K K-12 school environments, 277

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1 A Actor partner interdependence model, 313 Adolescents, 7, 8, 25 27, 30, 32, 33, 47, 49, 50, 108, 111, 120, 127, 163, 218, 243, 255, , 327, 343, 347, 349, 354, 362 Adoption, 11, 21, 39, 60, 71, 93, 109, 135, 150, 182, 197, 211, 227, 242, 263, 291, 308, 360 Adoptive families, 39 42, 46 52, 360 Advocacy, 100, 137, 168, 214, 254, , 302 Africa, 142, 210, 211, African-American LGBT families, 211 Aging, 80, 177, 178, 184, 187, 188, 304 Alternative insemination, 138, 154, 310, 360 American Indian Two-Spirit parents, 138 ART. See Assisted reproductive technology (ART) Asian/Pacific Islander LGBT families, 134, Assisted reproductive technology (ART), 73, 219, 298 B Bias, 26, 27, 32, 44, 68, 145, 241, 245, 246, 261, , 282, 284, 288 Biographical narrative interviews, 326, 334 Biological mothers, 27, 28, 215, 216, 245, 310, 311, 364 Biological relatedness, 27, 71, 76, 83 Biphobia, 96 Bisexual, 7, 22, 44, 60, 87, 105, 117, 133, 149, 163, 177, 193, 209, 225, 241, 261, 275, 325, 345, 361 Bisexuality, 88, 89, 91 93, 96 98, 101, 117, 124, 149, 184, 362 Border dwellers, 120 C Case studies, 113, 143, 213, 220, 328, 333, 339 Child adjustment, 344, 346 custody, 6, 89, 90, 98, 109, 123, 292 welfare, 44, 51, 88, 98, 246 Childfree, 59 69, 360 Childless, 59 69, 360 Childrearing, 33, 79, 138, 140, 144, 150, 241, 256 Children, 3, 21, 39, 59, 71, 93, 105, 117, 133, 149, 163, 177, 193, , 227, 241, , 275, 291, 310, 325, 343, 360 Chunde T women, 143 Citizenship, 67, 136, 137, 142, 145, 146, 197, 202, 242 Clinical practice, 137, 142 Clinical work, , Clinicians, 4, 14, 72, 81, 83, 111, 187, 242, 256, 257, 261, 262, 267, 271 Cohort studies, 344 Collaborative parenting, 125 Coming out, 4, 7 9, 12, 14 16, 21, 33, 47, 62, 63, 71, 88, 96, 97, 105, , 113, 122, 163, 164, , 172, 173, 178, 179, , 194, , , 252, 253, 255, 261, 266, 267, , 334, 360 Communication privacy management (CPM), 121 Community climate, , 201, 203, 204, 279 Community programs and social services, 123 Comparative analysis, 348 Co-parent, 9, 23, 48, 83, 110, 135, 153, 216, 245, 291, Coworkers, 50, 202, 225, CPM. See Communication privacy management (CPM) Cross-cultural, 6, 209, 211, 212, 249, 350 Culture, 62, 92, 117, 119, , , 144, 153, 165, 169, 171, 179, 180, 183, 185, 187, 188, , 214, 216, , 228, 229, 243, 244, 246, 251, 273, D Datasets, 321, 339, 340 Decision-making, 27 28, 59, 60, 64, 66 69, 71, 184, 252, 267, 271, 279, 280, 303, 326, 338 De facto parent, De facto parentage, 302 Dependency, in data, , 319 Developmental outcomes, 5, 6, 16 Diaries, 154, 326, 327, A.E. Goldberg and K.R. Allen (eds.), LGBT-Parent Families: Innovations in Research and Implications for Practice, DOI / , Springer Science+Business Media New York

2 368 Index Disclosure, 8, 12, 46, 47, 94, 96 98, 107, 110, , 123, 126, 129, 168, 173, 181, , 189, 198, 202, 203, 218, 219, 225, 231, 233, 234, 253, 272, 296, 297, 362 Discrimination, 31, 41, 44, 46, 49, 92, 98, 99, , 112, 114, 122, 123, 141, 144, , 167, 169, 170, 178, 184, 197, , 212, 213, 219, 221, 225, 230, 232, 233, 245, 252, 254, 261, 263, , 272, , 346, 347, 365 Distinguishability, , 318 Distinguishable, 183, 308, , Diversity, 6, 14, 16, 22, 29, 33, 50, 52, 68, 71, 75, 80, 100, 101, 105, 107, 114, , 133, 134, 139, , 145, 168, 170, 173, , , 189, , 201, 209, 213, 215, 217, 234, 244, 249, 280, 286, 288, 334, 337, 338, 350, , 364 Doing gender, Donor insemination, 21 34, 43, 65, 74, 94, 154, 182, 215, 216, , 257 Donor status, 22, 29, 30 Drawings, 4, 6, 63, 74, 96, 106, 120, 138, 140, 143, 144, 149, 231, 315, 327, 330 Dyad(s), 307, 308, Dyadic, , 333 E Eastern Europe, 216 Education systems, 144 Egalitarian parenting, 138, 154, 246 Egg donor, 71, 74, 76 79, 81, 83, 251, 271 Emotion maps, 327, Essentialism, 92, 218, Ethnomethodology, 151 Everyday life, 150, 151, 156, 158, 329, 333 Expectant fathers, 72 Extended family network, 15 External stigmatization, 122, 128 External surveillance, 118, 122 F Family building, 92, , 250, 257, 281, 287, 363 contexts, 110, 112 diversity, 244, 288 formation, 59, 72, 106, 108, 112, 114, 133, 134, 137, 138, 141, 145, 146, 295, 299, 300, 340, 360 functioning, 21, 41, 46, 48, 49, 51, 309, 317, 325 law, 82, , 295, 300 life cycle, processes, 14, 110, 138 relationships, 5 sexuality, 325, 335, 336, 338 tasks, 23, 24 therapy, 254, 264, 266, 267 Female-to-male (FTM), , 112, 152, 170, 171 Femininity, 28, 106, 149, 151, , 228 Feminism, 14, 60, 72, 138, 360 Feminist theory, 72 Feminist therapy, 72 Focus group research, 151 Foster care, 21, 40, 51, 60, 64, 69, 135, 140, 141, 150, 153, , 245, 247, 248, 251, 252 FTM. See Female-to-male (FTM) Functional parent, 72 G Gay fathering, 71, 359 Gay fathers, 4, 33, 46, 60, 71, 134, 151, 167, 181, 218, 317, 350, 359 Gay grandfathers, 181, 184, 185, 188, 362 Gay meccas, 193 Gender attribution, 151 development, 5, 6, 26, 46, 47, 149, 150, 155, 159, , 254 identi fi cation, 29, 105, 106, 108, 109, 111, 112, 114, 165, 170, 254 identity, 28, , 149, 150, 154, 155, 158, 164, 165, , 197, 216, 225, 243, 244, , 275, 276, 282, 283, , 344, 346, 362, 364 nonconformity, 152, 164 normativities, 150 role, 5, 8, 26 27, 31, 47, 107, 110, 149, , 165, 199, , 226, 228, 243, 246, 247, 255, 264, 275, 278, 288, 361 Generalizability, 32, 346, 348 Genetic surrogacy, 73 Geographical diversity, Geographical regions, 113 Geographic location, 61, 64, 68, 106, 244 Gestational surrogacy, 73, 74, 82, 300 Global change, 209 Grandchildren, 77, 139, , 195 Grandparent grandchild relationship, , Grandparenting, , 188, 362 Group marriage, 117, 124 H Health, 13, 26, 27, 43, 45, 46, 51, 59, 65, 66, 73, 74, 76, 83, 87 91, 93, 94, , 108, 109, , , , 135, 152, 163, 177, , , 212, 225, 232, 233, 243, 246, 254, 257, 270, 294, 298, 310, 311, 316, 338, Health services, 88, 99, 118, 126, 129, 338 Heteronormative, 74, 78, 95, , 112, 117, 125, 142, , 156, 157, 164, 166, 172, 173, , , 217, 219, 221, 243, 246, 257, 270, 331, 349 Heteronormativity, 146, 169, 172, 209, 212, Heterosexism, 8, 43, 47, 60, 97, 99, 134, 146, 169, 189, 200, 202, 219, 226, 230, , 343, 346

3 Heterosexual couples, 10, 23, 28, 40, 42, 43, 45 49, 65, 78, 79, 82, 112, 229, 244, 245, 253, 257, 279, 292, 307, 308, 310, 314, 315, 317, 327, 362 Heterosexual privilege, 92, 93, 99, 109, 112 Household space, 127, 152, 194, 218, 285, 327, 336 I Immigration, 136, 137, 139, 146 Indistinguishability, 308 Indistinguishable, 140, 292, 308, , 320, 329 Inequality, 81, 135, 141, 150, 212, 217, 233 Intentional LGBTQ families, 166 Intentional parenting, 68, 69 Interaction(s), 10, 14, 24, 29, 32, 40, 41, 43, 45, 48 50, 60, 63, 72, 77, 92, 110, 122, 129, 150, 155, 164, 197, 198, 202, 204, 219, 227, 228, 261, 269, 277, 308, 314, 318, 327, 335, 336 Interactionism, 60, 72 Intergenerational relationships, 177, 179, 187, 189, Internalized homophobia, 46, 60, 62, 75, 158, 165, 169, 196, 198, 199, 219, 232, 242, 257, 268, 269, 271 International contexts, 133, 134, 142, 145 Intersectionality, 4, 72, 106, 113, 134, 146, 172, 188, 196, , 361 Interventions, 40, Intimacy, 46, 110, 122, 125, 142, 220, 244, , 332, 333, Intraclass correlation (ICC), 311, 312 Invisibility, 91, 92, 96, 99, 100, 118, 121, 122, 182, 187, 221, 225, 241, 304, 362 In vitro fertilization (IVF), 73, 138, 219 Israel, 24, K K-12 school environments, 277 L Lala identified women, 143 Large scale secondary datasets, 343 Latin America, 212, 214 Latino/a LGBT families, 251 Law, 10, 27, 39, 41, 50, 51, 82, 118, 137, 145, 146, 150, 185, 198, 203, 212, 213, 215, 216, 283, , 340 Legal, 3, 22, 41, 64, 72, 98, 105, 118, 142, 157, 164, 181, 196, 209, 241, 263, 282, 291, 361 climate, 46, , 217, 282, 364 intervention, 282 issues, 72, 81 82, 257, 292, 299, 300 parent, 11, 22, 41, 82, 109, 248, 263, parentage, 82, 291, 293, 295, 301 Lesbian/gay umbrella, 93 Lesbian grandmothers, , LGBT grandparents, , 181, , 359, 362 LGBTQ activism, 200, 203 community, 169, 172, , 199, 200, 203, 204, 241, 256, 257, 268 families post-heterosexual divorce, 3 16 parenting, 359, 360 umbrella, 241 workers, 249 young adults, 164, 168, 244 youth, , 244 LGBTQ-friendly employment benefits, 234 LGBTQ-friendly medical and legal services, 81 Life course theory, 4, 308, 309 Limitations, 6, 22, 32 33, 119, 141, 142, 153, 157, 165, 198, 202, 300, , 333, 347, Listening to children, Longitudinal, 24 27, 31 33, 51, 60, 68, 150, , 229, 269, 277, 308, , 319, 320, 343, 344, 347, 348, 350 M Male role models, 6, 30 31, 140, 154, 219, 332 Male-to-female (MTF), 170 Masculinity, 106, , 155, 156, 195, 213, 228, 252, 333 Mati work, 142 Measurement, 4, 13, 145, 317, Media representations, 92, 126 Methodological challenges, 363 Minority group identity, 193, 268 Minority stress, , , 234, 269, 346 Minority stress theory, 196, 197, 269 Monosexism, 92 Motherhood, 5, 6, 8, 15, 61, 63, 65, 66, 68, 69, 83, 100, 138, 139, 144, 145, 152, 153, 156, 157, , , 221, 229, 246, 253, 254, 256, 326, , 337, 360 MTF. See Male-to-female (MTF) Multilevel modeling (MLM), , 363 Multiple informants, 308, Multiple minority status, 138, 141 Multiracial families, 141, 280 N Narrative therapy, 242, 249, 255, 264, 271 National datasets, 13 National surveys, 27, 39, 42, 89, 94, 182, 188, 202, New kinship structures, 125 Nonbiological mothers, 22, 27 29, 33, 77, 247, 310, 311 Nonmetropolitan areas, 81, , 204 Nonmonogamy, 124, 127 Non-Western, 125, 143, 144, , 359, 361

4 370 Index O Observations, 4, 24, 29, 32, 45, 47, 49, 50, 140, 154, 156, 214, 243, , 332, 333 Oddfather, 125 Oddmother, 125 Older adults, 177, 179, P Parenthood, 3, 7, 8, 11 14, 16, 22, 23, 28, 31, 34, 42 43, 45 46, 49, 51, 60 62, 67, 68, 71 76, 78, 80 83, 90, , 143, 145, 198, , , 230, 233, 244, 245, , 255, 256, 261, 268, , 297, 302, 310, , 325, 326, , 333, 338, 361, 362, 364 Parenthood motives, 23 Parenting agreement, 301 Parenting decision-making processes, 60, 64, 66, 68, 69 Parenting stress, 48 Participatory methods, , 335, 336 Partner effects, Passing, 99, 109, , 128, 154 Photo elicitation, 326, 328, Policy, 22, 39, 41, 49 51, 69, 72, 82 83, 88, 89, 98, 122, 129, 135, 136, 142, 145, 146, 179, 282, 283, 286, 287, 337, 349, 365 Political, 10, 41, 72, 78, 94, 100, 120, 125, 144, 146, 150, 159, 169, 196, 199, 200, 203, 204, 209, , 225, 243, 253, 256, 292, 297 Political climate, 134, 144, , 217 Polyamory, 93, , , Polyfamily, , Polyfidelity, 117, 128 Polyparenting, Population studies, 33, 68, 145, 172 Poster-child mentality, Programs advocacy, school, Prospective parenting, 41, 43 44, 51, 73, 74, 77, 135, , 292, 295, 296 Psychosocial adjustment, 39, 268, 349 Psychosocial approach, 334 Q Qualitative mixed methods (QMM), , 332, 333, 335, 339, 340 Queer, 15, 88, 97, 99, 100, 106, 108, 111, 113, 114, 117, 118, 127, 134, 141, 151, 158, , , 209, 211, 242, 243, 245, 246, 248, 252, 256, 257, 291, 325, 329, 332, 338, 339, 347 Queer theory, 12, 15, 16, 106, 256 R Race, 14, 26, 33, 43, 59 64, 66 68, 71, 75, 77, 78, 81, 83, 97, 101, 106, , 119, , , 170, 172, 179, 180, 186, 188, , 209, 212, 219, 232, 233, , 248, 250, 263, 264, 280, 283, 287, 346, 350, 360, 361 Race and class privilege, 59, 68, 113, 119, 361 Racial disparities, 135, 137 Racial minority same-sex couples, , 141, 146, 195 Relational therapy, 112, 242 Religion, 200, 201, 209, , 219, , 248, 280, 294, 303, 346 Religious climate, Representative samples, 13, 166, 349, 354, 364 Reproductive decision-making, 75 Reproductive outsourcing, 72, 81 Reproductive technologies, 21, 22, 60, 65, 66, 71 73, 77, 78, 80, 83, 144, 145, 213, 217, 219, 245, 298, 360 Residential community, 193, , 199, 201, 204 Role theory, 155, 156, 227, 230 Rural, 113, 114, 128, 135, 142, 143, 193, 195, 196, 203, 244, 277, 349, 361 S Safer school climate, 283, 286, 287 Same-sex couples, 28, 41 43, 45, 50, 60, 82, 95, 109, 122, 123, , 163, , , 197, 198, , 212, 213, 215, 229, 232, 241, 244, 245, 257, 279, 282, , , 297, 300, 302, 307, 308, 310, 312, , 359, 360, 362, 363 Same-sex marriage, 9, 22, 31, 94, 109, 135, 136, 146, 181, , 203, 241 Same-sex parent households with children, 349 Same-sex partner households with children, School climate, , 275, 276, 278, 279, 281, 282, 284, 286, 287 communities, 122, 124, , School-based interventions, Secondary data, 168, 170, 343, Secondary datasets, 345, 348 Second generation, , 362 Second-parent, 41, 263, 295, 301, 302 Second-parent adoption, 11, 41, 73, 82, 83, 197, 263, 296, 298, Self-esteem, 7, 26, 30, 40, 62, 80, 88, 122, 127, 169, 201, 228, 254, 268, 272 Self-monitoring, 123 Semi-structured interviews, 32, 185, 230, 328, 332 Sex role, 155, 156, 159, 246 Sexual behavior, 3, 6, 26 27, 91, 96, 167, 346, 361

5 Sexual identity, 3, 6, 9, 14, 15, 46, 60, 62, 63, 69, 88, 93, 95 97, 99, 133, 150, 164, 166, 169, 171, 181, 187, 201, 210, 213, 225, 230, 231, 233, 234, 241, 249, 292, 330, 331, Sexuality, 3, 6, 8 9, 14, 16, 59, 60, 68, 71, 72, 88 91, 101, 106, 118, 121, , 141, 142, 145, 146, 149, 153, 156, 158, 159, , 171, 184, 186, 187, 196, , 220, 225, 232, 244, 246, 247, 249, 250, 254, 256, 263, 264, 270, 272, 294, , , 335, 336, 338, 339, 363 Sexual-maternal identity, Sexual minority parenting, 72, 75, 83, 134, 135, 137, Sexual orientation, 3, 4, 6, 13, 15, 16, 27, 32, 33, 41, 42, 44 49, 73, 88, 89, 91, 92, 94 96, , 108, 111, 112, 138, 145, 146, 151, 153, , , , 194, 197, , 210, 211, , 225, 230, 232, , 246, 249, 254, 263, 265, , 272, 273, 275, 276, 278, , 314, 329, 344, 346, 349, Sexual orientation development, 167 Shared child-rearing, 28, Social class, 13, 71, 81, 117, 137, 154, 172, 180, 188, 194, 195, 245, , 314, 350, 359, 360, 365 Social constructionist theory, 92 Socialization theory, 156 Social justice, 100, , 243 Social mothers, 22, 23, , 364 Social parent, 293, 294, 302, 303 Social parentage, 83, 251, 291, 293 Social support, 46, 69, 90, 99, 107, , , 196, 198, 199, 216, 219, , 230, 244, 272, 311, 312 South Africa, South America, 210, 212, 214 Sperm donor, 78, 144, 247, 251, 262, 263, 271 Stepparenting, 3, 12, 250, 251 Stigma, 7, 8, 12, 45, 79, 107, 108, 122, 159, 166, 194, , 203, 204, 211, 212, 221, , 234, 246, , 261, 268, 269, Stigma theory, Stigmatization, 10, 12, 22, 29, 31 33, 108, 114, 118, 122, 124, 128, 151, 154, 166, 204, 211, 212, 221, 233, 263, Students, 72, 202, 256, , 312, 320 Support networks, 59 61, 63 65, 107, 113 Supports, 10, 12, 25, 28, 32, 44 46, 51, 59 61, 63 65, 69, 80 82, 88, 90, 93 96, 98 99, 107, , , 122, , 136, , 146, 157, 164, 165, 167, 169, 172, 173, , , 193, 194, 196, , 216, 219, , , 233, 234, 242, 244, , 251, 253, 254, 257, , 276, 279, 281, , 294, 297, 303, , 349, 360 Surrogacy, 63, 65, 71 83, 245, , 255, , 362 Surrogate mother, 71 74, 76 81, 178 Surveys, 5, 8, 11, 13, 21 22, 27, 39, 42, 63, 89, 93, 94, , 123, 126, , 182, 188, 197, , 225, 228, , , 363 Symbolic interactionist theory, Systems therapy, T Takatapui women, 144 Therapists, 110, 111, 126, 242, , , 261, 262, , , 363 Therapy, 112, 126, 242, , 262, , , 363 Traditionalist (culture), , Transfeminist therapy, 242, 255 Transgender, 51, 68, 91, 95, , 117, 133, 134, 143, , 163, 170, 171, , 209, 211, 221, 241, 242, 244, , 275, 287, 291, 297, 325, 345, 346, 351, 362, 363 Transitioning, 105, 106, , 253, 254 Transnational adoption, 83, 140 Transphobia, 105, 108, 242, 244, , 275, Transracial adoption, 40, 42, 43, 46, 48, 50, Treatment approaches, 142, 338 U Urban, 43, 64, 113, 127, 128, 154, , 203, 217, 246, 277, 349 V Variability, 28, 180, 187, 231, 232, 309, 310, 312, 316, 319, 346, 347 Variance, , 146, 179, 187, 307, 309, , Vignettes, 219, 247, 256, , 272, 326, 328, Visual methods, 329 W Westernized, , 213, 218, 219 White racial privilege, 134 Work-family balance, 233, 234 Work-family conflict, , 232 Work-family interface, , Workplace, 152, 187, 196, , , 361 Workplace climate,