Technological Aspects of Land Plots Surveying in Russia

Transcription

1 Technological Aspecs of Land Plos Surveying in Russia Prof. Y. K. NEUMYVAKIN, Russia Key words: ABSTRACT As a resul of land reform a new basis of land sysem has been creaed in Russia. Monopoly of sae ownership on land has been abolished; a new class of land owners has been creaed, among hem 45 mln. people. 30 mln. hecares of land were given o ciizens and organizaions as ownership. Land Code of Russian Federaion adoped on he 30 h of December, 200, pu ino effec concepion of land no only as naural resources used as a means of producion in agriculure and foresry, bu a he same ime as real propery, an objec of he righ on ownership and righ on land. Every year on he erriory of Russian Federaion more han 0,5 mln. sale and purchase ransacions of land plos beween ciizens have been implemened. Such ransacions should be preceded by surveying of land plos, i.e., implemenaion of measures on definiion of locaion and boundaries of land plos on he area. Technological aspecs of land plos surveying are given in he aricle which are subjecs of sale and purchase beween ciizens of Russian Federaion. Agreemens beween land plos owners and execuors of work or judicial decisions can serve as background in such a case. Juridical persons or individual enerpreneurs having a licence on land use planning work fulfillmen are execuors of land plo surveying. Land plo surveying should include he following main seps: - To deermine and co-ordinae land plos boundaries on he localiy - To fix boundaries locaion on he area by surveying signs and deermine heir fla recangular coordinaes - To calculae land plo area - To make a plan of land plo boundaries. Russian Federaion Commiee on land resources and land use planning (Roskomzem) Insrucion on lands surveying adoped in 996 is he main normaive legal documen of land plos surveying on he erriory of Russia. Technological aspecs of land plos surveying in accordance wih he sages of work adoped in Russian Federaion are shorly saed below. /8

2 Deerminaion of land plo boundaries on he localiy and heir agreemen are made in land owners, proprieors and users of concerned land plos or auhorized persons presence whose righs are legally cerified. If some debaes abou land plos locaion and heir boundaries on he area are appeared during agreemen hen land plo surveying is sopped up o is decision, including in legal form. Land plo boundaries deerminaion and agreemen resuls on he localiy are regisered officially by an ac which mus be signed by all paricipans of his procedure including an execuor of work. The ac is approved by he Commiee on land resources and land use planning of he disric (ciy) of he subjec of Russian Federaion. CONTACT Professor Y. K. Neumyvakin, Docor of echnical sciences Sae Universiy on Land Use Planning Minisry of Agriculure of Russian Federaion 5, Kazakov Sr. Moscow RUSSIA Fax guzru@ciyline.ru 2/8

3 Technological Aspecs of Land Plos Surveying in Russia Prof. Y. K. NEUMYVAKIN, Russia As a resul of land reform a new basis of land sysem has been creaed in Russia. Monopoly of sae ownership on land has been abolished; a new class of land owners has been creaed, among hem 45 mln. people. 30 mln. hecares of land were given o ciizens and organizaions as ownership. Land Code of Russian Federaion adoped on he 30 h of December, 200, pu ino effec concepion of land no only as naural resources used as a means of producion in agriculure and foresry, bu a he same ime as real propery, an objec of he righ on ownership and righ on land. Every year on he erriory of Russian Federaion more han 0,5 mln. sale and purchase ransacions of land plos beween ciizens have been implemened. Such ransacions should be preceded by surveying of land plos, i.e., implemenaion of measures on definiion of locaion and boundaries of land plos on he area. Technological aspecs of land plos surveying are given in he aricle which are subjecs of sale and purchase beween ciizens of Russian Federaion. Agreemens beween land plos owners and execuors of work or judicial decisions can serve as background in such a case. Juridical persons or individual enerpreneurs having a licence on land use planning work fulfillmen are execuors of land plo surveying. Land plo surveying should include he following main seps: - o deermine and co-ordinae land plos boundaries on he localiy; - o fix boundaries locaion on he area by surveying signs and deermine heir fla recangular coordinaes; - o calculae land plo area; - o make a plan of land plo boundaries. Russian Federaion Commiee on land resources and land use planning (Roskomzem) Insrucion on lands surveying adoped in 996 is he main normaive legal documen of land plos surveying on he erriory of Russia. Technological aspecs of land plos surveying in accordance wih he sages of work adoped in Russian Federaion are shorly saed below. Deerminaion of land plo boundaries on he localiy and heir agreemen are made in land owners, proprieors and users of concerned land plos or auhorized persons presence whose righs are legally cerified. If some debaes abou land plos locaion and heir boundaries on he area are appeared during agreemen hen land plo surveying is sopped up o is decision, including in legal form. Land plo boundaries deerminaion and agreemen resuls on he localiy are regisered officially by an ac which mus be signed by all paricipans of his 3/8

4 procedure including an execuor of work. The ac is approved by he Commiee on land resources and land use planning of he disric (ciy) of he subjec of Russian Federaion. Surveying signs fixing on he localiy and heir fla recangular coordinaes deerminaion are made afer previous procedure which was devoed o definiion and agreemen of land plo boundaries. Surveying signs are placed on urning poins of a land plo boundary. If boundaries coincide wih naural and arificial bars (rivers, sreamles, canals, fences, blocks of houses, ec.) i s no necessary o fix surveying signs. Marks on separae consrucional elemens of buildings and faciliies which mus be described by all means serve as boundary poins on buil erriory. Differen ypes of surveying signs are used o fix boundaries each depending on local condiions, he end of which is fixed by fla recangular coordinaes. If here are no any buildings on he area wooden poles, meal pipes, ec. are used as surveying signs, and if here are some buildings special marks, nails and oher meal aricles are used which are fixed by cemen soluion on he foundaions of differen faciliies, including asphal covering, kerbs, ec. As geodeic basis of land surveying can serve cenres of: - Sae geodeic nework (SGN). - Srong poin of surveying nework (SPSN). SPSN cenres are iniial phases for single coordinae basis esablishing on adminisraive regions areas for carrying ou sae land cadasre, land use planning, including land plos surveying, monioring and land invenory for differen purposes. They are also used for quick renewal of los surveying signs and oher sae land cadasre and land use planning problems decision. A sae geodeic nework poins and srong poins of surveying nework are usually locaed a grea way off from a land plo o deermine surveying signs coordinaes i s necessary o creae surveying nework (SN). Cenres of SN can be combined wih surveying signs or should be locaed near here. Srong poin of surveying nework and land plos surveying building accuracy for some land caegories are given in able #. 4/8

5 Characerisics of land plos surveying accuracy. N Land caegories Mean quadraure errors (sandards), cm Muual SN poins posiions posiion in adjacen poins SPSN relaion o he neares cenres of SGN and SPSN Lands for urban selemens Land for rural selemens Lands for agriculural purposes Surveying signs posiion in relaion o he neares SN poin Range of mean quadraure errors changes shown in his able, e.g., are explained by urban and rural buildings densiy, by presence of mulisory capial buildings, by densiy of engineering communicaions, by high values of agriculural lands, ec. Srong poin of surveying nework echnology creaion includes he following sages of work: - Planning, reconnoire and echnical projecing - Poins cenres laying - Geodeic measuremens - Field calculaions and qualiy measuremens conrol - Making SPSN coordinaes caalogue. Technical projecing provides he mos reliable and economic mehods using for srong poin of surveying nework creaion based upon suiable calculaions which mus mee land plo surveying accuracy needs (able, colomn 3). Coordinaes of SPSN cenres are mainly deermined in according o he observaions of GLONASS and NAVSTAR sysems Earh arificial saellies in saica regime. A sory poin of surveying nework is fixed o no less han 2 sae geodeic cenres of SGN/or SPSN of previous developmen sage. SPSN are fixed o he locaion by he cenres providing heir long-erm safey and sabiliy boh in a plan and on he heigh. A mark wih a sign is a consiuive elemen of SPSN cenres o which fla recangular coordinaes and heigh are concerned. An appropriae signaure is made on he mark and SPSN cenres number is indicaed. SPSN cenres are locaed, as a rule, on lands which are sae or municipal ownership aking ino consideraion heir access o fix equipmen o work wih hem. Afer laying SPSN cenres are passed by an ac o provide heir safey. When creaing SPSN fla recangular coordinaes are used in Gauss projecion which are deermined in local coordinaes sysems. Simple connecion beween local coordinaes sysems and adoped sae coordinaes sysem is provided. For each local coordinaes sysem he following parameres of coordinae nework on he plane in Gauss projecion is esablished: 5/8

6 - Longiude of axis meridian - Number of coordinae zones - Coordinaes of condiional saring. Mahemaical inerpreaion of geodeic measuremens is carried ou using suiable sofware. Mean quadraure errors value of SPSN nework elemens calculaed in accordance wih equaion resuls mus correspond o daa presened in able. SPSN cenres coordinaes caalogues are made when geodeic works and heir mahemaical inerpreaion are finished. Caalogues keeping, as a rule, is carried ou in elecronic form. SPSN cenres fla recangular coordinaes are indicaed in a caalogue as well as heir heigh in he Balic sysem, which are deermined in according o mahemaical inerpreaion of saellie geodeic measuremens. SPSN cenres and sae geodeic nework serve as iniial geodeic basis for surveying nework building and deerminaion of fla recangular coordinaes of surveying signs. As i was menioned above SN can be combined wih surveying signs or hey mus be locaed close o hem. In such a case a polar mehod is usually applied o deermine surveying signs coordinaes, using elecronic acheomeer o define surveying signs polar coordinaes. SN cenres serve as iniial geodeic poins in such a case. To deermine fla recangular coordinaes of surveying nework poins he following mehods are used: - Saellie geodeic deerminaion - Polygonomery (usually on seling lands) - Geodeic sraigh and combined marks, ec. When i is grounded phoogrammeric mehods are used if echnical requiremens menioned in he above able daa are carried ou. Selecion mehods of surveying nework making are dicaed by local condiions, relevan equipmen, economical and oher facors. When geodeic work is conduced i is possible o deermine heigh of surveying signs aking ino accoun special requiremens. Mahemaical inerpreaion of geodeic measuremens is conduced on he basis of sofware, which makes i possible o ge daa abou land plo locaion quickly wih accuracy from 3 5 cm up o cm depending on land caegories, densiy and building number of soreys, agriculural lands value and so on (see able ). Land plo area is calculaed in accordance wih surveying signs. Well-known formulae are used for i. n ( y y ) = y ( x x ), P = 2 xi i+ i 2 i= n i= i i+ i 6/8

7 where: P is a calculaed area of a land plo; xi and y i are abscissa and ordinae of surveying sign i ; i is a number of surveying sign (i =, 2, 3.n). As i was menioned above land plos owners who have legal documens on righ of ownership can serve as subjecs of surveying. Their area (P 0 ) mus be indicaed. Therefore he nex sep of land plos surveying is P and P 0 areas comparison and assessmen of heir significance and divergence. Divergence modulus P is calculaed for his purpose which is equal o P = P P 0, Revealed divergence can be received for differen reasons, including a he expense of unauhorized changes of land plos boundaries, geodeic measuremens errors when surveying a land plo, ec. Admissible divergence P is calculaed in accordance wih he following formula: P = 3,5σ P0, where: σ is mean quadraure deviaion (sandard) of a surveying sign posiion, which is expressed in meres. Sandard σ value is equal o 2 2 ( ) 2 σ σ, σ = + 2 where: σ is surveying nework cenres posiion sandard; σ is surveying signs posiion sandard in relaion o SN cenre. 2 When a surveying sign is combined wih SN cenre σ is equal o 0. 2 σ and σ sandards values are given in colomns 4 and 5 of able accordingly. 2 Comparing divergence P wih is admissible value aken. If P > P P he following decisions can be, hen surveying resuls are sen o a disric (ciy) adminisraion o make appropriae correcions in he documen fixing area of a land plo P 0. When P P 7/8

8 area of a land plo is equal o P0 value, indicaed in he documen on land plo ownership righ. In he las case a land plo, which is occupied by a buyer (a landowner), in fac, is a subjec of sale and purchase. A plan of land plo boundaries is one of he main surveying documen. Esablished informaion abou a land plo, surveying signs and heir numbers, geodeic daa (direcional angles and lines lengh) and ohers which are necessary o form a surveying file are shown in a plan. This file is used o conduc sae cadasre ile of a land plo. REFERENCES Insrucion on land surveying. M.: Roskomzem, 996, 30 p. Y.K.Neumyvakin, M.N.Persky Geodeic providing wih land use planning and cadasral works. M.: Karizda Geodezizda, 996, 344 p.: ill. 8/8