Learning Places Summer 2016 Annotated Bibliography Baths of Caracalla and Beaux Art Influenced the Design of GCT & Penn Station

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1 Learning Places Summer 2016 Annotated Bibliography Baths of Caracalla and Beaux Art Influenced the Design of GCT & Penn Station Frances Hernandez Keriann Lin Mimu Sakuma Calloway, S. (1991). The Elements of Style: A Practical Encyclopedia of Interior Details From 1485 to the Present. United States: Simon and Schuster. The book offers in depth explanations of detailed elements that involves the influences of the Beaux Art style in architecture. It covers over 500 years of architectural styles, from the Tudor era all the way to Post Modern which contributes a comprehensive view of Beaux Art. The book provides over 3,000 analytical drawings and historic engravings. There are 350 color and 1,000 black and white photographs organized by eras and features appropriate for every part of the building. The author mentions architects well known for their contributions in designing landmark buildings that still exists today and whom have studied in the infamous École des Beaux Arts in Paris. The Elements of Style is beneficial in that it contains Beaux Art components that can be cross referenced and enables to identify the architectural arrangements of the original Penn Station and Grand Central Terminal. It will help in pointing out the likeness and differences between these two historical buildings.

2 Cohen, J. (2014). From Ironmade Wonders To Storms Of Steel France: Modern Architectures In History (Chapter 1). London GB: Reakton Books. Retrieved from file://e:/modern_architectures_in_history_france_modern_architectures_in_history% 20.pdf. xxxxxproquest ebrary. Web. 26 June The book s first chapter renders a chronological history of the École Beaux Art and include names of those responsible in the contribution of transitional ideas. It also lists the various elements involved in shaping its architectural platform. The program offered at the École Beaux Art addressed modernization and the use of new materials such as iron, glass, and reinforced concrete. Included in this book are lists of important architectural organizations that were involved in shaping the École Beaux Art architectural program. France: Modern Architectures in History is essential since its first chapter lays a foundation of how Mead, White, and McKim as well as Warren and Wetmore formed their ideas in designing Penn Station and Grand Central Terminal. This book relates and verifies the training and use of the Beaux Art Style in the development of Grand Central Terminal and the original Penn Station. DeLaine, J. (1997). The Baths of Caracalla: a study in the design, construction, and economics of large scale building projects in imperial Rome. Portsmouth, RI : Journal of Roman Archaeology. In this dissertation on the Baths of Caracalla, DeLaine discusses the ancient and modern history of the baths, the design and structure, and the social and economic status during

3 the time of its construction. She meticulously analyzes the construction of the Baths and notes certain observations such as the Baths emphasis on the hierarchy of spaces and magnificence and grandeur in buildings. This source would be useful for our research because the detailed descriptions of the Baths architecture and personally drawn floor plans that supplement the writing will help us draw more comparisons between the similarities and differences in the structure of the Baths and Penn Station and Grand Central Terminal. Lewis, M. J. (2006, September). McKim, Mead & White's architectural citizenship. New Criterion, 25 (1), 77. Retrieved June 22, 2016, from Literature Resource Center. p=litrc&sw=w&asid=59d72043ddded55a7430ca1f661a77db This article makes the argument that American architecture can all be traced back to one architectural style European architecture. In the instance of Penn Station, McKim was fascinated by the Baths of Caracalla and went so far as to travel to Rome to inspect it and paid people to walk around the ruins so that he could observe how the space was best used. Malamud, M. (2000). The Imperial Metropolis: Ancient Rome in Turn of the Century New York. Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics, 7(3), Retrieved from

4 This article discusses in depth how Roman architecture influenced a majority of the buildings in New York around the early 19th century. When considering the design of Penn Station and Grand Central Terminal, the grandeur of ancient Roman buildings, such as the Baths of Caracalla were inspirational both literally and figuratively. The spacious rooms were ideal for community gatherings and the imperialistic, magnificent designs elicited feelings of significance and superiority in travelers and New Yorkers. Malamud explores the allure of Roman architecture simply and in a way that draws a reader or researcher into it, like it s a story. She brings together many sections of research (history of buildings, architects, social issues during the 1900s, etc.) and successfully weaves them together to observe what influenced various New York City buildings and why ancient monuments, like the Baths of Caracalla, were referenced. Muschamp, H. (1999, May 16). An Appreciation; Style and Symbolism Meet In Design for Penn Station. New York Times. Retrieved from p=aone&sw=w&asid=33995d49283f6baaa3d8a020f20b181e Starting with the plan of remodeling James A. Farley post office building on 8th avenue, this article talks about the preservation of landmarks in New York City as well as the old Penn station, which make us think of an appreciation for them. It takes us to deep observations of both the post office and the old Penn Station including its details of structure design for us to understand how and what preservationists look at. By giving us some examples of architecture history and its politics in 19th centuries as well as the

5 influence of Beaux Arts to Penn station, it shows us an idea of how these styles become symbols to architecture.