ALTERNATIVE SOLAR CELL PATTERNS

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1 ALTERNATIVE SOLAR CELL PATTERNS FOR LIGHT-TRANSMISSIVE PV PANELS Robert BAUM Department of Architecture, The University of Tokyo, Japan

2 1 1. Introduction 2. Study approach and aim 3. Solar cell patterns of crystalline silicon cells 4. 'W(e)AVE' tilted and wave-like cell patterns 5. Conclusion

3 2 1. Introduction

4 3 From the point of architectural BIPV, however, it seems to be reasonable to distinguish between opaque modules and semi-transparent or translucent modules.

5 Alternative Solar Cell Patterns for Light-Transmissive Photovoltaic Panels, ISES SWC R.Baum, R 4 Opaque PV Paul Horn-Arena, Tübingen, Germany Fig.1 Allmann Sattler Wappner Architekten, München

6 5 Opaque PV Paul Horn-Arena, Tübingen, Germany Fig.1 Allmann Sattler Wappner Architekten, München Light-Transmissive PV Jaume University, Castellon, Spain Fig.2 Scheuten Solar

7 6 2. Study approach and aim

8 'light-through' Fig.3 BSW-Solar/Langrock 7

9 'light-through' Fig.3 BSW-Solar/Langrock 'see-through' Fig.4 Kaneka Corporation 8

10 'light-through' Fig.3 BSW-Solar/Langrock 'see-through' Fig.4 Kaneka Corporation 9

11 10 3. Solar cell patterns of crystalline silicon cells 3.1. rectangular PV panels homogeneous cell patterns

12 round Fig.5 Wichita Renewable Energy Group / Flickr 11

13 round Fig.5 Wichita Renewable Energy Group / Flickr pseudo-square 12 Fig.6 BEST-B2B.COM

14 13 1a 1c 1b 1d

15 Tobias Grau GmbH Hamburg, Germany, 2001 architect: BRT 14 Fig.7 Schüco International KG

16 15 Fig.8 Tobias Grau GmbH

17 Opera House Oslo, Norway, 2007 architect: Snøhetta 16 Fig.8 Tobias Grau GmbH Fig.9 Christopher Hagelund / The Telegraph

18 17 Fig.8 Tobias Grau GmbH Fig.10 n.a.

19 18 Fig.8 Tobias Grau GmbH Fire Station Houten, the Netherlands, 2000 architect: Samyn & Partners Fig.11 Ch. Richters Fig.10 n.a.

20 19 Fig.8 Tobias Grau GmbH Fig.12 Gaia Solar A/S Fig.10 n.a.

21 20 Fig.8 Tobias Grau GmbH Fig.10 n.a. Heron Tower London, UK, 2011 architect: Kohn Pederson Fox Fig.12 Gaia Solar A/S Fig.13 Heron International

22 21 Fig.8 Tobias Grau GmbH Fig.10 n.a. Fig.12 Gaia Solar A/S Fig.14 Rob Telford

Houten, the Netherlands, 2000 architect:

9 Christopher Hagelund / The Telegraph Heron

23 Tobias Grau GmbH Hamburg, Germany, 2001 architect: BRT Opera House Oslo, Norway, 2007 architect: Snøhetta 22 Fig.7 Schüco International KG Fire Station Houten, the Netherlands, 2000 architect: Samyn & Partners Fig.11 Ch. Richters Fig.9 Christopher Hagelund / The Telegraph Heron Tower London, UK, 2011 architect: Kohn Pederson Fox Fig.13 Heron International

24 3. Solar cell patterns of crystalline silicon cells Ateliers Jean Novel 3.2. non-rectangular PV panels homogeneous cell patterns 23

25 2a 2c 2b 24 2d

26 The Core, Eden Project Bodelua, Cornwall, UK, 2005 architect: Nicholas Grimshaw & P 25 Fig.15 copperconcept.org

27 26 Fig.16 Romag Ltd

28 Café Ambiente Bremen, Germany, 1997 architect: Mencke + Tegtmeyer 27 Fig.16 Romag Ltd Fig.17 BSW-Solar /

29 Fig.16 Romag Ltd Fig.18 solarnova Produktions- und Vertriebsgesellschaft mbh 28

30 Fig.16 Romag Ltd Gemini House Weiz, Austria, 2001 architect: Erwin Kaltenegger Fig.19 Energie-Schau-Straße Fig.18 solarnova Produktions- und Vertriebsgesellschaft mbh 29

31 Fig.16 Romag Ltd Fig.20 BSW-Solar / Fig.18 solarnova Produktions- und Vertriebsgesellschaft mbh 30

32 Fig.16 Romag Ltd Fig.18 solarnova Produktions- und Vertriebsgesellschaft mbh Pyramides, DEMOSITE Lausanne, Switzerland, 1992 PV: Colt + Atlantis Fig.20 BSW-Solar / Fig.21 demosite 31

33 Fig.16 Romag Ltd Fig.18 solarnova Produktions- und Vertriebsgesellschaft mbh 32 Fig.20 BSW-Solar / Fig.22 demosite

The Core, Eden Project Bodelua, Cornwall, UK,

Germany, 1997 architect: Mencke + Tegtmeyer Fig.

34 The Core, Eden Project Bodelua, Cornwall, UK, 2005 architect: Nicholas Grimshaw & P Fig.15 copperconcept.org Gemini House Weiz, Austria, 2001 architect: Erwin Kaltenegger Fig.19 Energie-Schau-Straße Café Ambiente Bremen, Germany, 1997 architect: Mencke + Tegtmeyer Fig.17 BSW-Solar / Pyramides, DEMOSITE Lausanne, Switzerland, 1992 PV: Colt + Atlantis Fig.21 demosite 33

35 3. Solar cell patterns of crystalline silicon cells 3.3. emerging heterogeneous cell patterns 34

36 3a 3c 3b 35 1c 2a

37 Solar Office Doxford Sunderland, UK, 1998 architect: Studio E Architects Fig.23 Schüco International KG 36

38 Fig.24 Dennis Gilbert / Studio E Architects 37

39 Christian Kindergarten Dresden, Germany, 2003 architect: Reiter & Rentzsch Fig.24 Dennis Gilbert / Studio E Architects Fig.25 Lothar Sprenger / Reiter & Rentzsch 38

40 Fig.24 Dennis Gilbert / Studio E Architects Fig.26 Joe Morrissey / Atlantis Energy Systems 39

41 Fig.24 Dennis Gilbert / Studio E Architects Fig.26 Joe Morrissey / Atlantis Energy Systems Ménara Airport Marrakech, Morocco, 2008 architect: E2A architecture Fig.27 Benjamin Edwards / Flickr 40

42 Fig.24 Dennis Gilbert / Studio E Architects Fig.26 Joe Morrissey / Atlantis Energy Systems 41 Fig.28 junglepunk / Flickr

43 Fig.24 Dennis Gilbert / Studio E Architects Fig.26 Joe Morrissey / Atlantis Energy Systems Community College Kankakee, IL, USA architect: Legat Architects 42 Fig.28 junglepunk / Flickr Fig.29 Legat Architects

44 Alternative Solar Cell Patterns for Light-Transmissive Photovoltaic Panels, ISES SWC R.Baum, R Fig.24 Dennis Gilbert / Studio E Architects Fig.26 Joe Morrissey / Atlantis Energy Systems 43 Fig.28 junglepunk / Flickr Fig.30 Joe Morrissey / Atlantis Energy Systems

Solar Office Doxford Sunderland, UK, 1998

23 Schüco International KG Ménara Airport

architecture Christian Kindergarten Dresden,

25 Lothar Sprenger / Reiter & Rentzsch Community

45 Solar Office Doxford Sunderland, UK, 1998 architect: Studio E Architects Fig.23 Schüco International KG Ménara Airport Marrakech, Morocco, 2008 architect: E2A architecture Christian Kindergarten Dresden, Germany, 2003 architect: Reiter & Rentzsch Fig.25 Lothar Sprenger / Reiter & Rentzsch Community College Kankakee, IL, USA architect: Legat Architects 44 Fig.27 Benjamin Edwards / Flickr Fig.29 Legat Architects

46 3. Solar cell patterns of crystalline silicon cells 3.4. the quest for designed, parametric patterns 45

47 Patterns are a potent device for architectural articulation (Schumacher, 2009), critical expressive devices (Zaera-Polo, 2009). 46

48 it is usually disguised by introducing an overlapped pattern or a 3-D manipulation of the surface (Zaera-Polo, 2009) substituting orthogonal matrixes with innovative geometries developed by means of complex generative processes, based on casualness (Scognamiglio et al., 2006) 47

49 4. 'W(e)AVE' tilted and wave-like cell patterns Cora Edmonds 48 Henri Parent

50 Fig.31 Wikipedia 49

51 standard pattern Fig.32 Robert Baum 'W(e)AVE' pattern Fig.33 Robert Baum 50

52 To make this approach operational, ' W(e)AVE' is based on two parameters: First, the spacing of the solar cells in cell-strings can have more than one distance. However, linearity is kept in cell-strings. Second, interconnection between neighbouring cell-strings doesn't require the cells to lie exactly side by side, an offset between cells is possible. However, parallel position of cell-strings is kept. 51

53 Case study I tilted pattern, rendering of a two-panel BIPV Fig.34 Robert Baum 52

54 Case study II sinusoidal patterns Fig.35 Robert Baum Fig.36 Robert Baum Fig.37 Robert Baum 53

55 Case study III free-form pattern, rendering of a five-panel BIPV Fig.38 Robert Baum 54

56 Case study IV 'W(e)AVE' pattern as transition between standard patterns Fig.39 Robert Baum 55

57 5. Conclusion Agbar Tower Corporate Marketing Department 56

58 With the parametric approach 'W(e)AVE' a wide range of solar cell pattern variations akin to contemporary architectural design become possible, and enhance the options for individual designs and architectural integration of PV under the premise of disguising greatly. 57 Simone Giostra & Partners

59 A flexible change in the level of transparency enables the architect to set the visible connection between the interior space and outside of a building into a complex relation. Simone Giostra & Partners 58

60 Thank you for your attention Robert BAUM 59

61 Figure list Fig.1 Allmann Sattler Wappner Architekten, München - Source: img=2&layout=galerie Fig.2 Scheuten Solar - Source: Fig.3 BSW-Solar/Langrock - Source: Fig.4 Kaneka Corporation - Source: Fig.5 Wichita Renewable Energy Group / Flickr - Source: Fig.6 BEST-B2B.COM - Source: Fig.7 Schüco International KG - Source: p.11. Fig.8 Tobias Grau GmbH - Source: Roberts, S. & Guariento, N. (2009). Building integrated photovoltaics: a handbook. Basel, Boston, Berlin: Birkhäuser, p.98. Fig.9 Christopher Hagelund / The Telegraph - Source: Source: Fig.10 n.a. - Source: id=17926&sequenceno=139&konkurranseid=79&offset=120&randomseed= Fig.11 Ch. Richters - Source: Fig.12 Gaia Solar A/S - Source: Fig.13 Heron International - Source: Fig.14 Rob Telford - Source: Fig.15 copperconcept.org - Source: Fig.16 Romag Ltd - Source: Fig.17 BSW-Solar / - Source: BSW-Solar. (undated). Café Ambiente, Bremen (D) [Projekt ID 033]. id=227&projekt_id=33 Fig.18 solarnova Produktions- und Vertriebsgesellschaft mbh - Source: Fig.19 Energie-Schau-Straße - Source: Fig.20 BSW-Solar / - Source: Fig.21 demosite - Source: Fig.22 demosite - Source: Fig.23 Schüco International KG - Source: Fig.24 Dennis Gilbert / Studio E Architects - Source: Fig.25 Lothar Sprenger / Reiter & Rentzsch - Source: Fig.26 Joe Morrissey / Atlantis Energy Systems - Source: Fig.27 Benjamin Edwards / Flickr - Source: Fig.28 junglepunk / Flickr - Source: Fig.29 Legat Architects - Source: Fig.30 Joe Morrissey / Atlantis Energy Systems - Source: Fig.31 Wikipedia - Source: Fig.32 Robert Baum Fig.33 Robert Baum Fig.34 Robert Baum Fig.35 Robert Baum Fig.36 Robert Baum Fig.37 Robert Baum Fig.38 Robert Baum Fig.39 Robert Baum

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