242 Index. Q Qin dynasty, 8, 163 Qing dynasty, 163

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1 Index A Abramoff, Jack, 218 Accountability, 2, 4, 5, 10, 33, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 63, 68, 71, 76, 91, 96, 121, 123, 130, 156, 157, 161, 170, 175, 179, 199, 201, 203, 204, 210, 220, 226, 231,, Afghanistan, 12, 16, 51, 57, 99, , 150, , 232, 235 Algeria, 84, 89, 121 Angola, 13, 15, 65, 115, 117, 119, 121, 127, 130, 131, 137, 232,, 235 Anti-corruption campaigns, 7, 8, 15, 43, 64, 75, 88, 103, 104, 114, 136, 150, 159, , 183, 236 Apartheid, 134 Arab world, 15, 88, 89 Argentina, 15, 23, 25, 26, 28, 30, 46, 47, 236 Arms deals, 46, 91, 93, 134, 135 Audit, 35, 41, 42, 69, 100, 103, 104, 113, 151, 183, 220, 225, Australia, 2, 12, 13, 15, 16, 195, 198, 199, , B Balkans, 13, 58, 59, 73, 77 Bangladesh, 16, , 155, , 183, 226, Banking, 29, 64, 89, 99, 132, 133 Belarus, 58 60, 63, 72 Big man system, 203 Black market, 5, 6, 33, 72, 77, 90, 92, 101, 108, 154, 169, 171, 231, Bolivia, 23, Botswana, 12, 13, 111, 113, , 121, 136, 225 Brazil, 13, 15, 23 27, 30, 41 43, 66, 234 Bribes, bribery, 1 10, 12, 15, 23 27, 29 39, 41 47, 58, 60, 61, 63 75, 83, 85, 87, 89 96, 97, , , , , 145, 146, , 177, 178, 180, 182, 196, , 208, 209, 211, 215, 216, 218, 223, 225, 226, 231, 235, 236, Britain, 58, 59, 63, 64, 134, 207, 208, 236 Brunetti, 2, 5, 26, 57 Bush, George W., 90, 132, 213, 218, 223 C Canada, 12, 13, 16, 207, Caribbean, 15, 24, 25, 34, 35 Censorship, 14, 26, 33, 34, 62, 86, 98, 101, 130, 131, 137, 147, 149, 181, Central Asia, 14, 16, 48, 144, Checks and balances, 10, 47, 76, 133, 135, 164, 207 Chile, 22 25, 30, 44, 48, 225 China, 2, 5 8, 15, 16, 89, 128, 135, , 152, 157, , 170, 173, 175, 183, 197, 202, , Citizens United, 216, 217 Civil service, 3, 30, 32, 70, 76, 156, 164, 165, 177, 181, 197, 210, 220, 226, Cocaine, 29, 31, 36, 37, 40, 43, 44, 46, 219 Colombia, 22 29, 37, 38, 40, 44, 202, 232, 235 Colonial rule, 21, 22, 100, 126, 159 Communist Party, 7, 11, 16, 33, 75, 76, 149, , 170, 173, 232, 234 Congo, Democratic Republic of, 15, , 119, 126, 136 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 B. Warf, Global Corruption from a Geographic Perspective, GeoJournal Library 125, 239

2 240 Index Control of Corruption score, 26, 28, 61 63, 86, 147, 196, 200 Corruption Authoritarian rule and, 22, 30, 48 Construction and, 6, 7, 9, 10, 29, 34, 35, 38, 43, 45, 67 70, 72, 87, 91 93, 99, 101, 122, 124, 125, 128, 152, 153, , 166, 168, 172, 174, 176, 180, 209, 210, 222, 225, Costs and benefits, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 100, 113, 164, 175, 182, 197, 209, 226, 231, 236, Cultural aspects of, 177 Definitions, 1 3, 8, 10, 49, 50, 201 Drugs and, 5, 36, 113, 150, 153, 176, 179, 202, 203, 235 Environment and, 1, 5, 14, 22, 26, 33, 49, 70, 73, 74, 78, 84, 86, 87, 98, 100, 113, 114, 121, 125, 136, 148, 166, 181, 182, 204, 232, 234, 236 Forms of, 10, 58, 113, 176 Gender and, 6, 23, 64, 123 Globalization and, 5, 16, 49, 121, 136, 143, 147 History of, 8, 9, 11, 76, 88, 126, 163, 219, 224 Inequality and, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 22, 25, 30, 48, 61, 63, 74, 85, 96, 99, 119, 125, 131, 134, 146, 148, 150, 157, 160, 165, 166, 174, 183, 209, 217, 221, 226, 231, Infrastructure and, 6, 9, 69, 89, 93, 115, 123, 128, 158, 169, 199 Investment and, 1, 2, 7, 12, 33, 42, 48, 67, 69, 71, 74, 76, 84, 90, 92, 95, 98, 99, 101, 113, 121, 123, 124, 131, 136, 143, 147, 151, 165, 166, 174, 179, 180, 198, 214, 217, 221, 231, Laws against, 34, 208 Legitimacy and, 6, 16, 21, 30, 31, 83, 104, 123, 155, 162, 166, 167, 198 Literacy and, 2, 10, 14, 25, 28, 34, 48, 57, 61, 94, 100, 104, 111, 119, 120, 126, 133, 136, 146, 148, 152, 183, 197, 210, Media and, 5, 14, 26, 44, 48, 63, 74, 75, 76, 84, 85, 88, 91, 96, 98, 104, 121, 135, 136, 147, 149, 164, 171, 184, 199, 204, 210, Morale, effects on, 92, 114, 231 Municipal corruption, 11, 32, 35, 37, 42, 64, 66, 68, 93, 99, 158, 165, 209, 210, 224 National wealth and, 2, 14, 63, 84, 119, 148, 232 Natural resources and, 6, 83, 98, 113, 133, 135, 150, 152, 165 Oversight, 5, 26, 32, 37, 42, 43, 45, 63, 74, 76, 91, 113, 121, 128, 131, 132, , 164, 175, 177, 181, 204, 210, 217, 222, 224, 226, Protests against, 6, 29, 41, 42, 47, 86, 83, 95, 98, 99, 103, 156, 157, 166, 182, 197, 234 Resistance to, 91, 174 Corruption Perceptions Index, 12, 24, 39, 62, 195, 200 Costa Rica, 22, 24 27, 48 Crédit Mobilier scandal, 11, 16, 208, 210 Croatia, 46, 59, 60, 73 Cronyism, 35, 47, 92, 94, 98, 100, 131, 170, 181, 182, 213, 236 Cuba, 2, 15, 23, 26, Customs inspectors, 4, 6 D Diamonds, 65, 111, 126, 128, 130, 132, 180, 232, 235 Dominican Republic, 23 25, 27, 34 Drug trafficking, 29, 31, 32, 34 37, 44, 103, 125, 129 Duterte, Rodrigo, 179 E Eastern Europe, 15, 57 59, 71, 72, 77, 131, 149, 235 Ebola, 113 Ecuador, 25 27, 46 e-government, 39, 68, 88, 160, 163, 172, 173, 183, Egypt, 15, 84 86, 94, 95, 112, 115, 136, 232, El Salvador, 25 27, 136 Electoral finance, 68, 96, 215 Electoral fraud, 31, 73, 98, 162, 178 Embezzlement, 4, 8, 33, 46, 68, 73, 90 93, 95, 97, 99, 100, 103, 122, 130, 161, 163, 165, 169, , 203, 231 Equatorial Guinea, 121, 124, 125, Erdogan, 87, 88 Eritrea, 114, 117, 119, 235 Ethiopia, 114, 117, 119, 137 European Commission, 57, 71 European Court of Justice, 71 European Union, 15, 71, 72, 88

3 Index 241 F Facilitation payments, 68, 70, 73, 95, 171 Failed states, 12, 104, 136, Favoritism, 4, 5, 47, 64, 73, 74, 88, 95, 99, 125, 130, 208, 209, 216, 231, Fiji, 196, 202, 203 Fishing, 114, 125, 202, 234 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, 223, 224 Foreign investors, 2, 88, 102, 104, 127, 133, 136, 148, 184, 198, 204 France, 15, 34, 58, 59, 65, 66, 207, 208 Fraud, 11, 29, 31, 35, 39, 44, 46, 64, 65, 69, 73, 92, 93, , 103, , 127, 131, 134, 135, 149, 154, 156, 162, 164, 169, 172, 176, 178, 182, 188, 200, 201, 203, 215, 219, 223, 225, 234 Freedom House Index, 14, 26, 63, 85, 121, 136, 147, 148 Fujimori, Alberto, 44, 45 G Galphin Affair, 11, 208 Germany, 57 60, 63, 64, 134 Gift giving, 15, 112, 122, 145, 150, 151 Gilded Age, 111, 209, 214 Gini coefficient, 14, 28, 63, 86, 120, 148 Gold, 38, 110, 119, , 152, 166, 197, 232 Government contracts, 4, 6, 27, 41, 58, 60, 61, 69, 70, 85, 88, 93, 100, 101, 103, 117, 118, 124, 129, 135, 145, 146, 181, 196, Governors, 31, 38, 123, 168, 219, 220 Graft, 1, 3, 4, 32, 33, 39, 43, 48, 70, 72, 83, 87, , 130, 149, 153, 153, 158, 163, 164, 166, 171, 172, 174, 175, 178, 181, 182, 200, 231, 236 Grease-the-wheels view of corruption 6, 150, 163, 166 Greece, 8, 58 60, 63, 73 Guanxi, 59, 165, 166, 175, 234 Guatemala, 23 27, 29, 48 H Haiti, 12, 13, 23, 25, 26, 34, 48 Hajj, 152, 154, 156 Heroin, 29, 31, 98, 150, 153, 171 Hobbes, Thomas, 11 Honduras, 23, 25 27, 48 Hong Kong, 116, 143, 144, 164 Human rights, 11, 14, 26, 44, 62, 71, 85, 100, 124, 127, 129, 147, 197 I Illegal logging, 45, 114, 174, 182, 234 IMF, 103, 112, 131, 155 Immigrants, 135, 209 Incompetence, 92, 136 India, 8, 16, 114, , , 160, 181, 225, 232, Indonesia, 8, 15, 16, 66, 143, , , 200, 232 Iran, 9, 11, 15, 40, 84, 86, 90, 94, 98, 99, 100, 127, 213, Iran-contra Affair, 11, 213 Iraq, 12, 17, 55, 57, 83, 84, 85, 86, 90, 91, 92, 94, 99, 104, 199, 213, 232 Ireland, 58 60, 64 Israel, 12, 15, 84 86, 95 98, 104, 236 Italy, 8, 15, 57 59, 63, 68 70, 234, 236 Ivory, 126, 135 J Jamaica, 24 27, 36 Japan, 2, 12, 13, 16, 44, 143, 144, 147, 148, , 183, 184, 232, Judges, 9, 31, 37, 38, 44, 45, 69, 70, 73, 98, 103, 154, 156, 163, 166, 219, 220 Judiciary, 2, 5, 9, 30, 35, 41, 44, 47, 64, 65, 70, 72, 74, 76, 92, 95, 100, 101, 103, 126, 129, 130, 163, 164, 172, 174, 177, 182, 183, 197, 199,, K Kabila, 127 Kenya, 15, 111, , , 136, 232, 236 Kickbacks, 7, 31 34, 66, 68, 69, 74, 75, 90, 91, 93, 101, 103, 125, 135, 153, 158, 167, 168, 197, 199, 209, 225, 235, 236 Kidnappings, 41, 44, 123, 178 Kleptocracy, 15, 34, 45, 76, 100, 123, 125, 127, 128, 130, 131, 198, 232 Korea, North, 2, 13, 144, 147, 169, 170, 171, 173, 183, 232, 235 Korea, South, 2, 12, 13, 143, 144, 147, 148, 171, 172, 183, 184, 213, 234, Koreagate, 214, 235 Kyrgyzstan, , 152 L Land grabs, 95, 172, 131, 165 Lebanon, 85, 89, 90 Licenses, 25, 27, 39, 60, 61, 74, 85, 95, 117, 118, 124, 128, 130, 135, 145, 146, 150, 154, 158, 159, 174, 179, 196, 202,, 234,

4 242 Index Literacy, 2, 10, 14, 25, 28, 34, 48, 57, 61, 84, 86, 91, 104, 111, 119, 120, 130, 133, 136, 137, 146, 148, 149, 183, 184, 210,, 238 Lobbying, 16, 207, 213, 215, 217, 218, 220, 223, 224, 226 Long, Huey, 210, 219 M Mafia, 11, 69, 70, 76, 89, 150, 158, 202 Malaysia, 11, 16, 143, 144, 145, 147, 179, 180, 181, 197, 200, 234, 236 Mexico, 7, 15, 22 27, 29, 30 32, 48, 66, 208, 219, 232, Middle East, 13, 15, 40, 83, 85, 86, 103, 104, 155, 232 Military officials, 3, 41, 44, 156 Ming dynasty, 163 Mobutu, 126, 127, Morocco, 15, 84 86, 102, 103 Mugabe, Robert, 132, 133 N Ndrangheta, 69, 70 Neoliberalism, 15, 22, 47, 48, 71, 129, 134 Nepal, , 200 Nepotism, 1, 3, 4, 5, 11, 45, 49, 64, 65, 88, 89, 90, 92, 96, 98, , , 131, , , 155, 162, 164, 170, 174, 177, 182, 197, 208, 214, 231,, 234, 236 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 86, 97, 98 New Zealand, 12, 13, 16, , 199, , Nicaragua, 24, 25, 27, 48, 213 Nigeria, 15, 111, , , 137, No-bid contracts, 69, 99, 168, 225 Nomenclatura, 71 O Oceania, 16, 195, 196, 197, 203, 204 Offshore bank accounts, 152, 198 Operação Lava Jato (Operation Car Wash), 42 Opium, 150, 153, 166 Overinvoicing, 158, P Pacific Islands, 16, 195, , 234, 235 Pakistan, 15, 16, 99, , , 161, 183, , 236 Panama Papers, 29, 156 Panama, 23, 25 27, 29, 156 Papua New Guinea, 16, , 201, 203, 204, 234 Paraguay, 23, 25 28, 48 Park Geun-hye, 172 Passports, 40, 129, 154, 202 Patronage, 3, 10, 40, 43, 46, 47, 64, 68, 70, 72, 73, 75, 84, 87, 89 92, 96, 98, 100, 102, 103, 112, 114, 126, 129, 130, 132, 150, 152, 155, 175, 177, 181, 182, 197, 208, 209, Peru, 15, 23 29, 43 45, Petroleum, 39, 43, 83, 84, 92, 94, 100, 104, 113, 119, 167, 179, 182, 211, 217, 232, 235 Petrorevenues, 125 Pew Research Center, 21 Philippines, 16, 143, 144, 145, , Poland, 58, 59, 61, 72 Police, 5, 6, 9, 21, 23, 29 32, 34 38, 41, 44 46, 64, 65, 70, 72, 73, 89, 92, 95, 97, , 114, 115, 123, 129, 130, 134, 135, , 157, 158, 162, 168, 172, 174, , 184, , 204, 225, 231, 232, 234, Political connections, 5, 7, 33, 98, 102, 128, 129, 170, 217 Pork barrel, 168 Profiteering, 43, 152, 164, 165, 170 Progressive Era, 11, 207, 208, 210 Public employees, 5, 33, 104, 149, 155, 170, 219 Public procurement, 34, 39, 64, 66, 70, 88, 95, 124, 131, 151, 161, 162, 173 Puerto Rico, 23, 26, 35, 36 Q Qin dynasty, 8, 163 Qing dynasty, 163 R Railroads, 209, 218, 224 Refugees, 112, 170 Remittances, 16, 155, 157, 232 Rent-seeking, 4, 83, 91, 99, 104, 128, 146, 149, 175, 226 Resource curse, 15, 37, 39, 43, 48, 76, 83, 91, 92, 98, 100, 104, 113, , 127, 130, 136, 149, 155, 179, 182, 197, 232, 235 Roman Empire, 9, 214 Romania, 59, 61, 73, 236 Russia, 4, 15, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 96, 149, 150, 202, 215, 232, 235

5 Index 243 S Saudi Arabia, 13, 15, 84, 92, 93, 156, 232, 234, 236 Scandals, 6, 11, 16, 21, 23, 29, 32 38, 42, 43, 46, 47, 50, 57, 64 69, 72 74, 97, 98, 103, 111, 122, 128, 129, 131, 134, 135, 150, 151, 156, 158, 159, , 172, 173, , 200, 207, 210, 212, 213, 219, 225 Scandinavia, 2, 13, 58, 59, 63, 77, 144, 232, Senators, 35, 42, 210, 211, 217, 219, 223, 225 Sex scandal, 167 Singapore, 12, 13, 66, 143, 144, 147, 148, 183, 184 Slush fund, 44, 67, 168, 212 Soldiers, 37, 90, 92, 126, 127, 153, 154 South Africa, 13, 15, 111, , 118, 119, 134, 135, 232 South Sudan, 86, 100, 101, 114, 118, 119, 136 Spain, 15, 21, 57, 58, 59, 61, 67, 68, 209 Spoils system, State capture, 16, 33, 37, 66, 68, 72 74, 135, 149, 157, 164, 226, 232 State-owned enterprises, 33, 164 Sudan, 15, 83, 84, 86, 100, 101, 104, 114, 118, 119, 121, 136 Syria, 84, 86, 89, 104, 235 T Taliban, 152, 153, 154 Tammany Hall, 11, 209 Teapot Dome 11, 16, 211 Thailand, 8, 16, 143, 144, 145, 147, 149, 175, 176, 177 Tonga, 196, 202 Transparency International, 3, 12 14, 15, 23 26, 28, 37, 39 41, 49, 57 59, 62 64, 66, 83 86, 88, 96, 100, 101, 104, 111, 113, 115, 116, 119, 120, 135, 145, 146, 148, 151, 161, 164, 169, 182, 195, 197, 199, 200, 207, 213 Transparency, 3, 5, 11 15, 23 29, 36, 37, 39 41, 43, 47 49, 57 59, 62 64, 66, 68, 70, 83, 85, 86, 88, 92, 95, 96, 98, 100, 101, 103, 104, 111, 113, 115, 116, 119, 120, 123, 130, 131, 135, 145, 146, 148,151, 152, 157, , 169, 177, 179, 181, 182, 195, 197, 199, 200, 203, 207, 210, 213, 214, 217, 226, 231,, 235, Trinidad & Tobago, 23, 25 27, 37 Trump, Donald, Turkey, 6, 13, 15, 84 88, 99, Turkmenistan, 13, 144, 147, U Ukraine, 15, 58 59, 61, 73 75, 215, 234, 236 United Nations Convention Against Corruption, 235 United States, 10, 12 13, 15 16, 32, 37, 96, 153, 155, 165, 206, 216, 218, 224 Uruguay, 22 27, 30, 48 Uzbekistan, 13, 144, 146, 151 V Venezuela, 13, 15, 23, 25 28, 39 41, 48, 232, Vietnam, 2, 5, 16, 135, 142, , 149, , 200, 232, 234 W Warlords, 37, 127, 150, 153 Wasta, 15, 88 89, 93 Watergate, 11, 16, 212, 216, 223 Weberian democracy, 71, 164, 174, 204, Western Europe, 15, 57, 63, 68, Whiskey Ring scandal, 11, 211 Whistleblowers, 43, 47, 65 66, 68, 72, 101, 124, 160, 198, 225 Wikileaks, 49, 100, 102, 200 Wildlife, 114, 135, 234 World Bank, 7, 11 12, 26, 28, 46, 48, 58 59, 61 63, 85 86, 89, 103, 112, , 131, 136, , , 174, 184, 196, 200, 203, 235 X Xi Jinpeng, 16 Y Yazoo property scandal, 208 Yemen, 12, 84 86, 89, 104 Z Zimbabwe, 114, 116, , 121, 127, , 232 Zuma, Jacob, 134