Ukutshala ngendlela kankulunkulu

Transcription

1 Ukutshala ngendlela kankulunkulu Umhlahlandlela Wemifino Ngu Grant Dryden

2 Ukukhiqizwa Ilungelo loku 2013 G.W. Dryden Ihunyushwe ugirlie Mngoma Amakhophi alomkhiqizo angatholakala ku Umkhiqizo nokwabiwa/ nencazelo yalokusakazwa ngokungashintshwa kwendlela yokufundisa noma okunye nokungayenzi isizathu sokudayisa kuvunyelwe ngaphandle kokuthola imvume ebhaliwe kumnikazi noma ophethe ilungelo lombhali uvumelekile ngokunconywa yilokhu okubhalwe ngezansi. Ukukhiqizwa komqulu noma umsebenzi oshicilelwe ukudayiswa noma ezinye izindlela zokukhangisa kuvumeleke kuphela uma kubhalwe imvume umbhali walencwadi, G.W. Dryden Okuncomekile Ukutshala ngendlela kankulunkulu izitshalo. Dryden, G.W., 2013 Ukuhunyushwa: Mngoma, G., 2015 Abaxhasi/ abanikeli Lelibhukwana lanikelwa yibountiful Grains Trust. Imibhalo, nezincazelo, neziphumo/ iziphetho ezichazwa kulelibhuku ezombhali walo. Ukutshala ngendlela kankulunkulu Ukutshala ngendlela kankulunkulu ulwazi olunikezwe umzimba kakrestu ukusiza abampofu kanye nokubakhulula ejokeni lokuhlupheka. Motto Ukukhuthazeka ngokuhlonipha akunothando nokukhululwa ngothando. Ukutshala ngendlela kankulunkulu ilogo entsha yakhishwa ngo 2009 yenziwa ukuheha izinhliziyo ngokutshala ngendlela kankulunkulu. Abampofu emhlabeni wonke baphakathi kulendikimba, okuphuzi kukhombisa isithembiso sika Izaya 58: Ukukhanya kwakho kuyakuqhamuka njengokusa usuka e-afrika kudlulele ezindaweni ezisemajukujukwini omhlaba. Isiphambano kanye nomcibisholo kukhombisa ubuntu buka Krestu, nokuba isisebenzi lapho wayezimisele ukunikela ngomqhele wakhe ukusiza abampofu ngenziziyo yakhe yonke. Lendawo eyigolide eqondile yesiphambano imele ingubo kankulunkulu nikela imboze. Inhlabathi, iyifa laphakade eliyodlulela ezizukulwaneni. Lena eseceleni kwesiphambano iluhlaza isho izibusiso zikankulunkulu zemvula edlula ezimileni eziluhlaza futhi ingubo kankulunkulu ishona phansi ezimpandeni zenhlabathi. Bountiful Grains Trust 109 Fordyce Rd, Walmer, Port Elizabeth, RSA IT 949/2007, NPO , PBO Ukuhunyushwa kuxhaswe Seed of Hope Community Development Ukuthumela/Ukuthenga Ukuthenga ucwephe noma ukwenza Amakhophi anoma umthombo ngokutshalangendlela kankulunkulu: i Isithombe ngaphandle Orsilla Haggard ingadi yemifino, atshalwe yanakekelwa ngu-ation Mari

3 Okuqukethwe Isingeniso Umhlahlandlela oyimpumelelo ukutshala ngendlela kankulunkulu umkhiqizo wezitshalo" Ukundlaleka kwesivande ngokutshala okwenabile ngokulandela imisuka engu-75 cm Imibhede ephakanyisiwe yezimo zamaxhaphozi Isakhiwo mdwebo wokulima endaweni enamanzi amaningi Izivande ezincane ezinothile/ezinomsoco zasekhaya Ukulungiswa komhlabathi onyakeni wokuqala/wokushicilelwa Ukulungisa umhlabathi onyakeni wesibili kanye neminyaka elandelanayo Ukutshala Ukulungiselela umhlabathi ensimini okuzolinywa kuyona Ukulungiselela umhlabathi onyakeni wokwakha/wokuqala Ukulungisa inhlabathi onyakeni wesibili kanye nelandelayo Ukutshala Ingubo kankulunkulu Izingadi zomsoco zasekhaya Ukushintshisana Ingadi/ isivande yomsoco yekhaya nje Uhlelo lokulima isivande/ ingadi enomsoco yasekhaya Indlela yentuthuko yokutshala izitshalo ngo Bhasikidi Umhlahlandlela wezitshalo Izithelo zezitshalo Imifino/ izitshalo zamahlamvu Izitshalo zezimpande Uhlu lomhlahlandlela wemvula yase Ningizimu Africa yokutshala izitshalo Indawo yokugqumisa izitshalo Ukwenziwa kwemvunde Izibonelo ezibhalisiwe Isibonelo esibhaliwe 1: umartin Dower Ubufakazi besibili: uvumile Ndzululeka Ubufakazi besithathu: upius Mutie Ubufakazi besine: utess Gebers Bibliography...32 Lomhlahlandlela wokutshalwa kwemifino kufanele usentsheziswe kanye nomhlahlandlela woqeqesho lwabaqeqeshi ngokuthshala ngendlela kankulunkulu okumbakanya okhiye ngokwebhayibheli nangezindlela zokuphatha, abasemqoka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi siyaphumelela ukususa nokwephula ijoka, okuwumthwalo onzima ezimpilweni zabampofu.

4 Isingeniso Lena inkomba yokulima izitshalo ngendlela kankulunkulu, ikhombisa izindlela ezilula futhi esezenziwe ukuze abantu abampofu bakwazi ukuzisebenzisa. Ukutshala ngendlela kankulunkulu ayisebenzisi imishini kodwa okubalulekile ukuthi kusebenza imigomo elula yokulandela indlela kankulunkulu afuna silime ngayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukungaphazamisi inhlabathi kakhulu nokumboza inhlabathi ngengubo kankulunkulu. Kutshalwa nezitshalo ezahlukene kuqhubeke ngendlela kankulunkulu. Kubalulekile ukuthi uma ufundisa ufundise ngezindlela zikankulunkulu, ngoba izwi likankulunkulu likwazi ukungena ezimpilweni zabantu. Ningasebenzeli ukudla okuphelayo kepha ukudla okuhlala kuze kube ngukuphila okuphakade eyakunipha khona indodana yomuntu, ngokuba uyise unkulunkulu ubekile uphawu kuyona. Johane 6:27 ujesu wathi kubo: Mina ngiyisinkwa sokuphila; ozayo kimi kasoze alamba, nokholwa yimi kasoze oma. Johane 6:35 Uma ugubha ngokuphindiwe, wenze izingadi eziyindilinga wenze izingadi emasakeni, wenze ingadi eshiyanayo imibhede yomanyolo, utshale ushone phansi, ushintshanise izitshalo lokhu kukhipha umkhiqizo omkhulu. Abanye basebenza kahle, abanye bayahluleka uma amasimu emakhulu, abanye abanakho qobo ukuzimisela. Pho singalima izitshalo ngendlela kankulunkulu? U-Ation Mari ungumnikazi walengadi esekhasini lalencwadi ngaphandle uyimpendulo yalembuzo Izitshalo azifani nezilimo ezisemasimini ngoba: a. zimila isikhathi esincane, b. zilula futhi izimpande azishoni c. zinomsoco obalulekile ofunwayo!!! Ukumelana nokufunwa kwezitshalo kumele ukwazi ukuhlala ukhiqiza ubenomhlabathi ovundile, ohlelekile onesimo esifanele, lokhu akwenzeki ngonyaka wokuqala. Abalimi kanye nabatshali zingadi abakwazi ukubekezela bavele bajahe ukutshala ngokushesha. Abanye abalimi bavele bajehe ukutshala izitshalo okungelula ukuthi zikhiqize bese kubanzima. Kufanele uqaphele ukhethe kahle izitshalo oqala ngazo. 1

5 1. Umhlahlandlela oyimpumelelo ukutshala ngendlela kankulunkulu umkhiqizo wezitshalo" 1.1. Ukundlaleka kwesivande ngokutshala okwenabile ngokulandela imisuka engu-75 cm Susa izinsalela zitshalo ezingadingeki: ukhula notshani obenayo, ngokusiphula uzisuse esivandeni. Okungenani uma unesikhathi esanele, ungacubisisa ungxobe/umboze utshani obenayo ngokungaba ama 10cm kwesimboza ngakho izitshalo, lokhu kungenziwa ngezinyanga ezimbili ngaphambi kokulungiselela ukutshala ukuze kubulawe bonke utshani obenayo. Kalakahle isilinganiso sendawo ozoqala kuyona ngokuyibiyela, ubeke emqondweni/ukhumbule ukuthi kungcono ukuqala kancane wenyuse indawo yakho kuye ngokwengeza ulwazi. Qikelela ukuthi indawo ayisithekile/ ayimbozekile futhi kunendlela elula yokuthola amanzi. Ziningi izindlela zokutshala imifino/izitshalo namalungiselelo okukwenza lokho, kodwa sikhethe okulula ukugxila ekusebenziseni isikali sama cm samashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu ukubalekela ukuxabana/ukuxubana kokuhlukanisa imizila yezitshalo, nokugqilazeka ukushintshanisa ngezitshalo/imifino ngokusebeznisa njalo imizila yemigqa efanayo. Lendlela yokuhlukanisa ngemizila ngokunciphisa nokwandisa imizila ngohlobo olufunayo. Uma kutshalwa olunye uhlobo lwezitshalo/ izithelo zendawo encanyana njengeziqathi, aunyanisi no beetroot, sebenzisa ama cm ayishumi nesishiyagalombili, namashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu ukwahlukanisa imizila. Lungiselela imizila emithathu 3 bese ushiya umzila wesine ungenalutho, ushiye indlela yokudlula ngaphambi kokubuyela kolandelayo u 75cm. Vele uhlukanise u75 cm phakathi ku 37.5cm bese uhlukanisa ingxenye engaphezulu futhi ukuze uthole u18.75cm wokuhlukanisa/wezikhala. Uma usebenzisa indlela yokuthela umquba ngaphezulu (bheka ukulungiselwa komhlabathi ingxenye 1.4 no 1.5 ngezansi) kunomgodi oshone ngo 2cm, owenza kube umsebenzi olula ukuhlukanisa u18.75cm wezikhala. Ubhontshisi oluhlaza, imifino, ulettuce nama amaranth ahlukaniswa ngemizila engu 37.5cm ukuvumela ukuba uvaleleke ngokumboza ngo seyili kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezikhala. Kanti lezitshalo eggplant, uhlobo lukatamatisi (dertiminate) ophepha no peas ulingene kahle u 75cm. utamatisi (indertiminate) ukhula kahle kakhulu ku 1.5m ngakhoke ungakweqa ukushintshanisa imizila. Kala ngokucophelela u75cm wemizila inqume ngokwehlela kwendawo kwemigqa. Kodwa ke uma kunokwesabela ukugcwala kwamanzi angahambi ezindaeni eziphansi noma ezindaweni lapho kunemvula eningi. Kumele ziye ngokwehla (bheka ingxenye 1.2). Esikhathini esiningi ukutshala ngokwenaba ngokulandela ukulima ngendlela kankulunkulu yokutshala, ilunge kakhulu. Empeleni uma kwendlalelwe ngendlela okuyiyona, nendlela okuphakanyiswe ngayo imizila kuyokhula njalo eminyakeni elandelayo. Qikelela okokuphela/okonomphela ngokubeka izifaso (pegs) zaphakade kuwona wonke u75cm womzila womugqa ngapha nangapha esivandeni sesitshalo sakho. Nquma ama cm angamashumi amathathu 30cm wezinduku eziqinile noma izinduku eziyinsimbi zokuqinisa, bese uzibethela emhlabathini engamashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu 75cm emizileni yemigqa, ushiye kuphela kuvela izinduku ezingama cm kusukela kwayisiihlanu 5 kuya kwayisithupha ukuphuma/ukusuka enhlabathini. Abanye abasebenzisa indlela kankulunkulu yokulima izitshalo baze babe nezibambiso/izifaso ezifasa unomphelo. Bheka ingxenye 9.7 "Ukubekwa kwentambo ezohlala ukuthola ulwazi olungaphezulu lwenzuzo yonemphelo. Enye yezihluthulelo ezintathu zokuphatha ukwenza konke ngezinga eliphezulu (high standards ) nokugcina lolutho loku lomkano wesakhiwo. Konke enikwenzayo kwenzeni ngenhliziyo, kungathi kwenzelwa inkosi, qha abantu ekholose 3:23 2

6 1.2. Imibhede ephakanyisiwe yezimo zamaxhaphozi Uma kunesimo samaxhaphozi esisabekayo noma izinkinga kumele uphakamise imibhede ngoba amazambane awakwazi ukubekezelela ukuvba izinyawo ezimanzi. Izindlela ezincomekayo zemibhede yemibhede yesikhathi esidide/yonomphelo ingama cm ayishumi nanhlanu ubude, ububanzi obungama cm ayikhulu ngaphezulu ubuphansi obuyikhulu namashumi amabili 120cm bese kuba nama cm angamashumi amathathu ezindlela zokuhamba/zokudlula unomphelo/isikhathi eside. Bheka ukuthi kunemzila emibili engamashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu cm / 75cm ngaphezu kwemibhede futhi akusiwo umzila owodwa wegquma. Lemizila ingahlukaniswa ukuze ihlanganise imizila emithathu ngo 35.7cm noma ahlukaniswe futhi imizila emihlanu ngo 18.75cm. Ezindaweni lapho kusatshelwa khona amaxhaphozi, dweba ngokuhlela ukufundisa ngokumisa imizila ezokwehla kancane egqumeni hayi ukunquma nentaba ukuze amanzi adlule kalula aphume ehlele enzansi ahambe njalo asuke esivandeni sezitshalo. Lungiselela ukale nge tape measure nezibambiso/izifaso emigqeni engu 75cm bese usebenza/uvukuze inhlabathi engaphezulu kusukela ku 30cm endleleni yokudlula ukuze kwakheke imibhede engu 100cm ububanzi. Lokhukwakheka komhlabathi ongaphezulu nokuhambisana nesikhathi esisindayo sokuqala esingaphezulu somquba (buka ukuvela/ukuqhamuka komquba esigabeni 1.4.1) ibonisa ngokucacile umbhede ophakeme ngo 15cm ubude abanele bekogcina izimpande ezizwelayo ziphumele ngaphandle kwesimo samaxhaphozi.. Noma lokhu kuphambene kakhulu nemigomo yokungalimi, uma wakha umdwebo kahle ngokokuqala kokuvezwa kwawo, manjeke lemibhede kumele igcinwe njengemibhede yesikhathi eside/unomphelo. Ingubo yokulala kankulunkulu isetshenziswa ngaphezu kombhede ophakamisiwe/ophakeme kufane nendlela yokulima ecabalele/flat. 3

7 1.3. Isakhiwo mdwebo wokulima endaweni enamanzi amaningi Abalimi abancane abaningi bathola indlela yokungena kwiziphehla manzi noma treadle pumps ngisho nase manzini ahambe ngomdabo okuthi uma esetshenziswe kahle ngemigudu nobheseni abaphakeme, kungavumeleka ngempumelelo ukulinywa kwesivande sezitshalo. Imisele engenisa amanzi ensimini angamoseki ngesikhathi sesomiso. 4

8 1.4. Izivande ezincane ezinothile/ezinomsoco zasekhaya Ukulungiswa komhlabathi onyakeni wokuqala/wokushicilelwa Ukuphohlozwa kwenhlabathi Esikhathini sokuqala sonyaka, susa onke amatshe angaphezulu/onqenqemeni bese uthambisa umhlabathi oqinile ufaka imfologo ekushona okungaba u15cm ukunqamula imizila yemigqa la kuzotshalwa khona. Faka imfologo ishone ngo 15cm bese udonsele muva ngokucophelela kuze ubone inhlabathi ihlukana noma ihlephuka. Susa onke amatshe noma amadwala owezwa ngemfologo, kodwa ungalingeke uphakamise noma uphendule inhlabathi, udinga ukuyephula ukuyehlukanisa nje. Qhubeka uphindaphinde lokhu njalo emva kwa 5-10cm kuye ngokuthi iqine kangakanani inhlabathi phansi emzileni womugqa. Kumele uthambise kuphela inhlabathi esemfologweni enobubanzi noma engu 20cm ngaphezu kwemigqa ozoyitshala. Lokhu kuvumela ukushicilelisa kwesikhathi sokuqala sonyaka ukugxilisa izimpande kodwa akudingeki ukwenziwa njalo uma ukugxila komquba nengubo kankulunkulu kugcinekeli. Okokugcina hlela kahle umbhede wezitshalo ngehhala. Ukulungisa inhlabathi enosawoti/enobumuncu Inhlabathi enobumuncu ibopha umsoco wezitshalo okhona njenge phosphate, bese idala konke ukuncipha kokukhula kwezitshalo/imifino. Ukulungisa inhlabathi enobumuncu bese uvumela ukudla kwezitshalo okuvele kukhona siding ukufaka umlotha wezinkuni (wood ash) isidlo esitholakala ethanjeni (bone meal) noma umcako (lime) kunzima ukuthola/ukufunisisa izilinganiso zokufaka izelaphanhlabathi ngaphambi kokuhlola okwanele, kodwa uma ukuhlolwa kokuqala sekwenziwe kwavezwa ukufakwa komquba kuqhubeka unyaka nonyaka, ngeke kusadingeka ukufakwa komquba, ngenxa yokuphakama kwezinga lokusebenza kwawo. Ngokomthetho wesithupha kuchelelwa 20litres womlotha wezinkuni ngokulinganayo (kube 500m/per m 2 ) esivandeni somsoco esingu 6*6m wesivande sokudla okunomsoco (250ml per m 2 ). Uma umhlabathi/inhlabathi unezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lobumba (clay) ungaliphakamisa izinga ngesikhathi esingu (1.5). Ubuhle obukhulu obuthola ngokusebenzisa umlotha wezinkuni (wood ash) noma ukudla okuthola emathanjeni (bone-meal) ukuthi zikhiqiza zikhiphe eminye imikhiqizo enemisoco esiza empilweni yezitshalo, nokuvusa imibala nempilo yezithelo. Umquba wangaphezulu Ukuzikhulumela nje, izitshalo zenza kangcono uma zifakwe umquba kunoma zifakwe ezinye izinhlobo zezithako (organic input). Umanyolo/ungazishisa izitshalo ezithambile/ezizwelayo (uma zingaqinile ngokwanele bese kuthinteka imbewu noma iziqu) nenhlabathi yemihlusa iphansi kakhulu ngomsoco (nomake ezinye izitshalo ezinamahlamvu amakhulu zingenza kangcono). Uma silinganisa ngomquba izinga lawo liphakeme kakhulu, licebe kakhulu ngomsoco. Likhulile (aerobic) umquba wenziwe ngezithako ezifanele. (see section 6) umquba, indlela yokwenza umquba wezinga eliphakeme, ubheke ukwehla kokhuni ngo(10%) uqhathanisa namazinga omile (35%) kuqondiswe kakhulu umkhiqizo wezitshalo lapho sifuna kakhulu umquba ogcwele kakhulu I (bacteria) uqhathaniswa nomquba ogcwele kakhulu I (fungi) ukukhunta. Uma uba ungcono uma usefiwe ngesisefo socingo uma ulime izitshalo, ukuze uqinisdeke ngombhede wembewu ongenazo izinduku ezinkulu (woody chunks). Kubalulekile ukulungisa umquba emhlabathini ohlephukile/omahlephuhlephu. Loku kumele kwenziwe kahle kusele inyanga ngaphambi kokutshala ukudedela/ukulungiselela ukusebenza nokulungiselela ngokwemvelo ngaphambi kokutshala khumbula ukubaluleka kokugcina isikhathi. Lena indlela enhle nebalulekile ehambisana ngokulima ngendlela kankulunkulu yokungaphazamisi umhlabathi. Nomake unyaka wakho wokuqala wokubona ukuthi ngeke kube kuhle kakhulu ukukhula kwezitshalo zakho, umquba wangaphezulu uzokwenza inhlabathi yakho ibe nokuqonda ekuphilisweni kwezwe likankulunkulu. 5

9 Ukulungisa umhlabathi onyakeni wesibili kanye neminyaka elandelanayo Ukulungisa ngokufaka umuquba kakhulu emhlabathini kuzosebenza njengesivikeli nokubheka ukuthi I PH iyavikeleka emhlabathini ngendlela egcinekile nenempilo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo, ngakhoke akusadingeki ukufakwa umcako futhi ngaphandle indawo yakho inenkinga yobumuncu (i-acid). Yenza isiqiniseko sokuyisusa ingubo kankulunkulu ngaphambi kokundlala omunye umquba ngaphezulu uphinde futhi uwubuyisele emva kokutshala (bheka u section 1.6). Ukugqiba ingubo engakaphumi umquba, kungadala ukuba inhlabathi ihambe ngokuphikisana nesikhathi somsoco wezitshalo bese kulimaza izitshalo ezilandelayo. Ingubo ayinayo inkinga kodwa ukuyigqiba ngaphansi komquba kuyinkinga. Ngakhoke vele uyisuse ingubo noma uyise eceleni elehlelayo, phinda ufake umquba, ushintshisane ngezithelo, imifino nezitshalo zezimpande, phinda utshale ushintshe ingubo futhi. Umquba ofunekayo kuphela emva konyaka wokushicilela ukundlalela ingaphezulu elingu 5cm kumbozeke yonke indawo. Kubalulekile ukuphindaphinda lokhu ngobuchule/ ngokuhlakanipha ngazozonke izikhathi zonyaka ukuqiniseka izinga eliphezulu lomsoco ezitshalweni ukuba kutholwe izitshalo ezilandelayo. Kodwake lokho ngeke kwenzeke uma utshala izaqatha noma uanyanisi ngokuzayo kuleyondawo, ngoba umsoco wendawo uzokwanela ukuziqhuba Ukutshala Emva kwenyanga umquba ongu 10cm ofakwe ekuqaleni uyobe usundlaleke kahle phansi cishe u7cm, kudaleke umbhede wembewu oqinile ukuze ukhule ongeke udinge okunye ukundlalelwa ngaphambi kokutshala. Uma ungalungiselelanga ngesikhathi; beka ukhuni/ipulangwe eliyisicaba elingu 20cm ububanzi phezu kombhede womquba bese uhambe phezu kwawo, phinda lokhu esivandeni sonke, ngaleyondlela ucindezele umquba ukuze uqine ngaphambi kokulungiselela ukutshala okujulile ngendlela eyiyona. Ukutshala okuqonde ngqo Ndlala ukhuni olufanayo oluqondile olucijilelulale ngecala eduze komzila womugqa, cindezela phansi kuqine ukuze uthole ukuqiniseka nokungana ukutshala okujulile isibonelo 2cm isipinashi/imifino. Kumbe umbe umgodi ongashonile phansi noma utshale wenze izimbobo zokutshala ngaphezu komquba bese umboza ngomquba noma ucindezele phansi kalula ngecala elindlalekile lokhuni ukuqinisekisa ukukhula okuhle. Izithombo Bheka futhi esigabeni sesi- 5 izindawo okutshalwa izithombo. Ngaphambi kokuzisusa/ukuzithutha izithombo qiniseka ukuthi uyaziqinisa emibhedeni yezithombo emboziwe isonto lonke, ngokwehlisa ukuzichelela wehlise nesikali samanzi, nokuthi futhi zingabhekana ngqo nokukhanya kwelanga. Induku yokubhola - T shaped Ithuluzi elibalulekile uku transplant/ukususa uyotshala kwenye indawo dibble stick lena induku esongekile ekwazi ukuvula imbobo emhlabathini lapho uzotshala khona izithombo zakho. Lenduku kumele icije ngase kugcineni bese iya ngokunwebeka kunalena yezithombo kodwa ingakhiwa ngezibambo ezinhlobonhlobo njengeqondile, eme njengo T noma egobile. Ezitshalweni eziningi induku efika okhalweni ngokujula ingaba ngcono kakhulu, kodwa esikhathini esikhulu/esiningi abatshala bezitshalo bavele busebenzise induku yokhuni engu 20 25cm eqondile. Induku yomshanelo eyenziwe ngokhuni enokushone phakathi esibambweni ukuze ivikele ukushelela. 6

10 Vele uphushe kalula induku ngaphezu komquba eduze kwe (teren) yokwakha indophu, ebudeni obufanele bese ususa kalula izithombe uzifake emgodini. Usabambe izithombo endaweni efanele, cindezela induku ishone emqubeni futhi eduze kwesithombo uphushe umquba ngokunakekela uyongena ezimpandeni zezi thombo. Lokhu kuvumela isithombo ukuhlala kahle nesiqiniseko sokuthi azikho izikhala zomoya eduze kwezimpande. Imbobo yenduku encane esale emqubeni eseduze nesithombo ngonyawo noma ngesandla noma iyekwe izigcwalele ngokwemvelo Ukulungiselela umhlabathi ensimini okuzolinywa kuyona Ensimini ekalelwe, ngaphandle uma unomquba omningi ongamathani, kungangcono usebenzise owakho umquba ezindaweni lapho kumiwa khona kutshalwe emiseleni ngezinga lokulima ngendlela kankulunkulu ngendlela yomshini. Ukukhetha phakathi kokutshala ngokuma noma ngemiselekukhonjiswa ngesitshalo ozositshala Buka izincomo zalolo hlobo lwesitshalo esigcemeni Ukulungiselela umhlabathi onyakeni wokwakha/wokuqala Ukuqhephuleka komhlabathi / Soil Fracturing Esikhathini sokuqala sonyaka, xegisa/hlakaza umhlabathi oqinil ukuze umbe ngokushona okungango 15cm ngokushona kwemizila yemigqa ozobe uyitshala. Beka imfologo ibe u 15cm ukushona phansi beseudonsela emuva ngokucophelela uze ubone umhlabathi uqaqeka noma uhlakazeka ungalinge uphakamise noma uphendule umhlabathi, uwuhlephule nje. Qhubeka ukwenze lokhu njalo kube 5 10cm wehle ngomzila womugqa kuye ngokuthi ibukhuni kangakani inhlabathi/ umhlabathi. Lokhukuvumela ukuthi kubonakale ukusebenza kwezimpande onyakeni wokuqala wokwakha, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi kumele kwenziwe njalo uma ukusebenza komquba kanye nengubo kankulunkulu kugcinekile/ kusetshenziswa. Kumele nje uthambise/ uhlakaze umhlabathi ngemfologo ebubanzi obungu 20cm ngehla kwemizila yemigqa ozoyisthala. Igalelo Ukuze izitshalo ezitshalwe ngendlela yokulinda/ ukuma njengotamatisi, ophepha/ opelepele ne (eggplant/brinjal)gubha imigodi engukushona oku 10cm, beka/ thela isipuni somlotha wokhuni/ emgodini ngamunye noma uhhafu wesipuni womcako bese ubeke/ ufake umquba ongu 500ml bese uvale ugcwalise ngenhlabathi ulinganise kahle ngaphezulu, ulindelise ukuthutha izithombo ngenduku (dibble stick). Ezitshalweni ezitshalwa emiseleni njenge spinish/ imifino, irape/ izitshalo ezinembali emhlophe, amarathi njalo njalo, imba imisele emizileni yemigqa eya ku 8cm ukushona, bese ufaka ngaphezulu kakhulu kunesitshalo esitshalwe ensimini ejwayelekile okunconywa ukuba kusetshenziswe u ml ngemitha (per meter) ngoba izitshalo/ imifino zinesikhathi esifishane kakhulu sokufima onyakeni nezidingo ezinzima/ ezinesisindo zomsoco. Imizila yemigqa yenhlabathi yakho izosheshe ishintshe ibe sezingeni eliphakeme lohlobo oluhle, lomnotho ophakeme lensimu eyokondla umndeni wakho ngeminyaka eminingi ezayo. Mboza imisele ngenhlabathi kusukela ekwehleleni kwenqwaba, kushiyeke kuphela ukushona okwanele endaweni okuzolinywa kuyona Ukulungisa inhlabathi onyakeni wesibili kanye nelandelayo Qhubeka njengoku vumelekile onyakeni wokuqala ngemisele nangokutshala. Yehlisa ingubo kalula yemisele noma yendawo yokutshala. Phinda ufake usodasi noma umcako bese ufaka umanyolo, mboza kushone emva kokumila buyisela ingubo endaweni yayo (buka 1.6). Uma usebenzisa isikhuthazi noma umanyolo, kuzodingeka njalo ngonyaka ufake usodasi noma ilime kodwa uma usebenzisa umquba, sebenzisa iminyaka emibili bese ushintshanisa iminyaka, bese uhlale ubheke ukuthi izitshalo ziqhubeka kanjani Ukutshala Faka imbewu emiseleni noma ezindaweni ezibekelwe ukutshala ngokuya kwezincomo bese umboza ngomhlabathi odedelekile/ ongahlangene kulona osale enqwabeni eyehlelayo. Uma kutshalwa imbewu/ izithombo sebenzisa izindlela ezifanayo zohlobo lwesikali esincane sezivande/ izingadi zomsoco zasekhaya, kusetshenziswa idibble stick. 7

11 1.6. Ingubo kankulunkulu Ingubo kankulunkulu ifanele njalo ibe semasimini ethu, noma sitshala/silima izitshalo zethu, noma ngabe wenza 1m 2 or 100,000 m 2. Ungasebenzisa noma yini evela ngaphansi komhlabathi okutholayo uhlanganisa utshani obugayekile, amakhasi kabanana, amahlamvu amasundu, bu irushes, amahlamvu asehlathini njalo njalo, kodwake amahlamvu nokunye okugayekile kusebenziseka kangcono engadini yezitshalo. Lokhu kuyokhuthaza isimo senhlabathi, kuvimbele ukumiswa ukukhanya kwelanga UV, kuncishiswe ukuguguleka nokuhamba kalula kwenhlabathi, kunciphise umhwamuko kuphakamise izinga lomswakamo wenhlabathi ubambe umthamo okwezinye zezizathu (bheka itrainers Reference Guide). Ngeminyaka yo 1960 Mrs Mulch, uruth Stout, washicilela indlela yakhe yokuvikela izitshalo ngokubeka amahlamvu amadala phezu kwezitshalo (60cm yotshani obomile) ekwindla bese kutshalwa kuqondane ngqo eduze nemfucuza esibola kanye nenhlabathi kulingane entwasahlobo, okucishe kulingane nenhlabathi okungango 20cm wodonga lwengxcube yamahlamvu nezimpande esezibolile. Akazange afake lutho lokuthaka, umquba noma umanyolo, ngisho nomanyolo oluhlaza wokumboza okulinyiwe, wafaka ingxubevange nje yamahlamvu abolile, nezimpande ezibolile kakhulu. Wabonga ngokufanale futhi wamazisa unkulunkulu ngokuthi abize incwadi yakhe ngokuthi ukulima ngaphandle kokusebenza - angizange ngiyiqambe lendlela yami yekulima, unkulunkulu owayiqamba!!! Noma lendlela yokulima eshiwoyo, ithatha iminyaka ukuze isebenze kahle/ ngokugcwele. Sifakazela ukusetshenziswa kokumboza kwemikhakha kusukela ku 2.5 kuya ku 5cm ugqinsi/ ubukhulu. Ngezithombo zemifino, qinisekisa ukuthi ingubo ayivali imisele ngesikhathi sokutshala futhi kuze kube ukuhluma/ ukukhula sekuyenzeka, ngoba ezinye izithombo aziqinile kakhulu ukufinyelela ngale kwengubo. Indawo encanyana yesikhala esiwu 5cm silingene phezu komsele noma endaweni yokutshala ukuvumela ukukhula kwezithombo okuhle. Emva kwalokho ingubo ingasuswa lapho kusuka khona izitshalo. Ezindaweni ezibandayo, ukukhula kwezitshalo kuba ngcono ngenhlabathi enamazinga ephakeme okushisa ngaphansi kwalezizimo, shiya/susa ingubo bese uqala phansi emva kokukhula kwezitshalo. icoriander 8

12 2. Izingadi zomsoco zasekhaya Ekubukiseni kubaluleke kakhulu ukufakaza ngezitshalo ezisebenzayo/ ezisimamayo ezimeni zangampela emhlabeni. Ukukhethwa kwezitshalo kumele kulinganiswe kulezo okulula ukuzikhulisa nokuzinakekela. Ipha indlela enhle yomsoco futhi ekwazi ukubekezelela/ ukulwisa izilwane ezidla zibulale izithombo nezifo Ukushintshisana Hlukanisa insimu yakho ibe izigaba ezintathu ezilinganayo okuzoba izithelo, amaqabunga nemifino yezimpande. Lezizinhlobo zezitshalo kulula ukuzishintshashintsha unyaka nonyaka ukuvumela ukutholayonke inzuzo yokushintshashintsha njengoba ichaziwe ku (Trainer s Reference Guide) (umhlahlandlela wabafundisi) kuhlangene nokubulala izifo nezinambuzane ezidla izitshalo njalo, ukulungisa initrogen N / umoya ongenaphunga nokunye okudinga ukulungiswa enhlabathini. Okunye futhi, ungalandelanisi ukushintshanisa ukutshala umndeni owodwa ngobakujwayeleke ukuthi zidliwe izinambuzane ezifanayo nokuphathwa izifo ezifanayo. Isibonelo sezinkinga ezingaba khona nenhlanganyela yomndeni wokushintshisana izitshalo kungenzeka uma kulandelwa indlela yokutshala icruciferae njengamakhasi eklabishi nesithelo se brocholi ngonyaka olandelayo. Indlela elula enconyiwe yokuhlunga/ yokukhetha kuloluhlu olungenhla nokubakhona kwembewu ngalesosikhathi: Izithelo - ubhontshisi, utamatisi, i-egg plant, ithanga/ squash Amahlamvu - ispinashi, irape, amaranth Izimpande - ubhatata, iziqathi, ubeetrooti, u-anyanisi 2.2. Ingadi/ isivande yomsoco yekhaya nje Izitshalo ezintathu zingatshalwa cishe wonke, ezimeni zezulu e-africa, lezizitshalo zinhle kakhulu ngokomsoco, ziyathandwa kakhulu futhi zinakekela kalula nangempumelelo. 9

13 2.3. Uhlelo lokulima isivande/ ingadi enomsoco yasekhaya Uhlelo olulula lokulima, ukutshala ushintshanise ngamasonto ngalokho obenesiqiniseko sokuthi izitshalo zakho azivuthwa kanye kanye. Lokhu kuyasiza ukuthola inzuzo njalo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, futhi kuba nokudla okunomsoco okutshalwe ekhaya. Isibonelo sohlelo lokutshala ushitshisane ngamasonto lungabukeka kanje: Ukutshala kokuqala Isiqephu A: izithelo - September Isonto 1 tshala 1 st umbhede wokuqala, imigqa kabhontshisi emibili; Isonto 3 tshala 2 nd umbhede wesibili, imigqa kabhontshisi emibili; Isonto 5 tshala 3 rd umbhede wesithathu, imigqa emibili kabhontshisi Isiqephu B: izitshalo zemifino - September Isonto 1 - tshala umbhede 1 st wokuqala, imigqa yemifino emibili; Isonto 3 tshala 2 nd umbhede wesibili, imigqa emibili yemifino/ spinash; Isonto 5 tshala 3 rd umbhede, imigqa emibili yemifino/ spinash Isiqephu C: izitshalo zezimpande - October Isonto 1 tshala 1 st umbhede wokuqala, imigqa emithathu yezitshalo zezimpande (beetroot); Isonto 3 tshala 2 nd umbhede wesibili, imigqa emithathu yezitshalo zezimpande (beetroot); Isonto 5 tshala 3 rd umbhede wesithathu, imigqa emithathu yezitshalo zezimpande (beetroot) Ukutshala kwesibili Isiqephu A: izithelo - January Isonto 1 tshala 1 st umbhede wokuqala, imigqa emibili kabhontshisi; Isonto 3 tshala 2 nd umbhede wesibili, imigqa emibili kabhontshisi; Isonto 5 tshala 3 rd imigqa emibili kabhontshisi Isiqephu B: imifino - January Isonto 1 tshala 1 st umbhede wokuqala, imigqa emibili yemifino/spinash; Isonto 3 tshala 2 nd umbhede wesibili, imigqa emibili yemifino/spinash; Isonto 5 tshala 3 rd umbhede wesithathu, imigqa emibili yemifino/spinash Isiqephu C: izitshalo zezimpande - February Isonto 1 tshala 1 st umbhede wokuqala, imigqa emithathu ka beetroot; Isonto 3 tshala 2 nd umbhede wesibili, imigqa emithathu ka beetroot; Isonto 5 tshala 3 rd umbhede wesithathu, imigqa emithathu ka beetroot Ukushitshana ngonyaka Uhlelo luzoqala futhi ngentwasahlobo elandelayo, ngokuthi izithelo zitshalwe kwisiqephu B, imifino itshalwe kwisiqephu C bese izitshalo ezinempande, zitshalwe kwisiqephu A ngonyaka wesithathu izitshalo zemifino zizotshalwa kwisiqephu B, izitshalo zezithelozitshalwe kwisiqephu c bese izitshalo zemifino zitshalwe kwisiqephu A, kanjalo kanjalo. 10

14 11

15 2.4. Indlela yentuthuko yokutshala izitshalo ngo Bhasikidi Uma umlimi wezitshalo elima isivande esiyimpumelelo uyakhuthazwa ukuba aphinde atshale futhi, bese kuthi uma izitshalo ezitshaleka kalula zivuma sekuyokwenziwa ushitsho ngezinye izitshalo ngendlela efanayo. Umzekelo wemifino egqagqanisiwe eyehlukahlukene Bheka ngezansi kwisigaba 3 ukugcizelelwa kulezi nezinye izitshalo. Akuhlosiwe ukuthi zonke lezizitshalo zitshalwe kanye kanye njengoba kuboniswe kulomdwebo kodwa ubhasikidi ungaxubanisa izitshalo ngantathu njengezivande zomsoco zasekhaya. 12

16 3. Umhlahlandlela wezitshalo Lomhlahlandlela uthathela ekutheni wenze ubuhlakani ekwenzeni umquba wohlobo/ wezinga eliphezulu, ebalulekile enhlabathini enothile nasempilweni yezitshalo. Ukuthathela ekutheni ulandele umhlahlandlela ekwenzeni umquba onqenqemeni, asikho isidingo sokuba izitshalo zakho zidinge okunye okungafakwa/ elinye igalelo. Uma ekuqaleni ubungenawo imvunde, ungasebenzisa umquba osuthe ukuhlala/ ukunonophala ezitshalweni zakho zezimpande nasezithelweni, kodwa ngeke usebenzise indlela efanayo ngoba ingashisa umhlanga kumele kubeke emiseleni esezingeni lika 500 ml/m bese kumbozw ngenhlabathi engu 3cm ngaphansi kokutshala nokumbozwa ngenhlabathi. Lomhlahlandlela ngeke unikeze izizathu/ imininingwane yezifo zezitshalo ngazinye nohlobo lwemithi yokuzivikela. Kunemiqathango eminingi yolwazi ekhona ngokuvikela kwezifo zezilwane. Nansi ebalulekile kwezinye Producing food without pesticides. ufuglie, Izithelo zezitshalo 1) Ubhontshisi Ngaphandle kwezinga eliphakeme kuma protein (izakhamzimba) ebaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni zabantu abahlwempu/ abaswele lapho kudliwa kakhulu ama Carbohydrates (ukudla okunestarch njengophuthu, ubhontshisi/ green beans nawo ukhiqiza uvitamin A, B, C no K, (antioxidants) nezinsalela zokuphila kahle. Ubhontshisi uthanda noma uncamela ukutshalwa entwasahlobo kuya ngase kupheleni kwehlobo. Isikali sesivande sasekhaya: lungiselela u 3cm ukushona kwemisele nemigqa engu 37.5cm tshala imbewu engu 10cm ukuhlukana bese wemboza ngenhlabathi ehlukene uyendlale ngemsele ophakeme ukuze ihlume kahle. Isikali sensimu: Lungiselela u8cm ukushona wemigqa engu 37.5cm ukuhlukana faka/ thela isipune somlotha wakhuni nomquba ongu 3-4 litres nge meter lomsele ngamunye ushiye ukushona kwendawo engu 3cm wokutshala. Faka/ thela inoculums embewini uma kudingeka ukwenzela ukugcwala kwenitrogen. Tshala imbewu engu 10cm ukuhlukana bese uvala ngenhlabathi ehlukene, uqinisekise ngokumba umsele othe ukuphakama onqenqemeni ukuze imbewu iqhume kukhule kahle. 13

17 2) Utamatisi Utamatisi iwona odumile futhi obaluleke kakhulu ukudlula ezinye izitshalo, unezithako ezinempilo kanye nama vitamins A, C no E kanye nama ant-oxidants. Utamatisi uncamela ukutshalwa entwasahlobo kuya ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Lungiselela izindawo zokutshala ku 75 cm imigqa ku 60 cm ukuhlukana/ ukugqagqana emigqeni. Izinhlobo ngezinhlobo ziyagibela kakhulu zilungiselele izithelo isikhathi eside, ngakhokezitshala ngo 150 cm imgqa no 60 cm imigqa. Abanye abalimi bendawo enkulu bangakhetha ukutshala izinhlobo abazikhetha bona kulesi sikhala, ukuze bathole ukukhanya okungenayo okwanele nokunyakaza kalula, kodwake ezivandeni zomsoco zasekhaya isikhala sincane kakhulu futhi kumele kube ngaphezulu. Isivande sasekhaya nesikali sensimu: Faka isipuni esisodwa semlotha wokhuni nomquba ongu 500 ml kuleyo naleyo ndawo okumiwa kuyona bese ugcwalisa ngenhlabathi esalile. Susa lezi zithombo uzitshale endaweni oyilungiselele uma sezikhule zaba u cm ubude. Imba umgodi obude obukaleke kahle nobuzolingana nesithombo bese usifaka kuwona, bese ucindezela umhlabathi uzungelezele isithombo wenze isiqiniseko sokuthi akungeni moya ngasezimpandeni. Isithelo sikatamatisi siyasinda, izitshalo zawo ziyabhajwa emhlabathini, ngakhoke kudingeka zakhelwe isibaya noma ugange ukuze zivikeleke emigqeni yazo. Utamatisi usengozini yokungenwa izifo eziningi ngakhoke kubalulekile ukuba ushintshaniswe insimu yawo njalo emva kweminyaka emibili ngezikhathi zokutshala. 3) Eggplant / ubrinjolo Noma lesisitshalo singenawo amavitamini amaningi nomsoco ophuma ngaphansi komhlabathi, unezinga eliphezulu lokungamunci umoya kwezinye izitshalo. I egg plant/ ubrinjolo uvuma kahle uma utshalwe entwasahlobo noma ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Lungiselela izindawo zokuwutshala emigqeni engu 75cm usebenzisa imigqa engu 60cm wezikhala. Isivande sasekhaya nesikalisensimu: Thela/ faka isipuni somlotha wokhuni nomquba ongu 500ml ezindaweni lapho kutshalwe khona izithombo. Okusele ugcwalise ngomhlabathi. Uma izithombo sezikhule zaba 10-12cm ubude, sezikulungele ukuthuthwa zitshalwe endaweni esilungisiwe. Sebenzisa induku yokumba imigodi enobude obukaliwe obulungile faka isithombo ngasinye kulowo mgodi, bese ucindezela umhlabathi uvale ngawo isithombo, uqinisekise ukuthi umoya awungeni ngasezimpandeni. 14

18 4) Amathanga/ butternut, squash ne gemsquash Amathanga (squashes) ayingqala sizinda esihle kakhulu samavitamins A, C no E futhi ayithimba lezitshalo ezingamunci umoya kwezinye izitshalo. loluhlobo lwamathanga angatshalwa entwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo. Isivande sasekhaya nesikali sensimu: Lungiselela izindawo zokutshala kulowo Nalowo mugqa wesithathu ka 2.25m ukuqhelelana kanye no 1.8m wezikhala ezishiywa emgqeni. Imba umgodi ka 30cm ukugqagqana no 20cm ukushona. Gcwlisa umgodi ngomhlabathi oxutshwe namafosholo (spade) amabili (2) omquba noma umanyolo ovundile. Tshala izimbewu ezinhlanu (5) cishe zihlukane ngo 10 cm zishone ngo 3cm ngezindawo zokutshala, uzihlukanise ngokulingana. Emva kokuhluma yehlisa izimbewu kube 3 nge ndawo yokutshala. 15

19 3.2. Imifino/ izitshalo zamahlamvu 1) Ispinashi Ispinash sinezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokunganciteli ezinye izitshalo umsoco, zinezinga eliphakeme lamavitamini A, B, C no K phakathi kweminye imisoco ebalulekile esemhlabathini. Lesisitshalo samahlamvu/ semifino asibalulekile nje kuphela ngokuthi sibe ukudla okunempilo, kodwa okumangazayo ukuthi sikhula kalula futhi kulula ukusiqaphela noma ukusibheka. Tshala ispinash kusukela kwintwasahlobo kuya ekwindla, noma singakhuli kahle ezindaweni ezinamazinga okushisa okungaphezu kuka 27. Lungiselela imibhede noma imisele efakwe umquba ongu 5cm. Isikali sesivande sasekhaya: Lungiselela imisele engu 2cm ukushona nemigodi engu 37.5cm imigqa. Sebenzisa noma ukhuni/ iplangwe elinamakhona aqondile noma usebenzise ihhala noma igeja. Tshala imbewu engu 20cm ukuhlukana ngqo ngaphezu komquba. Mboza ngomquba bese ucindezela kancane ngeplangwe elibanzi. Isikali sensimu: imba imisele engu 8cm ukushona phezu kuka 37.5cm wemigqa ugcwalisengo 3-4 litre womquba ngobude be meter, ushiye u 2cm. imbewu itshalwe 2cm ukushona kuwona wonke u 20cm nemigqa yemisele imbozwe ngenhlabathi kusukela ekwehleleni komqulu. Ngesikhathi sokuvuna, hlephula amahlamvu amabili amakhulu, uvumele/ udedele amanye amahlamvu agcwalise izitshalo lezi zizoqhubeka zikhiqize amahlamvu eside isikhathi lesi. 2) Rape/Kale/Collard Greens Lesisitshalo samahlamvu sidumile e Africa izinhlobo zayo zimila kakhulu ekenya lapho ziyisiko njenge kale kwi sukuma wiki. Zonke ziqhamuka ebrassica emndenini we oleracea noma zifana ne klabishi zona zikhula kalula. Ziyafana nespinashi ngokuthi nazo zikhiqiza amahlamvu angavunwa isikhathi eside, eze Rape zona ziyakhula zibe zinde kakhulu. Amahlamvu anovitamin C omningi kanye novitamin K ne ant-oxidants. Isitshalo serape sitshalwa entwasahlobo nasekwindla ngenxa yokuthi azikwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu uma eseyizithombo ezincane. Lungiselela imibhede kungabe semiseleninoma kufakwe umanyolo ongu 5 cm ngaphezulu. 16

20 Isikali sesivande sasekhaya: Lungiselela imisele emibili engu 2 cm ukushona nobude obungu 3.75 cm imigqa. Sebenzisa iplangwe eliqondile nganxanye, ihhala noma igeja. Tshala imbewu engu 30 cm ukugqagqana kumanyolo/ emqubeni ngaphezulu. Mboza ngomquba bese ucindezela phansi ngecala elibanzi leplangwe. Isikali sensimu: imba imisele engu 8 cm ukushona emigqeni engu 37.5 cm bese ugcwalisa ngomquba ongu 3-4 litres womquba. Imbewu ayitshalwe u2 cm ukushona emvakuka 30 cm nemigqa yemisele embozwe inhlabathi ekwehleleni kwenqwaba 3) I-Amaranth I-Amaranth ingatshalelwa kokubili ukuthola amahlamvu nezinhlamvu, amahlamvu anomsoco kanti futhi anezinga eliphezulu la vitamin A, B no C nezinga eliphezulu le calcium ne nsimbi/ iron kunamahlamvu espinashi. I-Amaranth iyisitshalo esilukhuni esikwazi ukubekezela inhlabathi enganothile, namazinga aphezulu nezimo ezomile, lokhu kuyenza ifanelwe ukutshalwa ehlobo njengezitshalo ezinamahlamvu njenge spinash ne rape. I-Amaranth ayitshalwe entwasahlobo kuze kuyoba ihlobo. Lungiselela imibhede yokutshala kungaba semiseleni noma kungcono itshalwe ngaphezu komquba ongu 5cm. tshala imbewu ngokushona okuwu 1cm, bese kuba u 15cm phakathi kwezitshalo no 37. 5cm wemisele ngokwahlukana izikhashana ukuze kutholakale amahlamvu amancane amasha okuqala phansi futhi. Isikali sesivande: lungiselela imisele eshona phansi ngo 1 cm enemigqa engu 37.5 cm. sebenzisa induku eqondile yeplangwe noma igeja kumbe ihhala. Tshala imbewu ihlukane ngo 15 cm ukuya ngqo ngaphezu komquba. Mboza ngomquba bese ucindezela kancane ngepulangwe elibanzi eceleni. Isikali sensimu: Yimba imisele engu 8 cm ukushona ku 37.5 cm imgqa yolayini bese uyigcwalisa ngo 3-4 litres womquba nge meter. Gcwalisa imisele ushiye 1cm osele, bese utshala imbewu phezu kwemisele ngo 15 cm okuhlukana bese umboza ngo 1 cm we nhlabathi esuka ekwehleni kwegqunyana. 17

21 3.3. Izitshalo zezimpande 1) Izaqathi Izaqathi zinempilo kakhulu futhi zinomsoco ukudlula ezinye zezitshalio, ngoba zinezinga eliphezulu kakhulu le (beta carotene) okuwumsuka we Vitamin A, Vitamin C, K and B6, anti-oxidants nezithako zasemhlabathini (minerals). Izaqathi kulula ukuzitshala futhi zingatshalwa cishe unyaka wonke, zitshaleka emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka o C. Tshala izaqathi kusukela entwasahlobio kuye ekwindla. Lungiselela imibhede, kungangcono utshalwe emva kwezitshalo ezazinomquba onempilo. Ukubalekela ukusebenzisa umquba omusha/noma osanda kwenziwa noma umquba omusha ngoba lokhu kugqugquzela ukukhula kwezimpande ezixhantelayo yingakho kungcono ukutshala emva kwezinye izitshalo ojwayele ukuzitshala. Imbewu entsha ingatshalwa ibe ukushona okungu 1cm nokuhlukana okungu 2cm emigqeni engu 18.75cm. Tshala imigqa emithathu (3) kanje ushiye umugqa wesine ungenalutho ukuvumela ukwenzeka kwalokhu okungenhla nemigqa emithathu elandelayo. Isikali sesivande sasekhaya: Hlukanisa umugqa ongu 75cm kanye ibe u-37.5cm bese uphinda futhi ukuze uthole u-18.75cm phakathi kwemigqa. Lungiselela imisele engu 1cm ukushona usebenzisa iplangwe eliqondile. Izaqathi ziqhuma kanzima/kalukhuni uma zitshalwe zashona phansi kakhulu. Tshala imbewu kube 2cm ukugqagqana phezu kukamanyolo. Mboza ngomanyolo bese ucindezela kancane ngobubanzi bepulangwe. Isikali Sensimu: Imba phezu kwemisele evele isikhona kube ukushona oku 1cm ku 18.75cm imigqa bese utshala phezu kwemisele engu 2cm ukugqagqana. Mboza ngo 1cm womquba noma ngenhlabathi ephuma enzansi kwengqunyana. Ngemumva kokuqhuma yehlisa ngo 5cm phakathi kwezitshalo zembewu. 2) Beetroot U beetroot uthatheka njengomsuka osemqoka womsoco ngongoti kwezokulungisela ukudla, ngezinga eliphezulu le antioxidants nama (minerals) izithako ezisenhlabathini. Amahlamvu nawo angadliwa njenge Spinach lokhu kusiza ukunikeza izitshalo ezidliwa njalo noma lezi ezisatshaliwe zingakalungi esivandeni. U Beetroot unesikhathi sokutshalwa esilinganayo nezaqathi, ikakhulu emazingeni okushisa phakathi kuka o C, kodusa ingakubekezelela ukushisa kwamazinga afika 35 o C. Tshala ubeetroot kusukela entwasahlobo kuya kukwindla. Tshala imbewu kube u2cm ukushona nokugqangqana okungo 10cm bese kuba u cm imigqa. Tshala imigqa ukumela ukwenzela kwalokhu nemigqa emithathu yemibhede. Isikali sensima yasekhaya: Amalungiselelo ayafana nawokutshala izaqathi kuhluka kuphela yokushona okungu 2cm. 18

22 3) U-anyanisi & spring onion U-anyanisi udume kakhulu ekwandiseni ekuphekenikokudla kwaseafrica. Zinezinga eliphakeme kuvitamin C ne Folate futhi nezinga eliphakeme le peptide esiza ekulwiseni kwe steoporosis. U anyanisi ne spring onion kutshalwa kakhulu kangcono emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka afaneleke kakhulu ekubandeni kunase kushiseni okukhulu. U-anyanisi uthatha isikhathi eside ukukhula ngokwanele kusukela ezinyangeni ezine kuya kweziyisikhombisa, ngakhoke esikalini esincane sengadi yomsoco yasekhaya kwezitshalo ezingcono ezingasetshenziswa kuleyondawana kuhlanganiswa ne spring onion. Tshala u-anyanisi kusukela ekupheleni kwehlobo kuse kuyofika ikwindla khumbula zidinga amanzi amaningi ngesikhathi usakhula, ngakhoke ezindaweni lapho kunezimvula zasehlobo nobusika obomisile, qinisekisa ukuthi unendlela okuyiyona yokulima. Izithombo zika anyanisi ezitshalwa ngqo Uma utshala imbewu ngqo ka anyanisi, tshala imbewu ishone phansi ngo 2cm, iqhelelane ngo 5cm emigqeni engu 18.75cm. Tshala imigqa emithathu kanjalo ushiye umugqa wesine ungenalutho ukulungiselelaa ukudlula kahle kulandeleke imigqa yembhede emithathu. Emumva kwalokho okuphuthumayo yehlisa kufike ku 10cm izikhawu phakathi kwezitshalo bese usebenzisa u-anyanisi oncishisiwe kwezinye izindawo. Izithombo zika anyanisi wasentwasahlobo ezitshalwa ngqo Kutshalwe njengo anyanisi, ngaphandle kokulungisa izikhala kufike ku 2-3cm ukugqagqana kuloluhlobo luka anyanisi wehlisele ku 5cm izikhawu emva kwesimo esibucayi. Isethi yezithombo U-anyanisi ne spring onion atshaleka kahle ngobuningi, ngakhoke kumele kulandelwe umhlahlandlela wokugcinwa kwezitshalo ezisakhula esigcemeni sesihlanu. Emva kwamasonto kusuka kwayisikhombisa kuya kwayisishiyagalombili, kuyobe sekukhulakhulile bese zisuswa ziyotshalwa ngokuphelele. Zingakhishwa futhi ziphungulwe besingenhla, zonyiswe zibekwe ukulungiselelwe isikhathi sonyaka esizayo - sokulima Izithombo zika anyanisi: Tshala amasethi embewu/ ezithombo ngenduku ecijile kube u-10cm ukugqagqana emigqeni engu 18.75cm. Tshala imigqa emithathu kanjalo ushiye umugqa wesine ungenalutho ukuze kufinyeleleke kuyona nakomunye umbhede olandelayo. U-anyanisi uthatha isikhathi eside ukukhula kungaba izinyanga ezine kuya kweziyisikhombisa bese ziyomiswa kahle ngaphambi kokomiswa bese zigcinwa. Okokuqala ngaphambi kokuba ihlamvu libephuzi ligoqe ngaphandle kokuliphula noma ukulihlephula, lokhu kuzophuthumisa indlela yokulomisa. Emvakokukhipha izigaxa, zigcine endaweni embozekile, eyomile, engenwa umoya. Sebenzisa noma iziphi izigaxa ezilimele kuqala bese uhlola ukoma kwayo njalo ukubona izifo. U-anyanisi wasentwasahlobo/ u-anyanisi: Tshala amasethi ezithombo ngenduku ecijile ku wemisele. Tshala imigqa emithathu efanayo ushiye owesine ungatshiliwe ukuze kube lula ukufinyelela embhedeni olandelayo. Loluhlobo luka anyanisi kulula ukulitshala noma inini lapho uwadinga khona, futhii nawo ungagcwaliselwa kubhasikidi wezitshalo ngezikhathi ezilandelanayo. 19

23 4) Ubhatata Ubhatata waziwa futhi uthathelwa phezulu njengesitshalo esinomsoco kakhulu ezitshalweni zezimpande, onengxubevange enezinga eliphezulu lama Vitamin A kwamanye. Ubhatata kufanele kube isidlo esande kakhulu emindenini yaseafrica ngenxa yokuphakama kwezinga lomsoco uma siqhathaniswa nezinye izitshalo ezinesitashi ukhula kalula, ukwazi ukubekezelela ukushisa okukhulu nesomiso. Umnandi kakhulu umkhiqizo ukhipha angu wamathani ngehectare. Ubhatata awukhuli kahle ezindaweni ezigcwele amanzi emhlabathini, ngakhoke uma kunaleyongozi, kusetshenziswa imibhede ephakanyisiwe. Ungatshalwa emhlabathini owubumba, ngoba amanzi nomoya akudluli kalula. E Uganda iqembu elise Double Portion Farm batshale ama acres obhatata emhlabathini osendaweni eqondile futhi ukhula kahle. Ubhatata ukhula ezindaweni ezinamazinga okushisa asukela ku o C kodwa kungcono uma utshalwe amazinga okushisa angu 25 o C. Ezindaweni lapho kunezimvula zasehlobo athsalwe ngoseptember kuze kube unovember, kodwa njengoba zinesikhathi sokuthula esiyezinyanga ezintathu nengxenye kuya kweziyisikhombisa zokukhula kungcono ukutshala ekuqaleni kunasekugcineni. Ezindaweni eziphansi, ezifudumele ubhatata ungatshalwa unyaka wonke. Ubhatata utshaleka kahle ezintangeni ezinganazifo esezitshalwe izinyanga ezinthathu. Gcina izintanga ezinqunyiwe ezingu 30cm ethunzini izinsuku ezintathu ukuze kukhuthazwe ukwakheka kwezimpande ngaphambi kokutshala. Ngenxa yokugaxela kwezintanga zikabhatata hlukanisa isikhala esincane ukuvimbela ukugaxela kwezinye izitshalo. Lungiselela imisele engu 15cm ukushona ku 75cm wemigqa emva kokulungiswa kwenhlabathi, ndlala u-500ml womquba noma umanyolo ibe yi 1m. Mboza kancane ngenhlabathi ukuze uthole u-10 cm wokutshala okushona phansi, bese undlala u-20cm wokusika emseleni, jikisa lapho usike khona kubheke phezulu kube u-l bese umboza, ushiye kuphela ingxenye engaphezulu yamahlamvu evele ngaphandle enhlabathini. Beka izintanga ezinye ezisikiwe ngokufana kube u-30cm ukuqhubeka. Akudingeki ukubekela okuya phezulu, kubalulekile ukuze kkwakheke ituber yengubo enhle. Beka ingubo eqinile ngaphezu kwemigqa ukukhuthaza kwakheka kwetuber eduze konqenqema ngaphansi kwengubo. Amazambane angatshalwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphandle kokuthi uyobe utshala imbewu ye tuber yamazambane ngo 10cm ukushona esikhundleni sokutshala izintanga. 20

24 4. Uhlu lomhlahlandlela wemvula yase Ningizimu Africa yokutshala izitshalo Izindlela zokutshala izitshalo ezifundeni zasemzansi ngezimvula zasehlobo January February March Amaranth * * * * * * Artichokes, chinese * * * * Asparagus * * * * Ubhontshisi * * * * * * Beetroot * * * * * * * * * Ubrokholi * * * * Brussel sprouts * * * Iklabishi * * * * * * * * * Izaqathi * * * * * * * * Cauliflower * * * * Celery * * * * * Ukhukhamba * * * * * Ubrinjolo * * * * Kale/Rape * * * * * * Ulethisi * * * * * * * * * Marrows * * * * * * Ikhabe * * * * Okra * * * * uanyanisi * * * * Uphizi * * * * * * * * Uphepha * * * Amazambane * * * * * * Ithanga * * * * Radish * * * * * * * * * * Rubharb * * * * Isipinashi * * * * * * * * * Squashes * * * * * * Ummbila * * * * Ubhatata * * * Swiss chard * * * * * * * Utamatisi * * * * Ikhabe * * * * April May June July August September October November December Lendlela ejwayelekile kufanele uyihlanganise nonqo womlimi abayaleliwe kanye nolwazi sokulima. Futhi qoqa wonke amarekhodi kanye nolwazi lwakho ukusebenzise ukuhlelela isikhathi esizayo 21

25 5. Indawo yokugqumisa izitshalo Kulula kubalimi ukutshala izithombo kunokutshala imbewu, kodwa ukuqamba, nokwakha nokugcina izithombo endaweni yazo kumele kwenziwe abalimi asebejwayele ukukwenza. Indlela yokutshala ngezithombo inomphumelela omuhle ngokuthi ukutshala izitshalo ekuqaleni ziba nokuzwela mazisencane, udinga indawo encane ongakwazi ukuyinakekela kunokubheka insimu egcwele izitshalo ezimilayo, uma izithombo sezifike ku 7-10cm ezingcono zazo kumele zitshalwe kwenye indawo ngeke ubenenkinga yokuhlukanisa bese zime lapho zingeke zixhantele khona. Izithombo eziphuma enursery zingabekwa emibhedeni ephakanyisiwe okungenani u15cm ukuphakamisanoma zibekwe kuma tray ezithombo aphakamisiwe noma endaweni eyomisiwe. Ukomiswa okuhle kubalulekile ndawozonke. Indawo yokukhuliswa kwezithombe kumele ibiyelwe, ibeseduze kwamanzi/ endaweni okuphuma kuyo amanzi futhi lapho libalele khona kakhulu ukuze kube nesiqinisekiso sokuthi izithombo ziqine ngaphambi kokutshalwa. Umthunzi Umthunzi ubaluleke kakhulu ekuqaleni kokumila kwezithombo zezitshalo. Lomthunzi ungaqhamuka kwi nethi emahlamvini elala, otshanini bokufulela izindlu, uqalo noma izinduku. Isakhiwo kumele sibe nobude obanele ukuze umuntu ozonisela alungise nemibhede okwazi ukungena kube u-2cm ngaphezu komhlabathi. Uqaphele ukujika kwelanga bese wakha umthunzi noma isimboza sokufulela ngendlela. Kumele ububanzi bube bukhulu kune mibhede ye nursery, ukuqiniseka ukuthi kunethunzi elanele ilanga lonke. Imibhede yalapho okutshalwakhona izithombo Ebenza ingxube ye 1/3 rd yenhlabathi, no 1/3 rd wenhlabathi emahadla nomquba osefiwe. Beka lengxube ngaphezu kwemibhede ephakanyisiwe yezithombo noma uzitshale ngqo izithombo emarayini ezithombo. Manzisa ingxube kakhulu. Cindezela umhlabathi omanzi wezithombo uwucindezele umhlabathi omanzi wezithombo uwucindezele kakhulu nge pulangwe eliphansi eliqondile. Sebenzisa ukucija kwe plangwe ukucindezela umsele ongu 1cm embhedeni bese uhlukanisa izithombo kucishe kube u-5cm ukuqhelelana ukuze udedele ukukhula kwezimpande nokutshala kabusha izitshalo ngempumelelo. Amatreyi ezithombo Amatreyi ezithombo abalulekile kakhulu ekukhuliseni izithombo. Qinisekisa ukuthi zihlanzwe kahle ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa, ngokusebenzisa uketshezi oluncibilikisiwe lwebleach enamandla lokubulala izinambuzane ozingasizi izilwane. Gcwalisa amatrey ngezithombo ushiye u-1cm wezithombo ezivela ngaphezulu kweteryi ukulindela ukutshalwa bese uzichelela kakhulu. Uma usuzitshalile izithombo, gcwalisa u-1cm nge ngxube yezithombe, qinisa ingaphezulu bese ukhlwaya konke okusele. Ukuchelela Izinga lomquba ophezulu kwingxube yezithombo iyokwenza/iyobamba umswakama nomthunzi ongeziwe ukuvikela izithombo ukuhlangabezana nokungabibikho komswakama. Ukunisela kancane kanye ngosuku ngekani lamanzi aphuma ezimbotshani kancane kujwayele ukwanele, kodwa ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu kungadingeka ukunisela kabili. Qaphela ukunisela kakhulu ngoba lokhu kungadala ukubola bese kudida umlimi ukuthela amanye amanzi. Bheka izitshalo zakho uzwe ingxube yenhlabathi njalo ukulinganisa/ ukukala umswakama bese ulungisa ngokufanelekile. 22

26 Ukuhlukanisa/ ukuthutha ukutshala Ngezinsuku kusukela kweziyisilkhombisa kuya kweziyishumi ngaphambi kokuthutha ukutshala, qala ukuqinisa izithombo ngokuzibeka elangeni ukuze ziqine futhi zikhiphe amanzi. Kulula ukwenza lokhu uma usebenzisa umthunzi wokufulela njengamagatsha namahlamvu, izinduku noma utshani bokufulela, njengoba uzokususa kancane kancane okuningi kokufulela, lokhu kuzokwenza ukukhanya kwelanga kungene ezitshalweni. Hhafula ukuchelela ngelanga lesibili ngezinsuku ezine zokuqala. Emva kwalokho nciphisa ukuchelela ngokweqa ukuska lonke emva kosuku lwesibili. Kodwake, qiniseka ngokuthi izithombo zithole amanzi amaningi ngaphambi kokuzithuthauzitshale kwenye indawo. Ngezithombo ezisencane, qinisekisa ukuthiusebenzisa ifosholo elicijile lesandla uma uzithatha ukuze ususe umhlabathi owanele ukuze izithombo zingalimali. Izithombo kumele zigcine emthunzini kuze zikhishwe ziyotshalwa kwenyindawo, lokhu makwenzeke ngokushesha bese zitshalwa emibhedeni yezitshalo elungiselelwa kusetshenziswa induku ecijile. 23

27 6. Ukwenziwa kwemvunde Imvunde ubaluleke kakhulu futhi ingasetshenziswa esikhundleni sokusebenzisa umanyolo, owakha ukudla komhlabathi kuphela, kodwa usiza ekubuyiseleni noma ekugcineni umhlabathi olungisiwe ngokwemvelo. AbaseKhorinte besibili 9:8 izwi lenkosi liyiqiniso. Kepha unkulunkulu unamandla okunipha umusa wonke uvame, ukuze kuthi ninokwanela konke ezintweni zonke ngezikhathi zonke, nivame imisebenzi yonke emihle. Yenzele bonke abantu ukuba bathole umhlabathi onothile imvunde. Ngokubuyisela imvunde onothile emhlabathini, abalimi bangavuna okufanayo, uma kungenjalo uthola inzuzo ekugcineni, uma uqhathanisa ekusebenziseni umanyolo. Iyini imvunde? Imvunde uyinto ezibolile zaxhozeka imisundu ikakhulu amagciwane ne fungi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imvunde yethu usezingeni eliphezulu kumele silandele izinga eliphezulu futhi silandele isu. Sipahamisa ukwenziwa komquba oyiqulu ongu 2m ubude ngo 2m ububanzi no 2m ubude. Lomquba mncane ngokwanele ukusetshenziswa umuntu oyedwa ngamahora ambalwa/noma amahora amancane, ngesikhathi usalindele ukushisa okwanele ngaphakathi kwengqumbi/inqwaba. Lelinani lomquba lizolingana kalula okwanela onqanqameni olungu 10cm no 5cm wokufaka esivandeni somsoco sasekhaya. Akunconywa ukunciphisa inqwaba yomquba ibe ngaphansi kuka 1.5m ikhubhu (cube) Ungayenza nini imvunde Qala ukuqoqa imfucuza yokwenza imvunde ngesikhathi kusagcwele uhlaza yonke indawo, lapha eningizimu Africa kungaba ujanuary noma ufebruary ukuvumela isikhathi esanele sokuba imvunde ivunde ngokwanele ngaphambi kokutshala kwentwasahlobo elandelayo. Izithako Imvunde yenziwe ngezithako ezintathu ezise mqoka, i-nitrogen, uhlaza nokuwukhuni nengxube eyomile. Izitshalo zincamela umquba ogcwele amabacteria/amagciwane kunomquba ogcwele ifungi ngakhoke uma kuqhathaniswa nezitshalo zethu eziphuma emqubeni wasensimini, sinciphisa izithako ezomisiwe ngo 35%. Zonke ezinye izithako zizosala zinjalo/zilingana. Lokhu kwehlisa lonke izinga le carbon kwi zakhiwo/izithako ze Nitrogen bese yenza ingqumbi ibelula, nezinga eliphezulu le bacteria kuyona. Nomake ungenyusa lokuhlaza kube u 60% bese kwehliswa okuwukhuni kufike ku 30%, bese kwenza ukuba kwehle izinga le carbon kwi nitrogen. Kodwake eqinisweni uhlaza Akulula ukuluthola bese kwenza kuba lukhuni kakhulu kubalimi ukusebenzisa lezithako uma usebenzisa u 60% wohlaza. 1) Ingxenye ye nitrogen Initrogen iwona msoco, nomfutho wenqwaba yomquba, iyona eyenza I bacteria isebenze. Ingxenye yesithako se nitrogen kumele yenze u10% wenqwaba ungasebenzisa izikhwama ezingu 15 (50kg amasaka) omquba. Uma umquba ungekho endaweni yangakini ungasebenzisa ama legumes angu 4m 3 bese ulungisa / noma ufake uhlaza nokuwukhuni noma okomile ngendlela efanele. 2) Ingxenye yokuhlaza Amahlamvu aluhlaza awumsuka woshukela, abadingekayo emqubeni wezinga eliphezulu. Isithako sohlaza kumele sense u 45% wenqwaba yakho nanoma yini enqunywe iseluhlaza noma ngabe seyomile ingena ohlwini lokuluhlaza. 3) Ingxenye/isithako sokomile noma okuwukhuni 24

28 Okusakhuni kuwusizo impela ukugqugquzela ukukhula kohlaza enqwabeni/engqumbini ngoba ihlephuka kancane futhi igcine inqwaba ingenwa umoya, ngesikhathi lokhu okomile kugcwalisela kokuqumbile. Okomile okungu 10% okomile okungu 35% kulingana nokuhlaza kwenza insalela engu 45% yenqwaba. Izinto ezisalukhuni zihlanganisa amaqobhe/amahleza ommbila, imihlanga, amagatsha amaphepha aqinile, nezinsalela zokhuni (hhayi u-sawdust) kanti okomile kuhlanganisa utshani bokufulela, amahlamvu kanye nokhula. Ukusonga/ kafishane izithako sidinga: amasaka angu 15 omquba nokulinganayo okuhleshuliwe ko 45% okuluhlaza nokomile okungu 45% (okusalukhuni 10% okomile 35%). Ozokusebenzisa kumele kubekwe kube inqwaba ehlikanisiwe kuze kutholakale konke ozokusebenzisa. Ukuqoqa izinto ozozisebenzisa ezanele ukuze wakhe inqwaba kuthatha isikhathi, ngakhoke kumele uhlele kahle. Abalimi abalima ngendlela kankulunkulu kumele bahlangane babe ngamaqoqo amahlanu bakhuleke, bashumayezane basizane omunye nomunye. Uma lamaqoqo ehlangana kusenohlaza oluningi bangakwazi ukwenza izinqwaba zemvunde kanye kanye ekuhlalisaneni ngobudlelwano. Ukwakha inqwaba Uma wakha inqwaba, kubalulekile ukwenza zonke izikali zilingane. Indlela elula yokwenza lokhu, ukulandelanisa ukwendlala izithako ezintathu ezibalulekile. Cwilisa okuluhlaza, okomile nokusalukhuni esitsheni samanzi ngaphambi kokuzendlala ukuze kuthole amanzi konke ngokwanele. Uma umanzise kahle ekuqaleni kusho ukuthi uyochelela kanye noma kabili ezinyangeni ezimbili zokwakha lenqwaba. Qala ngo 5cm okusagodo ke 15cm wokumile bese ubeka u-20cm wokuhlaza, amasaka amabili omquba omanzi impela ngaphezulu. Qhubeka wendlale kanjalo kuze kufike ku 2m ubude. 25

29 Ukuphendula inqwaba Ezinsukwini ezintathu, inqwba yomquba izobe isishisa ngokwanele isidinga ukuphendulwa. Indlela enhle yokwenza lokhu ukuhlanganisa inqwaba lapho kuqala khona u2m*2m, usebenzisa imfologo negeja. Umsebenzi wokuphendula uthatha/ugcine izinga lokushisa elihle okuyilona, uhlanganise yonke ingxube yokuphenduka okungaphandle kube ngaphakathi kungenise umoya omusha (oxygen) nenqwaba ivuleke, ilungele ukuba kubonakale izinga lomswakama, unezelelwe uma kudingeka. Uma inqwaba ingaphenduliwe izocindezeleka/igqisheke, inuke kabi bese kuba umquba omubi/onezinga eliphansi. 1. Izinga lokushisa nokubanda Imvunde iyashesha ukushisa ngenxa yokunyakaza/ukusebenza kwe-(bacteria) bhakthiriya. Izinga elikahle lokushisa lomquba kumele ligcineke njalo kusukela/ phakathi kuka 55 o C kuya ku 68 o C ezinsukwini ezintathu, ukuzekufe yonke imbewu nokungadingeki (pathogens), uma ungawuphenduli umquba, izinga lokushisa linganyuka kalula lidlule u70 o C, okuwukushisa okukhulu nokubulala izithako ezidingakalayo (microbes) futhi kushise nokuqeda kumose i-carbon. Izinga lokushisa (C) Izinsuku Indlela eqinisekile yokunquma izinga lokushisa, ukusebenzisa isikali sayo (itemperature probe). Phendula inqwaba ngaphambi kokuba ifike ku 70 o C. Indlela elula eshibhile ukusebenzisa insimbi eqondile engu 8mm. Emva kokuyifaka enqwabeni yakho imizuzu, bheka ukuthi ungabambelela kuyona yini imizuzwana emihlanu. Uma izinga lokushisa lingaphansi kuka 70 o C, uma kungenjalo isilungele futhi ukushintshwa. Ngokubhekela ukuthi sisebenzisana nabantu abaswele umhlahlandlela olula kungaba ukuphendula inqwaba njalo emva kwezinsuku ezintathu, ukuphendula kokuqala okuthathu bese kwenziwa njalo ngezinsuku eziyishumi ukuphendulwa okune noma okuhlanu. Izinga lokushisa liyehla emva kokuphendulisa lenyuke futhi kuze kube ukuphendulwa okulandelayo. Lomzungezo uzoqhubeka kuze kusebenze yonke nitrogen esenqwabeni. Uma uwulandelile umhlahlandlela wezithako zama volume emasakeni angu 15 omquba, umqubake uzothola ukushisa okwanele ekulungele ukubola okukahle bese uvunda uphole emva kwamasonto ayisithupha kuya kwayisishiyagalombili. 2. Ukuxuba Xuba izinto ezibaliwe okuhlaza, okuwukhuni kanye nokomile, ukuxubanise ulethe okungaphandle kuze ngaphakathi nendawo ukuze zithole izinga lokushisa eliphakeme. 3. Umswakamo oqukethwe Uma uphendula inqwaba, hlola ubone ukuthi umswakama wanele yini, njengoba umswakama omningi uyalahleka uphume njengomhwamuko bese kumele ubuyiselwe. Zama ukubuyisela umswakama oqukethwe wumquba wakho ku 50%. Ungakuhlola lokhu ngokuwu pitshiza ngesandla sakho. Uma umswakama uvuza kusho ukuthi umanzi kakhulu. Uma kungaphumi manzi kodwa uma uvula isandla uthola ukuthi akubumbekile, lokho kusho ukuthi womile, faka amanye amanzi. Uma upitshiza kungaphumi mswakama uma uvula isandla lokhu okuphakathi kubambeka, kusho ukuthi sekuzo lunga kufike emswakameni ongu 50% odingakalayo. 26

30 Shiya ukwehlala okulingene phezu kwenqwaba bese ubeka utshani bokufulela noma isaka lwezinhlamvu ngaphezulu ukuvikela imvula eningi ingangeni enqwabeni, engapholisa kakhulu imvunde. Izinkomba zemvunde enhle Emva kwezinyanga ezimbili uhlelo lokuphendula seluphelile, kodusa linda ulapheke kahle ulinde ezinye izinyanga ezine ngaphambi kokuwusebenzisa. Uma sekuphelile umquba wakho uzoba nsundu kakhulu ngombala, unuke kamnandi futhi unothe bese ukhubuzela futhi uyakwazi ukubona izinsalela ze fungi. Uma usuvundile /usulungile, imvunde ungagcinwa iminyaka ngaphandle kokwehlisa izinga nokulahlekelwa umsoco. Awudingi ukuwuphendula futhi, kodwa khumbula ukubheka umswakama wawo njalo. Kulesisiskhathi imvunde wakho uzoba usulunge kahle emsocweni. Ukusebenzisa imvunde Njengoba kuxoxiwe ngaphambilini, imvunde ingasetshenziswa njengonqenqema lokumboza isikali sesivande esincane sabalimi noma emiseleni kubalimi besikali sensimu enkulu. Ukumiswa kwemvunde nezinga eliphezulu nenani lokuqhikiza iwona kuphela umsebenzi wokubekelela izinto zokwakhe nokuphendula imvunde lokwenza kahle njengomlimi ngokusika nokwenyusa intengo nokutshala izitshalo ezinomsoco, kuya ngokuthi wena ufakeni / uthake ngani! 2 Corinthians 9:6 kepha nakhu: Okuhlwanyela ingcosana uyakuvana ingcosana nohlwanyela kakhulu uyakuvuna kakhulu. Imvunde into okumele siyibone kuwo wonke amasimu njengoba sifundisa abalimi ukuthembeka ngokuthi unkulunkulu kukho konke anakho, ukubeke ezandleni zethu. 27

31 7. Izibonelo ezibhalisiwe 7.1. Isibonelo esibhaliwe 1: umartin Dower umartin selokhu atshala izitshalo ezincane e Muldersdrift South Africa, ngokulima ngobuhlakani ngendlela kankulunkulu kusukela ngo 2008 futhi sezwa izingxoxo ezimnandi ngezindlela zokushitshana ezihlukene zemikhiqizo. Lezindlelaezishitshashitshayo ngemikhiqizo zihlanganisa izikhala emibhedeni, izikhala emigqeni ngemigqa, amasu okujobelela nosekusebenzisa + ingubo kankulunkulu. Nansi indlela enza ngayo. umartin Dower phakathi kwemfino yakhe Umhlabathi wesifunda uyasinda kakhulu, uwubumba olubomvu oluqinile futhi oluyinhlobo embi. Izitshalo zika Martin zitshalwe emhlabathini olungisiwe wafakwa umquba omningi. Ukufakwa komquba kwenziwe ngokulandela indlela yokulima kankulunkulu enezikali ezilinganayo zokomisiwe ekuwukhunu, okuhlaza satshani nezithako zikamvunde. umartin unezinqwaba ezihlanu zomvunde ahambisana nekweyesibili ngokuba seduze nonkulunkulu, ufakaza ngokuthi lendlela yokusebenzisa imvunde iyona engumgogodla omenzela impumelelo. Uma imvunde usuvundile uyawusefa ngesisefo socingo ukuze athole okucutshisisiwe nokunomsoco kokutshala imbewu nezitshalozezimpande. Okusalele kokhuni kuphindwe kusetshenziswe Imvunde esizo sefwa ekwenzeni izinqwaba zemvunde. Ukuqalelela/ ukwenziwa kwemibhede Umhlaba/ indawo ilungiselelwa endaweni elinganayo yalungiswa, ngaphandle kwemibhede ephakamisiwe. Imibhede ibukeka iphakamiswa emva kokufakwa kwemvunde, ukunakekelwa okuhle nokubhekelwa kwezindlela ezihambaphakathi kwemigqa. Umkhiqizo wezitshalo ezinjenge klabishi, icauliflower, ubhontshisi nophizi/ peas umartin utshala izitshalo zakhe emigqeni emibili ngokuvundlisa ummango noma iqele. umartin ubuye alime ihlamvu Elisha elingandile, ngakho-ke udinga abantu abamsebenzelayo bahlole bese bevuna amahlamvu nsuku zonke. Batshala kubekhona ukudlula. Kanjalo, umartin ubuye atshale ihlamvu elincane elingajwayelekile, ngakhoke udinga abasebenzi bakhe bahlole futhi bavune amahlamvu zonke izinsuku. Batshala bavundlise emibhedeni ukuze kube lula ukunyakaza/ ukudlula ngokuhlukanisa imibhede ngo 60cm ububanzi ngezinyawo zabo ezindaweni zokudlula ezingu 20cm. (Lena indlela engajwayelekile yokuvuna izitshalo ezikhathini eziningi akukhuthazwa ukutshalwa kwalo ngoba luwuhlobo olukhethekile). 28

32 Emva kokuqikekela ukukhetha nokulinganisa, imvunde ongu 5cm uyalungiswa bese ubekwa ngaphezu kuka 5cm wenhlabathi amasonto ambalwa ngaphambi kokutshalwa. Lokuphana kokutshala kwemvunde kwenziwa ngaphambi kokutshala, ukuze kubuyiselwe umsoco olahlekile nokwenzangcono impilo yonke yomhlabathi. Loku akwenziwa kanye nje, kodwa yinto umartin ayenza njalo emvakokuqeda ukuvuna ukuzekulungiselelwe ukutshala isitshalo sisha/ esilandelayo. Ukulungisa imibhede Ngesikhathi sokutshala imba imisele ngokushiya izikhala nobude ngokubhekelwa uhlobo lwembewu noma izithombo ezizotshalwa. Imvunde ibe isifakwa emiseleni ezingeni lika 500 ml ngo 60cm bese uxutshwa kancane uphindiselwe emiseleni.qaphela ukuthi ayifakwa igxile futhi iphazanyiswe kancane ngendlela yokulima ngemithetho kankulunkulu. Uhlobo lokwenza imisele olwehlukile lwenziwa ngamaqabunga amancane ezitshalo, lapho esebenza u 10 litres wemvunde nge square meter ngaphezu kwenhlabathi engu 5cm ngesikhathi kutshalwa. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuthi imisele emincinyane nezikhala zemisele ziyingxenye yaloluhlobo lokutshala. Qaphela ukuthi kokubili lokhu, kwenzeka emva kokuqala ngomvunde ongu 5cm ngaphambi kokuthi umhlahlandlela usuwenziwe njengoba kuchaziwe ngaphambili. Ezinye izitshalo zika Martin zingaphansi komthunzi wendwangu kanti ezinye ziselangeni. Kukhona konke, lokutshala umhlabathi umbozwe kakhulu ngotshani bokufulela noma umquba ukhona ngokwanele. Ebusika obubanda kakhulu umartin usebenzisa unqenqema lwendwangu elula ukumboza nokuvikela izitshalo emakhazeni. upeas nocoriander Broccoli 29

33 7.2. Ubufakazi besibili: uvumile Ndzululeka UVumile usendaweni/ uhlala enyanisweni endaweni eyayibizwa nge Transkei, emzansi Afrika. Ungumfundisi webandla ichurch of Nations lapho besiza umphakathi ngokufundisa ngokulima ngendlela kankulunkulu futhi bane pre-school/ inkulisa efundisa abantwana abangakangeni esikoleni. uvumile selokhu ebonisa uthando lokulima wase ebambelela kulendlela yokulima ngendlela kankulunkulu ngezandla zombili, etshala izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo okubalwa kuzo amazambane, iklabishi, izaqathi, ummbila oluhlaza kanye no bhontshisi endaweni engama acre awuhhafu. Okunesasa kulobufakazi bokutshala indlela uvumile atshala ngayo amazambane, lapho engawulimi futhi engawuhlukanisi umhlabathi noma endlale imvunde. Yena ukholelwa emfihlweni yokuthi kushintshaniswe izitshalo, amboze umhlabathi ngokuluhlaza. Lokhu sekufakazele impumelelo emhlabathini wonke ngabalimi abayisebenzise kakhulu lendlela babonakala benza kahle. uvumile ukufinyelela emazambaneni kulula ngoba wona angaphezulu onqenqemeni futhi aphakathi engubeni kankulunkulu. Izithombe ezibonisa insimu kavumile nenhlobonhlobo yezitshalo etranskei esebenzisa ukutshala ngendlela kankulunkulu. uvumile Ndzululeka eyahlukahlukene etranskei esebenzisa ukutshala ngendlela kankulunkulu 30

34 7.3. Ubufakazi besithathu: upius Mutie UPius ungumlimi wendawo encane empeketoni, ekenya. Utshala izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo ezihlanganisa I eggplany, ubhontshisi, ummbila ohlaza, ikhabe, iokva nethanga ibutternut. upius usebenzisa umanyolo njengesithako esimqoka, kodwa uma umanyolo unganele, ubuye asebenzise ezinye izithako zemvelo emiseleni enconyiwe noma lapho kubekelwe ukutshalwa khona. UPius uzinikele ekwenzeni okokwemboza ngengubo kankulunkulu futhi usebonile unkulunkulu ebuyisela inhlabathi futhi eyigcina endaweni enganakiwe ayenze insimu/ indawo ekhiqizayo selokhu asebenzisa loluhlelo lokulima ngendlela kankulunkulu ngenhliziyo yakhe yonke ngo Into eyenza lendlela kapius ihluke kwezinye ukuthi usebenzisa izitsha eziphuphumayo zokulima ezivumela ukuba atshale izitshalo unyaka wonke. Izithombe zeeggplant zikapius 7.4. Ubufakazi besine: utess Gebers utess Gebers umlimi wezitshalo ophumelelayo ohlala eport Elizabeth. Waqala ukusebenzisa indlela yokutshala ngokukankulunkulu ngo2010 etshala izinhlobonhlobo zommbila enoshukela (sweet corn) wamanje. Usetshale iklabishi, izucchini, ipattipans, namathanga amancane (baby gems) nokunye. utess ukholelwa ekusebenziseni imvunde futhi kuyasebenza. Injwayezi iyabonisa/ isibonisile ukuthi imvunde othengwa endaweni esihlala kuyona ayinawo umsoco nokuphuma emhlabathini okubalulekile ekukhuliseni izitshalo. Ukulungiselela/ amalungiselelo UTess ulungiselela insimu yakhe ngesikali sika 75cm imigqa. Ukhethe ukulungiselela okunje ukuze kube unomphelo noma kube isikhathi eside nokuthi kuba lula uma kushintshaniswa izitshalo afisa ukuzitshala. Ukutshala maklabishi wagubha imisele engukushona okungu 8cm okucishwe kugcwaliswe kwemvunde ocishe ube 3-4 amalitha ngemitha. Lokhu kumnika inhlabathi eyisihlabathi, isihlabathi sasolwandle ukuze aqale ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sokushitsha kwesikhathi sonyaka. Umhlabathi ulethwa uthelwe emseleni. Kusetshenziswa induku esamfologo ecijile ukuze ibhoboze izimbobo ukuze kufinyeleleke ebudeni noma ekushoneni kwempande uma kutshalwa iklabishi kuxhumane nentambo engu 45cm. isithombo sibe sesifakwa emgodini bese sicindezelwa emaceleni. Ukuchelela ngokuconsisela (ngepayipi) kubekwa ngendlela ezokhuphukela emaceleni emigqa. Ukuthela (itopdressing) kwenziwa kathathu ngelan emasontweni ayisithupha ezidla ngokweqile initrogen ukuze zidlule esigabeni sokuqala sokukhula kokuqhumisa 31

35 Isithombe sommbila katess onoshukela UTess akasebenzisi indlela yokuphakamisa imibhede yezithombo nomake lobusika bebubanda futhi kumanzi kakhulu ngendlela engajwayelekile okwadala ukugcwala kwamanzi enhlabthini lokhu okungajwayelekile ukwenzeka esimeni sezulu salapho ehlala khona. Uzogubha imigodi ukuze asize ukukhipha amanzi amaningi angadingekile emasimini aphezulu noma angenhla, ngaphambi kokuthi angene emasimini ache ezitshalo zemifino. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi inhlabathi esihlezi unomphelo emigqeni yo 75cm izoqala ukwakheka bese kwenzeka imibhede yezitshalo ephakeme, kuhlangane nomquba kanye nezinsalelo zezimpande nokucinana kwemigqa lapho kuhanjwa khona. 8. Bibliography 1) Farming God s Way Trainer s Reference Guide. GW Dryden, ) The A-Z of Vegetable Gardening in South Africa. J Hadfield, ) Gardening without Work. Ruth Stout, ) FAO - Crop datasheets 5) Organic Gardening the Natural no dig Way. Charles Dowding,