAM Aspects of Viking-Age Sculpture in Cumbria. RICHARD N. BAILEY v l Scandinavian Settlement in Cumbria and Dumfriesshire: The Place-Name Evidence. GILLIAN FELLOWS-JENSEN Bryant's Gill, Kentmere: Another 'Viking-Period' Ribblehead? STEVE DICKINSON The Multiple Estate: A Framework for the Evolution of Settlement in Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian Cumbria. ANGUS J. L. WINCHESTER Shielings and the Upland Pastoral Economy of the Lake District in Medieval and Early Modern Times. IAN D. WHYTE Pre-Conquest Settlement in the Forest of Bowland. MARY C. HIGHAM Vernacular Building Traditions in the Lake District. R. W. BRUNSKILL Scandinavian Influences on Cumbrian Dialect. STANLEY ELLIS 103 ll lll

4 CONTRIBUTORS School of English, University of Newcastle RICHARD N. BAILEY. upon-tyne. JOHN R. BALDWIN. Advisory Service, Lothian Region Department of Education. R. W. BRUNSKILL. Department of Architecture, University of Manchester. Department of Medieval History, Univer BARBARA E. CRAWFORD. sity of St Andrews. STEVE DICKINSON. STANLEY ELLIS. of Leeds. GILLIAN FELLOWS-JENSEN. University of Copenhagen. MARY C. HIGHAM. NICK HIGHAM. Manchester. DEIRDRE O'SULLIVAN. Leicester. PETER VINCENT. ANGUS J. L. WINCHESTER. of Liverpool. IAN D. WHYTE. SEARCH Archaeology Group, Cumbria. Institute of Dialect and Folk Life Studies, University Institute for Place-Name Studies, Ivy Bank High School, Burnley. Department of Extra-Mural Studies, University of Department of Archaeology, University of Department of Geography, University of Lancaster. Institute of Extension Studies, University Department of Geography, University of Lancaster. iv

5 THE SCOTTISH SOCIETY FOR NORTHERN STUDIES is a Scottish-based group having much in common with the Viking Society for Northern Research. It was founded in 1968 to explore the interrelationships between the Scandinavian, Celtic and Scottish cultures, and provides a forum in Scotland for specialists and enthusiasts of many disciplines to pursue their common 'northern' interests. Through its seminars, conferences and publications, the Scottish Society for Northern Studies seeks to encourage further exploration and research, locally throughout Scotland and beyond. OCCASIONAL PUBLICATIONS r. Scandinavian Shetland: An Ongoing Tradition? (ISBN o o 9) 2. Caithness: A Cultural Crossroads (ISBN l 7) 3. The Scandinavians in Cumbria. l (ISBN o ) Forthcoming 4. The Firth lands of Ross and Sutherland Contributions to the Manx Conference appeared m Man and Environment in the Isle of Man (BAR British Series vols.) (ISBN o o), whilst the Society also publishes a regular journal, Northern Studies (ISSN X). FURTHER INFORMATION, and details of membership of the Scottish Society for Northern Studies may be obtained from:- The Honorary Secretary, Scottish Society for Northern Studies, c/o School of Scottish Studies, University of Edinburgh, 27, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9LD, Scotland.